Yintoni i-DHCP eqeshisa ngayo kwiWindows kunye nendlela yokulawula ngokucokisekileyo

Ukuba usebenza kunye neenethiwekhi kwiWindows, ixesha lokuqeshisa i-DHCP Yenye yezo ngqikelelo kulungile ukuba uziqonde ukunqanda izinto ezothusayo: iidilesi eziphindwe kabini, ukuphuma kwamathuba athile, okanye amadama aphelileyo. Nangona ivakala njengezobugcisa, "ikhontrakthi" yethutyana apho umncedisi uqeshisa idilesi ye-IP kwikhompyuter.

Phambi kokuba singene nzulu, cinga ngerenti njengerenti: Isixhobo sakho sisebenzisa idilesi ye-IP kangangexesha elithile.Xa elo xesha lisondela ekupheleni, umxhasi uzama ukulihlaziya. Ukuba abaphumelelanga okanye akunakwenzeka, idilesi ye-IP ibuyela echibini kwaye inokwabelwa esinye isixhobo. Kwaye ewe, kwiWindows unokujonga, uhlaziye, kwaye uphelise eso sivumelwano ngokucofa okumbalwa. imiyalelo.

Yintoni i-DHCP yokuqeshisa (ixesha lokuqeshisa) kwi-Windows?

iProtokholi yoLungiselelo yomamkeli oDynamic (DHCP) Yenza ngokuzenzekelayo ukuhanjiswa kweeparamitha zenethiwekhi (idilesi ye-IP, i-subnet mask, isango, i-DNS, njl.). Ixesha lokuqeshisa lixesha apho umncedisi ugunyazisa umxhasi ukuba asebenzise idilesi ye-IP. Emva kwelo xesha, umxhasi kufuneka ahlaziye irenti okanye akhulule idilesi.

Ukubeka ubuso kuyo: Ilaptop ingafumana 192.168.1.100 iiyure ezingama-24Ngaloo mini, iya kusebenzisa loo dilesi ye-IP ngaphandle kweengxaki. Xa ifikelela kwindawo yohlaziyo, umxhasi weWindows ngokwakhe uzama ukwandisa elo xesha; ukuba iyasilela kwaye iphelelwa, idilesi ye-IP inokwabelwa kwenye ikhompyuter.

Lo matshini wazalwa njengenguquko ye-BOOTP kwi-90s. Namhlanje ibalulekile kwiintambo, i-Wi-Fi, okanye i-hybrid networks.kuba yenza lula ubomi bomlawuli kwaye inciphisa impazamo yomntu xa unikezela ngeedilesi ngesandla.

I-DHCP yenza okungakumbi kunokubonelela ngee-IPsIkwathumela iinketho ezifana DNS, umzila, i-domain yokukhangela, kunye ne-WINS/NetBIOS kwiindawo zakudala zeWindows. Konke oku kusemgangathweni kwi-RFC 2131 kunye ne-2132 (ephumelele i-1541).

Isebenza njani: DORA, T1 kunye T2

Umdaniso womyalezo weklasikhi yiDORA (Fumana, unikeze, Cela, uVumo). Umxhasi ufumanisa amaseva, ufumana isipho kunye ne-IP kunye neeparitha, wenza isicelo esisemthethweni, kwaye umncedisi uqinisekisa ngokunikezelwa kokufikelela kunye nobude bayo.

Ukongeza kwiDORA, Iziganeko ezimbini ezibalulekileyo ziyadlalaI-T1 kunye ne-T2. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-T1 imele i-50% yengqeshiso kwaye i-T2 imele malunga nama-87,5%. Kwi-T1, umxhasi uzama ukuhlaziya ngokuthe ngqo ngomncedisi onike idilesi ye-IP. Ukuba abaphumeleli, kwi-T2 bandisa umda kwaye bazame ukuhlenga ikhontrakthi ngaphambi kokuba iphelelwe lixesha.

Umzekelo osebenzayo: Ifowuni yeselula ifumana i-192.168.1.200 kwiiyure ze-12Ngeeyure ezi-6 (T1), icela uhlaziyo. Ukuba umncedisi uyaphendula, irenti iyandiswa; ukuba akunjalo, izakuqhubeka izama kude kube T2. Ukuba iphelelwa ngaphandle kokuhlaziywa, kuya kufuneka kuxoxwe kwakhona ukusuka ekuqaleni kwaye idilesi ye-IP ingatshintsha.

Ukuba lixesha lokuqala okanye emva kokuqalisa kwakhona, iqhelekile loo nto umxhasi ucela ngokucacileyo idilesi yakhe ye-IP yangaphambiliUmncedisi, ukuba uyibona ikhululekile kwaye ifanelekile, iyigcina ithule okanye nge ACK; ukuba akunjalo, ithumela i-NACK kwaye umxhasi aqale kwakhona.

Isishwankathelo sencoko yeDORA (ifomati eyenziwe lula):

Origen        Destino         IP origen        IP destino           Mensaje
Cliente       Difusión        0.0.0.0          255.255.255.255     DHCPDISCOVER
Servidor      Difusión        IP_del_servidor  255.255.255.255     DHCPOFFER (IP, opciones, lease)
Cliente       Difusión        0.0.0.0          255.255.255.255     DHCPREQUEST (acepta oferta)
Servidor      Difusión        IP_del_servidor  255.255.255.255     DHCPACK (confirma concesión)

Kwi-network captures uya kubona iindawo ezifana CHADDR (IMAC (ukusuka kumxhasi), i-YIADDR (i-IP enikezelweyo), isichongi somncedisi kunye neXesha lokuQeshakunye neenketho zemaski, isango, iDNS, okanye iWINS. Imiyalezo ithuthwa nge-UDP kwaye, ngexesha ibootUmxhasi usebenzisa i-0.0.0.0 de umncedisi aqinisekise.

Iimowudi zezabelo: manual, automatic, and dynamic

I-DHCP ixhasa iindlela ezintathu ezongezelelweyo ukuhambisa iidilesi ngaphakathi kwendawo:

• Imanuwali okanye imile (ugcino)Umncedisi udibanisa idilesi ye-MAC enedilesi ethile ye-IP. Ihlala ihambisa idilesi efanayo kweso sixhobo.
• NgokuzenzekelayoUmncedisi unika idilesi ye-IP yasimahla ukusuka kuluhlu kwaye umxhasi uyigcina ngokuzinzileyo okoko nje uqeshiso lukhona.
• Inamandla: iyafana ngokuzenzekelayo, kodwa ngokuphinda kusetyenziswe ii-IPs xa izivumelwano ziphelile, ikhuthaza ukurisayikilishwa.

Nokuba yeyiphi imo oyikhethayo, Ingqeshiso imisela "ukuphelelwa" kwelungelo lokusebenzisa ukuze ichibi le-IP lingachithwanga kwizixhobo ezingasekhoyo kwinethiwekhi.

Okufutshane xa kuthelekiswa nokuqeshisa ixesha elide: iingenelo kunye nokungeloncedo

Ukukhetha ubude bexesha kuchaphazela uzinzo, ukhuseleko, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwedamaAkukho ubungakanani obufanayo-bonke, kodwa kukho iipateni ezicacileyo ngokuxhomekeke kwimo engqongileyo.

Ngaba ingqesho iyayichaphazela indlela yokusebenza?

Ixesha le-concession, ngokwalo, alikhawulezi okanye licothise inethiwekhiKodwa ukhetho olubi lunokukhokelela microcuts (ngenxa yokuhlaziywa rhoqo) okanye ukungabikho kwe-IPs yamahhala ukuba i-pool ifutshane kwaye izivumelwano zingunaphakade.

Ukuba uguqula rhoqo itopology (ukongeza/ukususa izixhobo okanye iiVLAN), Amaxesha amafutshane akhawulezisa ukuziqhelanisa ukusuka kwinethiwekhi ukuya kwiinguqu. Ukubuyisela, bandisa i-traffic traffic kwaye bafuna iseva ye-DHCP ephendulayo.

Kuthungelwano olunabathengi abaninzi ngaxeshanye, Musa ukuthoba ireyithi yokuqeshisa ngokungenankathalo.Iseva inokuba nohlaziyo olugcweleyo olulawulayo. Kwelinye icala, ukuqeshisa okude kakhulu kuya kubopha ii-IPs, okukhokelela ekukhatyweni kwezixhobo ezitsha nokuba azisekho zixhobo zisebenzayo ezisebenzisa ezo dilesi.

Yiyiphi ixesha lokukhetha ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko

Ikhaya elinotshintsho olumbalwaInguqulelo yeeyure ezingama-24 idla ngokusebenza ngokumangalisayo. Izinzile, izolile, kwaye ibhetyebhetye ngokwaneleyo kwizixhobo eziqhagamshela yonke imihla.

Ii-SME ezinokutyelelwa rhoqo okanye i-Wi-Fi evela kubasebenzi kunye nababoneleli: qwalasela ezinye iiyureUya kufumana ukujikeleza kwe-pool kwaye uziqhelanise ngcono nokuza nokuhamba.

Uthungelwano loluntu/lwezemfundo: ixabiso ngaphantsi kweyure enye Basenokuba nengqiqo. Nangona kunjalo, gcina iliso ekusebenzeni kweseva kunye nobungakanani bephuli.

Ukuba uneVLAN ezininzi / imida, inika amaxesha ahlukeneyo ngokomda ngamnye: elifutshane kwiindwendwe, eliphakathi okanye elide kwizixhobo ezisisigxina okanye iiseva zangaphakathi.

Jonga, uhlaziye, kwaye ukhulule ingqesho kwiWindows

Ukujonga isibonelelo sangoku Windows 10/11, iyavula Ukuyalela ngokukhawuleza o PowerShell kwaye uphumeze: ipconfig /allJonga "Ingqesho efunyenweyo" kwaye "Isivumelwano siphelelwa" ukufumana elona xesha lichanekileyo, kunye ne-MAC (idilesi yendawo), isango, kunye ne-DNS.

Ukuba ufuna ukunyanzela utshintsho: khulula nge ipconfig /release y Hlaziya nge ipconfig /renewEmva komncedisi okanye utshintsho lomgaqo-nkqubo, kuya kukunceda ufumane iiparamitha ezintsha ngoko nangoko.

Inqaku elikhawulezayo: kwi-macOS unokuyibona ixesha_lokuqeshisa nge ipconfig getpacket en0 (Chonga ujongano kuqala). Kodwa apha sigxile kwiWindows.

Guqula ixesha lokuqeshisa kwi-router okanye iseva yeDHCP

Ingqeshiso ichazwa kumncedisi, hayi kumxhasi.Kwiimeko zasekhaya, loo mncedisi udla ngokuba yi-router: fumana isango nge ipconfig (umzekelo, 192.168.1.1), ngena kwiphaneli yewebhu, uye kwi-LAN / DHCP kwaye ulungelelanise ubude (imizuzu / iiyure). Gcina, kwaye ukususela ngoko ukuya phambili, iingqeshiso ezintsha kunye nohlaziyo luya kusebenzisa ixabiso elitsha.

Kwiinkampani, Iseva yeWindows enendima yeDHCP Ikuvumela ukuba uchaze imida, okungabandakanywayo, ugcino, kunye nokhetho kwindawo esembindini. Ukuba usebenza ne-Active Directory, khumbula i Ugunyaziso lweseva yeDHCP ukuphepha ukuphazamisa "iiseva zepirate".

Ingcebiso ebalulekileyo: Guqula iziqinisekiso ezingagqibekanga zerouter Kwaye ugcine i-firmware ihlaziywa. Iisetingi zasefektri zisimemo kubangeneleli kwaye zinokuthintela ukusebenza.

Ugcino lwe-DHCP: I-IP engatshintshiyo nge-MAC ngaphandle kokuchukumisa umxhasi

Ubhukisho lunxulumanisa idilesi ye-MAC kunye nedilesi ye-IP ethile. kulo mda. Ngalo lonke ixesha esi sixhobo sicela idilesi, siya kuhlala sifumana enye enye, efanelekileyo NASabashicileli benethiwekhi, iikhamera, iiconsoles, okanye iinkonzo zangaphakathi.

• Chonga i-MAC yesixhobo (kwisixhobo ngokwaso okanye ngemiyalelo/iskena).
• Fikelela kwi-router okanye iseva kwaye uye kwi-DHCP> Ugcino/Ugcino lweedilesi.
• Yabela idilesi ye-IP engatshintshiyo ukusuka kuluhlu ukuya kwisibini se-MAC esihambelanayo kwaye ugcine utshintsho.

Ukuba ukhetha ukuqwalasela i-IP ngesandla kumxhasi, ngokugqibeleleyo; Ugcino lukunika okona kulungileyo kuwo omabini amazwe: ulawulo oluphakathi kunye notshintsho lwero kwiqela.

Umncedisi weWindows kunye nogunyaziso lwe-DHCP kwi-Active Directory

Ngaphandle? Iiseva ezizimeleyo ngaphandle kwendawoKwi-subnets apho abancedisi abagunyazisiweyo "bangamameli," banokuqalisa inkonzo kwaye bakhonze i-subnet yendawo. Nangona kunjalo, uqheliselo olucetyiswayo kwiindawo ezilawulwayo kukuhlala ugunyazisa.

Ulawulo oluPhezulu kunye ne-IPAM: Ukubeka iliso kunye nezilumkiso

Ngaphandle kwezinto ezisisiseko, izixhobo ze-IPAM ManageEngine OpUtils ibonelela ngembono esembindini yendawo yedilesi, ubume bobubanzi, izilumkiso zokudinwa, kunye nokusetyenziswa kunye neengxelo zembali.

Ngezi suites ungavula esweni ixesha lokwenyani, ukubona iingxabano, ukuvelisa izaziso ezisebenzayo kunye noxwebhu lokuziphendukela kwemvelo ukucwangcisa ukwandiswa okanye utshintsho lomgaqo-nkqubo ngendlela enolwazi.

I-DHCPv4 vs. DHCPv6: Luluphi utshintsho xa ukhetha amaxesha?

Kwi-IPv4, indawo ilinganiselwe.Ke ngoko, amaxesha okuqeshisa anceda ukuphinda kusetyenziswe ii-IPs ngobulumko. Kuthungelwano oluzinzileyo, amaxesha amade okuqeshisa anciphisa ingxolo; ngengeniso ephezulu, amaxesha amafutshane oqeshiso athintela ukuphelelwa ziidilesi.

Kwi-IPv6, enkosi kwisithuba esikhulu onakho ikuvumela ukuba uqeshise ngesisa Ngaphandle koloyiko lokudinwa. Nangona kunjalo, hlengahlengisa ngokokhuseleko, ukuhamba, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yakho yokulawula.

Umzekelo wokuchaza umda kunye namaxesha awo

Umzekelo kwisitayela se-ISC DHCP Kuyanceda ukuba nomfanekiso ngqondweni wendlela ingqesho ebekwe ngayo ipharamitha kwiseva yakudala:

subnet 192.168.50.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
  default-lease-time 3600;      # 1 hora
  max-lease-time 7200;          # 2 horas
  range 192.168.50.100 192.168.50.150;
  option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0;
  option broadcast-address 192.168.50.255;
  option routers 192.168.50.1;
  option domain-name-servers 192.168.50.2, 1.1.1.1;
}

Kwii-router ezininzi zasekhaya uya kubona ezi parameters ezifanayo njengemihlaba kunye nezinto ezinokusetyenziswa; ingqiqo ayitshintshi: uqeshiso lukhetho lomncedisi oluncanyathiselwe kumnyinyiva.

Ukusombulula iingxaki eziqhelekileyo

IP iingxabano: Ijonga iimpinda (ugcino oludlulayo, ii-IP ezingatshintshiyo ngaphakathi kobubanzi). Lungisa ukudityaniswa kwaye, ukuba kukho imfuneko, linciphisa ixesha lokuqeshisa ukuze lisetyenziswe kwakhona kwamsinyane.

Traffic okanye firmwareI-Network spikes inokuthintela imiyalezo ye-DHCP ekubeni yamkelwe. Hlaziya i-router / i-firmware yeseva kwaye ubeke iliso kwitshaneli.

Inkonzo ibixineneUkuqalisa kwakhona inkonzo ye-DHCP kudla ngokuvula isixhobo. logs kwiseva Batyhila ii-NACK, ukuphelelwa yisikhathi, okanye izicelo ezingaphendulwanga.

Ukuhambelana ngokwembali kunye nabaxhasi / abancedisi

Abathengi beWindows abangamagqala I-Windows 95, i-Microsoft Network Client ye-MS-DOS, i-Windows ye-Workgroups, kunye ne-NT Workstation sele iquke umxhasi we-DHCP. Namhlanje, zonke iinkqubo zokusebenza zabathengi beWindows ziye zasebenza ngokuzenzekela.

Kwicala leseva, Iintsapho ze-Windows NT Server (3.5, 3.51, 4.0) Babengoovulindlela ngendima yeDHCP. Ukuqala nge-Windows 2000/2003, ukugunyaziswa kwahlanganiswa kwi-Active Directory, ukuphakamisa ibha yokulawula kunye nokhuseleko.

Ukuba kuya kufuneka ubhenele kwizixhobo zakudala, khumbula: IPCONFIG kwiWindowsKwaye i-WINIPCFG kwi-Windows 95 sele ivunyelwe iiparamitha zokujonga kunye nokuthomalalisa. Namhlanje, kunye ipconfig /all Unayo yonke into esandleni sakho.

El funda i-DHCP Yi-metronome ephawula ubomi be-IPs kwinethiwekhi yakho: ixoxisana ne-DORA, ihlaziywa I-T1 / T2Ungayijonga kwaye uyinyanzelise nge ipconfig KwiWindows, yilungise kwirutha yakho, okanye kwiWindows Server, thembela kwi... Ugcino olwenziwa yi-MAC kwaye uyiqinise ngayo IPAMUkuba ukhetha amaxesha kakuhle ngokwemeko yakho (ifutshane kwinguqu, ixesha elide uzinzo) kwaye ubeke iliso kwiingxabano kunye nokutshiswa, uya kugcina indawo ezinzileyo, ekhuselekileyo kwaye kulula ukuyilawula.

Inqaku elidibeneyo:

Indlela yokuqwalasela i-DHCP kunye ne-DNS kwi-Windows Server: Isikhokelo esipheleleyo, esineenkcukacha

UIsake

Umbhali onomdla malunga nehlabathi le-bytes kunye netekhnoloji ngokubanzi. Ndiyakuthanda ukwabelana ngolwazi lwam ngokubhala, kwaye yile nto ndiza kuyenza kule bhlog, ndikubonise zonke izinto ezinomdla malunga nezixhobo, isoftware, ihardware, iindlela zetekhnoloji, kunye nokunye. Injongo yam kukukunceda uhambe kwihlabathi ledijithali ngendlela elula neyonwabisayo.