Wannan shine yadda Windows 95 ke gudana akan ESP32-S3 godiya ga Tiny386

Abin da ya zama kamar wasan barkwanci ba da dadewa ba ya zama gaskiya: Windows 95 yana farawa akan ESP32-S3 Godiya ga ƙaramin kwailin x86 mai suna Tiny386. A kan ƙaramin devkit tare da allon taɓawa mai inci 3,5, tsarin Microsoft yana farawa, yana ɗaukar ƴan mintuna kaɗan kuma yana aiki da kyar, amma yana buɗe Notepad, yana kunna Solitaire har ma yana loda gidan yanar gizo na na'urar akan hanyar sadarwa.

Wanda ke da alhakin shine mai haɓaka He Chunhui (hchunhui), wanda ya gina a i386 emulator daga karce akan C99 kuma an tura shi zuwa ga microcontroller na Espressif. Abu mai ban mamaki ba wai kawai yana aiki ba, amma, bisa ga bayanin da aka buga akan GitHub, Hackster / Hackaday, da kuma kafofin watsa labarai na musamman, wannan shine karo na farko da wani ya sami nasarar loda Windows akan Espressif. hardware ESP32, bayan abubuwan da suka gabata kamar farawa na Linux 5.0 akan sauran allunan ESP32 da hoton Linux 6.3 akan Olimex ESP32-S3-DevKit-LiPo.

Menene Tiny386 kuma wa ke bayansa?

Tiny386 shine, ainihin, PC x86 kama-da-wane, an rubuta a cikin C99 kuma an tsara shi don zama mai ɗaukar hotoBabban sa shine emulator na CPU Intel i386 "mai sauki kuma bebe" -a cikin kalmomin marubucin - tare da maƙasudin maƙasudi: don gudanar da software mai yawa 16 da 32 kamar yadda zai yiwu ba tare da ɗora masa nauyi mai yawa ba.

CPU mai kama-da-wane yana aiwatar da saitin umarni na 80386 kuma yana ƙarawa 486 da 586 umarnin inda ake buƙatar su don taya kernels na Linux na zamani da tsarin Windows na zamani. Kwayar tana kusa da layukan lamba 6.000 (LOC), wanda abin mamaki ne idan aka yi la'akari da abin da yake iya sarrafa shi, kuma zaɓi ya haɗa da. x87 FPU kwaikwayo don software da ke buƙatar ta.

Kamar kowane aikin matasa, akwai gibi don cikewa. A hakika, Siffofin kamar gyara kurakurai, aikin hardware, da wasu takaddun izini sun ɓace.Duk da haka, jigon yana riƙe da gaskiya: don yawancin software na DOS/Windows 3.x/95 har ma don ƙaddamar da tsarin Linux na zamani, aiwatarwa na yanzu ya kai ga aikin.

Yadda ake yin koyi da i386 PC akan ESP32-S3

Don jin daɗin cancanta, yana da kyau a tuna abin da 80386 ya kasance: a 32-bit x86 processor tare da bututun matakai shida da MMU hadedde, kaddamar a tsakiyar 80s. Ya kasance tushen dukan zamanin PC na sirri, kwamfyutoci har ma da sabobin, tare da ainihin hanyoyin kariya waɗanda ke alamar juyin halittar software.

A gefe guda, da Saukewa: ESP32-S3 Na'urar sarrafawa ce ta yanzu, mai ƙarancin farashi tare da nau'ikan Tensilica Xtensa LX7 guda biyu a 240 MHz, haɗin Wi-Fi/Bluetooth, da ƙarancin wutar lantarki. Kodayake kwatancen ba kai tsaye ba ne (koyi ko da yaushe yana da hasara), ƙarfin ƙarfin wannan SoC da goyan bayan ƙwaƙwalwar PSRAM na waje suna sa ya zama ɗan takara mai ƙarfi. Suna ba ku damar kwaikwayi injin 386 mai aiki tare da zane-zane na asali, hanyar sadarwa da sauti, duk a cikin makirufo kanta.

Dabarar ta ta'allaka ne a cikin ingantacciyar hanya: ana kwaikwayon CPU ta hanya mai sauƙi, Ana ƙara mahimman umarnin waɗanda suka ɓace don lokuta na zamani, kuma sauran ƙwarewar PC an gina su akan abubuwan da aka riga aka gwada a wasu ayyukan. Wannan cakuda minimalism da sake amfani da wayo shine abin da ke ba da damar tsarin ya yi booting Windows 95 ba tare da faduwa ba.

Emulated na'urorin haɗi da firmware

Don kammala yanayin yanayin PC, Tiny386 yana aro lamba daga TinyEMU da QEMU domin yin koyi da na'urorin zamani na farkon 90s ISA inji. BIOS VGABIOS, a halin yanzu, ya fito ne daga aikin SeaBIOS, wanda ke ba da sauƙin yin booting tsarin ba tare da dogaro da ROMs na mallaka ba.

Jerin abubuwan da ke goyan bayan sun haɗa da ɓangarorin da suka saba da duk wanda ya yi amfani da kwaikwayon PC na gargajiya: katse masu sarrafawa, masu ƙidayar lokaci, madannai, bidiyo, faifai, cibiyar sadarwa, da sautiDalla-dalla:

• Katse mai sarrafa 8259 (PIC) da mai ƙidayar lokaci 8254 (PIT), masu mahimmanci don lokacin tsarin.
• 8042 da kuma mai sarrafa madannai Farashin CMOS RTC don agogo da saitunan asali.
• VGA ISA Bosch VBE don bayar da hanyoyin bidiyo masu jituwa.
• Mai sarrafa IDE disk don ajiya.
• NE2000 ISA network card, tsohon soja ne mai yaduwa da saukin koyi.
• DMA ISA 8257, PC magana, Farashin OPL2 da Sound Blaster 16 don sauti.

Godiya ga wannan kasida, tsarin ba wai kawai yana nuna zane-zane da takalman yanayin Windows tare da dubawa ba, har ma Yana da haɗin yanar gizo kuma yana iya kunna sauti tare da direbobi dace, wanda ke zagaye kwarewar "tsohuwar PC" a cikin cikakkiyar hanya mai ban mamaki.

Bayanan Bayani: JC3248W535 tare da ESP32-S3

Muzaharar da ta dauki hankalin kowa ya bi ta kan Saukewa: JC3248W535allo ne na haɓakawa tare da ESP32-S3 da 3,5-inch touchscreen LCD. Ana iya samun wannan devkit akan kusan $25-30 akan shafuka kamar AliExpress, kuma daga abin da muka gani, ya haɗa da duk abin da kuke buƙatar kunna wasannin PC na aljihu na 90s.

Ɗaya mai mahimmanci dalla-dalla: tashar USB-C akan wannan motherboard da alama an tsara shi don shirin kuma mai ladabiba a matsayin mai masaukin baki ba kebul Bayanan Bayani na ESP32-S3. Ko da haka, tare da gefen guntu na USB OTG, mutum zai iya tunanin saitin tare da a USB wanda zaka iya haɗa keyboard da linzamin kwamfuta, ƙirƙirar mini-386 tare da shigarwar waya kai tsaye.

A halin yanzu, tallafin aikin hukuma yana mai da hankali kan wannan takamaiman kwamiti, kuma marubucin ya nuna hakan ESP32-S3 kawai Yana da tallafi na asali. Tsarin gine-gine na emulator, duk da haka, yana ba da fifikon ɗaukar hoto: tare da ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce, ana iya tura shi zuwa wasu microcontrollers da dandamali, buɗe ƙofar zuwa ƙarin tsari da allo.

Ayyuka da ƙwarewar mai amfani

Tambayar da kowa ke yi: yaya abin yake? Amsa a takaice shine "Yana aiki, tare da haƙuri.Cikakken boot na Windows 95 yana ɗaukar kusan mintuna 4 a cikin demo na jama'a. Da zarar an ɗora, tsarin yana jinkirin amma ana iya sarrafa shi: kuna iya buɗe Notepad, kunna Solitaire, har ma da buɗe Internet Explorer.

Ana aiwatar da haɗin yanar gizo, don haka mai kwaikwayon zai iya Loda manyan gidajen yanar gizoNunin yana nuna yadda yake buɗe info.cern.ch, gidan yanar gizo na farko a tarihi, wanda ke ƙara jin daɗin sha'awar yanayin yanayin Windows 95 yana gudana akan microchip mai tsada ƙasa da Yuro 30.

Dangane da aiki, yana da sauƙin fahimtar cewa ana tura tsarin zuwa iyakokinsa: kwaikwayi yana ƙara sama da ƙasa, kuma ESP32-S3 ba shi da haɓaka zane-zane na PC. Duk da haka, ji na gaba ɗaya shine "amfani a gefen" Ya wuce kawai mai sauƙi "yana farawa kuma ya daskare." Idan kun kunna bidiyon da sauri sau biyu—wani abin farin ciki a tsakanin waɗanda suka rigaya ya gan shi—zai zama da sauƙi.

A matsayin gaskiya mai daɗi, Tiny386 na iya gudu kaddaraWannan classic "idan ba ya gudu Doom, ba shi da kyau" gwajin. Kuma godiya ga na'urorin sauti masu kama-da-wane (lasifikar PC, Adlib OPL2 da SB16), ana kuma rufe bangaren sauti gwargwadon iyawa a cikin iyakokin kayan aikin.

Tsarukan aiki da software masu goyan baya

Katalogin, wanda aka riga aka nuna a cikin bidiyo, ya haɗa da Windows 3.1 / 3.2 (tare da bambancin Sinanci na 3.1) da Windows 95. Bayan haka, marubucin ya jaddada cewa Tiny386 "Ya kamata ya gudanar da mafi yawan 16/32-bit software”, da kuma cewa tare da fadada umarnin 486/586 yana yiwuwa a taya duka kwayayen Linux na zamani da Windows NT na lokacin.

Ɗayan daki-daki mai ban sha'awa shine Tiny386 yana iya taya Linux kernel kai tsayeba tare da bin tsarin BIOS na gargajiya ba, wanda ke sauƙaƙa wasu ayyukan gwaji. Don bincika ba tare da haɗa kayan aiki ba, aikin kuma yana bayarwa demo a cikin WebAssembly wanda ke kunna Windows 3.2 a cikin burauzar, kuma ya ambaci wasu hanyoyin kamar FreeDOS ko JSLinux ga waɗanda ke son kwatanta abubuwan kwaikwayi akan yanar gizo.

A fagen aikace-aikace, ban da Doom ɗin da aka ambata, ainihin shirye-shiryen Windows 95 (Notepad, Solitaire da Internet ExplorerWaɗannan sun tabbatar da aiki, tare da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ayyukan aiki. Wannan isasshiyar shaida ce don ƙaddamar da cewa zane-zane, shigarwa/fitarwa, da tari na cibiyar sadarwa an haɗa su da kyau.

Yadda ake sarrafa shigarwa da tashoshin jiragen ruwa

A kan allon JC3248W535, yin amfani da na'urori na zahiri yana da sharadi USB-C-daidaitacce shirye-shiryeDon shawo kan wannan cikas, a cikin aiwatarwa na yanzu keyboard da linzamin kwamfuta na iya zama turawa akan Wi-Fi zuwa ga emulator, yana ba da iko ba tare da buƙatar tashoshin jiragen ruwa da aka keɓe a cikin devkit ba.

Duba gaba, ba zai zama abin mamaki ba don ganin ginin da ke cin gajiyar abubuwan ESP32-S3 kebul na OTG a matsayin mai masaukin baki, da kuma ba da damar ƙirƙirar cibiya don toshe maɓallan madannai na al'ada da beraye. Wannan tsalle-tsalle zai sauƙaƙe hulɗa sosai ba tare da dogaro da allon taɓawa ba ko hanyoyin shigar da nesa ba.

Lasisi, lamba, da albarkatun gwaji

An buga aikin a ƙarƙashin 3 jumla lasisin BSDWannan yana ƙarfafa sake amfani da shi da ɗaukar nauyi. Ana samun cikakkiyar lambar tushe a cikin ma'ajiyar GitHub. ainihin bayanin umarnintakaddun fayilolin daidaitawa da, ga waɗanda ke cikin gaggawa, hotuna da aka riga aka tattara shirye don walƙiya.

Baya ga takaddun fasaha, akwai a demo a cikin browser (GitHub Pages) wanda ke ba ku damar fahimtar yadda Windows 3.2 takalma da yadda tsarin ke amsawa, ba tare da buƙatar wani kayan aiki ba. Masu son zurfafa zurfafa kuma za su iya samun bayanai da tattaunawa akan shafuka kamar Hackster.io da Hackaday.io, da kuma cikin al'ummomi kamar /r/hardware, inda waɗannan fasahohin na baya-bayan nan sukan haifar da tattaunawa mai daɗi.

Kafofin watsa labaru irin su CNX Software da Tom's Hardware sun rufe ci gaban, suna nuna cikakkun bayanai kamar su jerin abubuwan da aka kwaikwayiDogara na SeaBIOS don BIOS/VGABIOS da halin yanzu na tallafi ga hukumar JC3248W535. A haƙiƙa, wani ɓangare na yada ya zo tare da ƙwarin gwiwar al'umma - godiya ga shawarwari irin su Zoobab's - wanda ke bayyana saurin da aikin ya yi tsalle zuwa kan gaba a wurin mai yin.

Daga Linux akan AVR zuwa Windows 95 akan ESP32-S3

Don sanya abubuwa a cikin hangen zaman gaba, waɗanda suka tuna da ƙoƙari na booting Linux akan 8-bit microcontrollers (kamar AVR) san tsawon lokacin da zai iya ɗauka. Idan aka kwatanta da wancan, ganin ESP32-S3 yana kwaikwayon 386 da ke gudana Windows 95 yana jin "sauri" kuma, tabbas, ya fi dacewa.

An kuma ga nasarorin da suka gabata a cikin yanayin ESP32: Linux 5.0 akan allon ESP32 kuma, kwanan nan, hoton Linux 6.3 a cikin Olimex ESP32-S3-DevKit-LiPoAmma zuwan Windows zuwa wannan dangin microcomputers yana nuna sauyi a cikin binciken iyakoki, saboda fifikon manufar da kuma yadda ake buƙata don gudanar da yanayin hoto na gargajiya.

Iyakoki na yanzu da damar ingantawa

Jerin "ba tukuna" ya haɗa da hadedde debuggerAyyukan kayan aiki da wasu takaddun izini, ban da ƙulla-ƙulla na aikin da ba makawa waɗanda ke zuwa tare da tsantsar kwaikwaya, suma suna da koma baya. Hakanan hasara ne cewa, a halin yanzu, tallafin hukuma yana iyakance ga Saukewa: JC3248W535Wannan yana iyakance nau'ikan fuska da na'urorin haɗi da ake samu azaman madaidaici.

A gefe mai kyau, tsarin Tiny386 yana da sauƙi don haka akwai share dakin don ingantawaHaɓakawa ga ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar waje (latencies PSRAM), kyakkyawan kwaikwayon CPU, magance yuwuwar hanyoyi masu mahimmanci a cikin zane-zane ko na'urorin diski, da yin amfani da USB OTG don haɓaka ƙwarewa tare da na'urori na gaske. Kowane dan kadan yana taimakawa lokacin da tsarin sake zagayowar ci gaba ya kasance mai tsauri.

Kiyaye, ilimantarwa, da jin daɗi na baya

Bayan jigo "saboda za mu iya", ayyuka irin wannan suna da mahimmancin ilimi da kiyayewa. Tare da Tiny386, masu haɓakawa da malamai Za su iya sake haifar da muhallin x86 na tarihi ba tare da kayan aiki na asali ba, wanda ke ƙara ƙaranci kuma mai rauni, kuma suna yin hakan akan dandamali mai arha mai ƙarancin ƙarfi.

Ga al'umma, yana buɗe kofa zuwa gwada tsohuwar software, daftarin halayen tsarin gado da kuma kafa tarurrukan bita inda aka bayyana shi, tare da misalai masu ma'ana, yadda ainihin hanyoyin kariya da kariya na 386 suka tsara ƙirar ƙirar. tsarin aiki kamar Windows 3.x/95 da juyin halittar Linux.

Har ila yau, akwai wani al'amari na al'ada da bai kamata a yi la'akari da shi ba: yana da ban mamaki - kuma yana da ban sha'awa sosai - cewa don "ji da karfi" a yau dole ne mu yi koyi da 80s CPU akan makirufo na zamani, lokacin da muke ɗaukar wayoyin hannu a cikin aljihunmu sau dubbai fiye da waɗannan kwamfutoci na asali. Wannan bambanci yana taimakawa wajen fahimtar nisan da muka yi da kuma dalilin da ya sa kwaikwayi kayan aiki ne mai ƙarfi.

Gine-gine na ciki: halaye, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da BIOS

Hanyoyin haɗin kai na i386 na ainihi na gaske da kuma kariya, pagination da wani MMU wanda ya aza harsashi ga ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya A kan kwamfutoci, Tiny386 yana kwafi mahimman abubuwan wannan ɗabi'a don sa tsarin aiki su ji "a gida," haɗa kwaikwayon CPU tare da saitin na'urorin da ke amsawa inda software ke tsammanin kyawawan siginar ISA.

Al'amudi anan shine SeaBIOSBIOS da VGABIOS da aka yi amfani da su an samo su ne daga wannan tushe. Wannan yana tabbatar da dacewa tare da tallafi na yau da kullun na taya kuma yana guje wa dogaro ga rufaffiyar ROMs. A lokaci guda, idan ya cancanta, mai kwaikwayon na iya ƙetare BIOS kuma Load da Linux kernel kai tsaye, gajeriyar hanya mai amfani sosai don gwaji.

Abun iya ɗauka da muhalli

Ana rubuta shi a cikin C99 kuma tare da irin wannan taƙaitaccen CPU core, dauke Tiny386 Don sauran dandamali, aikin ya zama mai sauƙi: kawai aiwatar da Layer I / O kuma daidaita haɗin kai tare da nuni, shigarwa, da ajiya. Marubucin da kansa ya yi nuni da ɗaukar nauyi a matsayin babban ƙarfin aikin.

Wannan ba kawai yana amfanar waɗanda ke son ɗauka zuwa wasu micro ko SBCs ba, yana kuma sauƙaƙawa ga ƙungiyoyi na uku ƙara kayan aiki, gwada ingantawa ko ma gina takamaiman gaba (misali, don ƙaddamar da hotunan Windows daban-daban kai tsaye ko rarraba DOS/Linux).

Abin da aka nuna ya zuwa yanzu

"Hujja ta rayuwa" na Windows 95 tare da Farawa a cikin ~ 4 minutes Yana da sha'awar tauraro, amma ba shi kaɗai ba. Windows 3.1/3.2, babban binciken gidan yanar gizo (ciki har da info.cern.ch), aikace-aikacen tsarin, da software masu kyan gani kamar Doom kuma an nuna su.

A cikin layi daya, akwai a WebAssembly demo Yana shigar da Windows 3.2 a cikin burauzar, babbar hanya don samun kwaikwaya ba tare da walƙiya ko walƙiya komai ba. Kuma don ƙarin ƙwarewar fasaha, ma'ajiyar tana ba da daidaitawa da hoton da aka riga aka haɗa don farawa akan JC3248W535 tare da ƙaramin matsala.

Kwatanta da sauran gogewa akan ESP32

Idan aka kwatanta da sauran demos kamar Linux akan ESP32 "ba tare da kayan aiki ba", tsalle zuwa Windows 95 an kwaikwayi Yana ƙara sha'awa ta musamman: yana tilasta haifuwar mafi kyawun zane-zane da tarin direba, da kuma ma'amala da tsammanin dubawar da ba ta wanzu a cikin takalmin wasan bidiyo.

Kwarewa tare da Olimex ESP32-S3-DevKit-LiPo da Linux 6.3 Yana nuna cewa ESP32-S3 muhalli yana da wurin da zai ba da mamaki. Tiny386 yana tura wannan iyakar zuwa yankin Windows, yana rufe da'irar da ke da alama an tanada don ƙarin SBCs masu ƙarfi kamar Rasberi Pi.

A }arshe, abin da yake a fili shi ne, tare da wata dabara. makirufo mai rahusa Zai iya zama ingantacciyar na'ura mai gamsarwa, mai iya yin booting cikakken tsarin kuma yana ba mu babban aji a cikin gine-ginen kwamfuta na 90s.

Dubawa gabaɗaya, labarin Tiny386 ya ƙunshi nasarori da yawa: taƙaitaccen i386 kwaikwayoMaɓallin maɓalli suna da alaƙa da kyau, BIOS buɗaɗɗen tushe ne, an ƙirƙiri ɗaukar hoto daga rana ɗaya, da demo wanda, kodayake jinkirin, yana koyar da abin da ya dace: cewa Windows 95 da Linux na iya gudana akan ESP32-S3 tare da aminci fiye da nagari.

Haka ne, yana da wani ingancin waka wanda don farfado da "sihiri" na Windows 95 a cikin 2025 ba za mu taɓa tsohuwar Pentium ba, amma a maimakon haka muna amfani da ... na'urar kwaikwayo mai layi 6.000 Da kuma devkit mai abin taɓawa wanda ya dace a aljihunka. Kwamfuta wani lokaci yana da daɗi yayin da nostalgia ya haɗu da dabara.