Amazwe avumela ukuvota kwi-intanethi: imephu, imifuziselo kunye neengxoxo

Ukuvota nge-elektroniki kwazalwa ququzelela ukuthatha inxaxheba kwaye uvule iindlela ezintsha zabo bangenako ukuya kwisikhululo sovoto. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, imimandla emininzi ivavanye izisombululo zedijithali njengenye indlela yokuthumela nge-imeyile kunye nokuvota komntu, kodwa inye kuphela. Ubuncinci buvumela ukuvota nge-intanethi ngokubanzi nangokuzinzileyo.

Ngaphaya kweleyibhile yegeneric, igama elithi "ukuvota nge-elektroniki" libandakanya ubugcisa kunye nemithetho eyahlukileyo kakhulu. Amanye amazwe agxininisa oomatshini kwiindawo zokuvota (ngaphandle konxibelelwano lwenethiwekhi) kunye nabanye baziqhelanisa uvoto olukude kwi-intanethi. Isiqhelo inkuthazo kukunika “zonke izinto ezinokwenzeka” zokusebenzisa ilungelo lokuvota, kodwa iinkxalabo ziyaqhubeka malunga noku. ukhuseleko, ukuqinisekiswa, imfihlo kunye nokuthembana kwiziphumo.

Yintoni esiyiqondayo ngokuvota nge-elektroniki kunye nokwahluka kwayo?

Uvoto lwe-elektroniki luhlala luxoxwa lulonke, nangona lukhona iindawo kunye neemfuno ezahlukeneyo. Kwinqanaba likawonke-wonke, uvoto lwe-elektroniki "lonyulo" lusebenza kumgaqo we umntu omnye, ivoti enyengokungaziwa okuqinisekisiweyo, ulawulo lokuthintela ukuvota kabini, kunye nokwabiwa kwesihlalo ngemithetho efana nendlela ye-d'Hondt. Ngokunxuseneyo, kwinqanaba labucala kunye nelokuzibandakanya, uvoto lwe-elektroniki "loshishino" luyavela, apho amalungelo ukucingelaIvoti ayinakungaziwa (ngaphandle kwangaphandle kwemithetho) kwaye inokwenzeka tshintsha ingqondo yevoti ngexesha elibekiweyo.

Ukususela kumbono wezobugcisa-nkqubo, iintsapho ezimbini eziphambili ziyahlukaniswa imingeni eyahlukeneyo:

• Uvoto lwe-elektroniki olujongwe ngumntuIibhokisi/oomatshini kumaziko asemthethweni; ibandakanya i-DRE (ubhaliso ngqo kwiscreen) kunye neenkqubo ezine ukuskena okubonakalayo yephepha lokuvota.
• Ukuvota ukude nge-Intanethi (i-voting)Umvoti ungenisa ivoti yakhe kuyo nayiphi na indawo; oku kuluncedo kubantu abane ukushukuma okuncitshisiweyo, abahlali kwiindawo ezikude okanye abafuduki.

Ngaphaya kwenqanaba lonyulo, ukuvota kwenkampani ye-elektroniki kubandakanya iindlela ezifana ukuvota kwangoko kwaye ngexesha lokwenyani kwi-ajenda, i abathunywa abanemiyalelo nonyulo lwamabhunga olawulo kwangaphambili, nadla ubomi.

Izibonelelo eziphambili kunye nobungozi bokuvota kwi-intanethi kunye nezinye iinkqubo zokuvota ze-elektroniki

Abaxhasi bachaza iingenelo ezicacileyo. Iyakuvumela ivota naphi na Ngokufikelela kwi-intanethi, inciphisa iivoti ezingasebenziyo, ikhawulezisa ukubala, kwaye, ngokweengcali ezahlukeneyo, inceda abantu ukukhubazeka okanye ubunzima bokuhambaXa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela, ezinye izifundo ziphikisa ukuba itshaneli ye-intanethi ingaba Ixabiso eliphantsi ngevoti nganyeBakwabonisa ukuba kwanokuvota nge-imeyile kubandakanya ingozi kwaye isetyenziswe amashumi eminyaka.

Iinkxalabo zibalulekile. Abaphandi abavela kwiPalamente yaseYurophu baye balumkisa malunga indawo yokuhlasela (ubuqhophololo, abahlaseli) kunye nesidingo solawulo olugqithisileyo kwizitshixo, uphicotho-zincwadi, uqhagamshelo kunye nababoneleli. Ukuvota okukude kwandisa ukuba sesichengeni sokunyanzeliswa okanye ukuthenga yeevoti, kwaye ngaphandle koxwebhu lomntu ngamnye, inokulahleka ukuphicotha ukuba inkqubo ayibandakanyi ukuqinisekiswa okuzimeleyo. Iingxaki ze Ukusebenziseka ezichaphazela abo banamava amancinci kakhulu.

Kuvoto lwe-i, ukuchongwa kunokusekelwa Ikhadi le-ID ye-elektroniki okanye iSIM...njengamava eselula apho uchongo luvulwa kwiiwebhusayithi ezisemthethweni. Kwimeko nayiphi na into, ingxoxo esisiseko ayikona nje ubugcisa: ukwamkelwa kokuvota kwi-intanethi kuxhomekeke kwi ithemba labemiehlala ixhomekeke kancinci kubuchwepheshe nangaphezulu kwiimbono zoorhulumente namagunya onyulo.

Ungavota phi kwi-intanethi kwaye ngawaphi amazwe asebenzisa itekhnoloji yokuvota ye-elektroniki

Apha ngezantsi kukho isishwankathelo esinenkcukacha-ngokwengingqi-yamazwe ana ukuphunyezwa ngokubanziiimvavanyo okanye izifundo, kunye nezo kwalelwe okanye kunqunyanyisiwe Ezi zisombululo zibandakanya amalinge okuvota kwi-intanethi kunye noomatshini bokuvota kunye nokuskena kwizikhululo zovoto, kunye nophuhliso lwezomthetho kunye neziganeko eziphambili. imihla, iipesenti kunye neenkcukacha.

IYurophu: oovulindlela, inkqubela phambili kunye nezithintelo

EYurophu, kukho iimodeli ezahlukeneyo. Ibalasele Estoniya njengenkokeli yehlabathi kuvoto lwe-intanethi, ngelixa amazwe ethanda EBelgium Bagcina oomatshini bokuvota be-elektroniki kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwephepha kunye nezinye, ezifana ESwitzerlandZiyatshintshana phakathi kwenkqubela phambili kunye nokunqumama ngenxa yezizathu zokhuseleko. Kwelinye icala yiJamani, iIreland neNetherlands. ukubanjwa Ukusasazwa kwayo kuphakamisa inkxalabo malunga nemfezeko kunye nokongamela.

Ukuphunyezwa okanye ukusetyenziswa ngokudibeneyo

• EBelgiumUvulindlela ukusukela ngo-1989 enamakhadi emigca yemagnethi kunye noomatshini bokuvota be-elektroniki. Ukususela ngo-2010, iye yaphucula iinkqubo zayo ukuya izikrini zokuchukumisa ezinerisithi eprintiweyo kuphicotho. Ngo-2014 kwasetyenziswa inkqubo ezenzekelayo nengqinisisekayo; ukusilela okuthile kunyanzelise ukurhoxiswa kwayo 2.200 iivoti (0,06%)Ayisetyenziswa eWallonia, ngelixa uluntu oluthetha isiJamani luye lwayisebenzisa kunyulo loomasipala ukususela ngo-2015. Ngo-2019, oomatshini bakhuphe ibhalothi efihliweyo ingqinwe phambi kokuba uyifake kwibhokisi yokuvota.
• Estoniya: ilizwe lokuqala ngovoto lwe-Intanethi kwilizwe lonke ngo-2005 (unyulo lwasekuhlaleni; 9.317 iivoti ze-intanethi). Ngo-2007, i 3,13% yabavoti basebenzise ukuvota kunyulo jikelele; ngo-2008 baye benza ukuvota okuhambahambayo Ukulandela uhlaziyo lwezomthetho; ngo-2009, 104.415 Basebenzise ukuvota kwiPalamente yaseYurophu (9,5%). Ngo-2011, 140.846 Ukuvota ngekhompyutha (i-96% evela ngaphakathi elizweni); ngo-2013 yavulwa ikhowudi yemvelaphiKwi-2014, i-31% yabavoti abavotelweyo bavotelwe kunyulo lwaseYurophu; ngo-2015 bafikelela 176.491 iivoti (30,5%); kunyulo lwasekhaya ngo-2017, i-31,7% (186.034) ivotele ukwandisa I-16-17 iminyaka (7,4% yeevoti ze-i); ngo-2019, ama-44% (247.232) asebenzise ijelo lombane elinokwenzeka vota kwakhona kunye nokubhangisa ngevoti yebhokisi yokuvota; ngo-2023 bafikelela 51,3% i-voto (313.514), ivumela ukuvota kwi-intanethi kude kube lusuku lonyulo ngokwalo. Konke oku kuxhaswa ngu I-ID ye-elektroniki kunye ne-PINnge-encrypted prism ukugcina ukungaziwa kunye nokuphuculwa rhoqo kukhuseleko, ukuphicothwa kunye nokungafihli.
• GeorgiaKunyulo lowiso-mthetho lwango-Oktobha 26, 2024, iteknoloji yasetyenziswa kubhaliso, ukuvota, ukubala, nokusasaza. 2.263 kweye-3.031 Kwizikhululo zokuvota, kwasetyenziswa inkqubo apho umvoti ephawula ukuvota ngophawu, umatshini ufunda ivoti, kwaye ifakwe kwibhokisi yokuvota; babe izikhalazo zobuqhophololo.

Ngaphantsi kokufunda okanye ukuphunyezwa ngokuyinxenye

• EFransi: emva kwabaqhubi (2000-2002) kunye nokusetyenziswa kwireferendamu ka-2005, ngo-2007 1,5 izigidi Bakwazile ukuvota ngekhompyutha ngokobuqu. Ngo-2012, abantu bangaphandle bavotela iNdlu yoWiso-mthetho kwi-intanethi (127.000 i-ivoti). Ngo-2017 urhulumente ilahliwe Uvoto lwe-emthetho olusemthethweni kubahlali baphesheya ngenxa yemingcipheko yokhuseleko lwe-intanethi. Ngo-2020, iqonga lonyulo lwe-consular lamkelwa (laphunyezwa ngo-2021) kunye iimvavanyo kunye neziqinisekisoNgo-2022 bekukho iingxaki nge iikhowudi zokuqinisekisa engazange ifikelele inxalenye yabavoti baphesheya kweelwandle.
• ItaliaI-referendum ye-2017 eLombardy naseVeneto, isebenzisa iipilisi zokuvota, yayicotha kwaye ibiza, ibangela ingxabano. kuhlolwaNgo-2019, uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwalugcinelwe imifuniselo ejolise kumaTaliyane aphesheya kunye nabavoti ngaphandle kwendawo yabo yokuhlala emsebenzini / ukufunda / impilo.
• Russia: iivenkile 2011 kunye touch screen kunye namakhadi; 2018 ifakiwe 12.000 iibhokisi zokuvota zesikena ngaphakathi 10.000 izikolo (ezizigidi ezingama-35 zinikwe amandla), ezininzi zine QR kwiiprothokholi. Ngo-2021, ukuvota okude kwe-elektroniki kwasetyenziswa imimandla esixhenxe (kubandakanywa eMoscow); babe izikhalazo yasekhaya/yamazwe ngamazwe. Izaziso ezilandelayo zalatha ekwandeni kwabathile Imimandla eli-30 indlela entsha yedijithali yokuphonononga.
• ESwitzerlandIinkqubo zokulinga zaqhutywa ngo-2003-2005 (Geneva, Neuchâtel, Zurich) kwaye ngo-2008 nabahlali baphesheya. I-Geneva ifake ukuvota nge-e-voti kuMgaqo-siseko wayo ngo-2009. I-Zurich yalunqumamisa ulingo ngo-2011 ngenxa yezizathu zobugcisa neendleko. Ngo-2015, emva kophicotho-zincwadi olufumene imiba eyimfihlo, kwaba njalo unqabile isitishi se-intanethi kwii-canton ezi-9, eziseleyo 13.000 i-ivoti ezivela 142.000 bangaphandle. Kwi-2018, injongo yayikukwenza ukuba ibe ngumjelo oqhelekileyo kunye ukukhutshwa kwekhowudiI-Zug ivavanye i-blockchain kunyulo lukamasipala (i-30% yabavoti be-240). Ngo-2019, inkqubo ye-Swiss Post yanqunyanyiswa ngenxa iimpazamo ezibalulekileyo I-Geneva yazilahla eyakhe ngenxa yeendleko, okubangele ukwehla kokuthatha inxaxheba kwamanye amazwe. Ngo-2023, urhulumente wanika ukukhanya okuluhlaza iimvavanyo ezintsha ngenkqubo "ehlaziyiweyo" Swiss Post nge ukuqinisekiswa jikelele.

Kwalelwe okanye kunqunyanyisiwe

• AlemaniaIsebenzise ukuvota kwe-elektroniki kwi-2005; ngowama-2009 iNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko yawubhengeza akuhambelani nomgaqo-siseko ukuthintela abemi abangenalwazi lobugcisa ekubekeni iliso kwinkqubo.
• ENetherlands: kwenziwe ukuba kuvotwe ngekhompyutha ngo-1965; emva kokutyhila iimpazamo zokhuseleko ngo-2006, yabuyiselwa ngo-2008 papelNgo-2017, ukubalwa kwedijithali kuyekwa ngenxa yobuthathaka, kwaye unxibelelwano lweziphumo lusetyenziswe endaweni yoko. ifowuni.
• IrelandEmva kolingo ngo-2002 kunye nophononongo lokhuseleko, urhulumente wakunqumamisa ukwaziswa kwakhe ngo-2009; ngo-2012 yahlukana 7.500 oomatshini ngenxa yokuswela ukuthembeka.
• ENorwayiinkqubo zokulinga ukuvota ngo-2011 (oomasipala abalishumi) nango-2013; ngo 2014 urhulumente wabhengeza igqityiwe Ulingo lwagxekwa ngenxa yeengxabano zezopolitiko kunye nokungabikho kwempembelelo ekuthatheni inxaxheba.
• EFinland: uvavanyo ngo-2008 lurhoxisiwe ngenxa yeengxaki zokusebenzisa; kwi-2016-2017 iqela elisebenzayo elicetyiswayo Sukusebenzisa i-ukuvota ngokubanzi ngenxa yokunqongophala kweziqinisekiso zokuqinisekisa kunye nemfihlo.
• EUnited Kingdom: ngaphezu kwe-30 pilot (2002-2007); ngo-2008 iKomishoni yoNyulo yagweba ayonelanga iziqinisekiso kwaye wavala ucango ukuqhubeka.

EMelika: Ukusuka kwi-Automation yeMisa ukuya kubaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abanoluhlu olulinganiselweyo

I-mosaic yaseMelika isuka kwi automation epheleleyo kwezinye iinkqubo kwaneenkqubo zokulingwa ezikhethekileyo, kunye nentsingiselo yakutsha nje ekuqiniseni iivoti eziqinisekisiweyo kunye nophicotho.

Ukuphunyezwa okanye ukusetyenziswa ngokudibeneyo

• BrasilUkususela ngo-1996 iphumeze oomatshini bokuvota be-elektroniki; ngo-2002, i-100% yokuvota-mntu kwaba ngekhompyuthaYazisa i-biometrics kwi-2008 (izigidi ezine kwi-2010; i-23 yezigidi kwi-2014). Ngo-2016 kwakukho 43,3 izigidi yoqinisekiso lwebhayometriki (32,13%) koomasipala abali-1.541. Ngo-2018 iNkundla ePhakamileyo isuswe Iivoti eziprintiweyo ziyanqatshwa ngenxa yeenkxalabo malunga nemfihlo, ngokungafaniyo nezicelo zabemi zokulandela umkhondo osekelwe ephepheni.
• Venezuela: ukusuka kwi-optical scanning (1998-2003) yaya ngo-2004 ukuya irekhodi ngqo kunye nerisithi eprintiweyo; ngo-2012, umjikelo wonke wazenzekela (ukuqinisekiswa kwebhayometriki, ukusebenza kwebhokisi yokuvota, ukubala, kunye netotali). Babe uphicotho zincwadi kulandela izikhalazo ngo-2013 kunye nezicelo zamazwe ngamazwe zokuphononongwa ngo-2017.
• ParaguayOomatshini bokuqala bokuvota be-elektroniki basetyenziswa ngo-2003-2006; amaphepha okuvota abuyiselwe ngo-2008 ngenxa yokungabikho kwemvisiswano. Kwasetyenziswa oomatshini kunyulo loomasipala luka-2021 nakunyulo jikelele luka-2023; oku kulandelayo kwaxelwa: ubunzima kubantu abadala kunye nezityholo "zokuncedisa ukuvota", kunye nemilinganiselo emihle kwiivoti zendawo.
• EE. UU.Iyantlukwano enkulu ngenxa yolawulo lwelizwe kunye nengingqi. Imbali yoomatshini be-lever (1892-1960) kwaye, ukususela ngo-1980, iinkqubo ezintlanu eziphambili: i-lever, amakhadi abethelweyo, iivoti kunye / ngaphandle ukuskena okubonakalayo kunye ne-DRE. Ukulandela iFlorida 2000 kunye nomthetho we-HAVA (2002), ilizwe lifudukela kwiimpawu zorhwebo zephepha kunye nokuskena kunye nokunciphisa I-DRE engenaphephaNgo-2008, amanye amacandelo avavanya ukuvota nge-elektroniki kubasebenzi basemkhosini baphesheya; ngo-2012, ama-56% avotele ngephepha lokuvota (ngeskena okanye ngaphandle kwayo) kunye nama-39% e-DRE; kwakukho imiba yobugcisa kumazwe amaninzi ngo-2016 no-2018. I-West Virginia yavavanya i-app ngo-2018 nge blockchain kubantu bangaphandle kunye nabantu abakhubazekileyo, kodwa ngo-2020 bayilahlile ngenxa yeenkxalabo malunga ubumfihlo kunye nemfezekoU-Utah wenze isindululo solingo lokuvota kwi-intanethi.

Ngaphantsi kokufunda okanye ukuphunyezwa ngokuyinxenye

• ArgentinaAmaphondo asibhozo awise umthetho ngamava ahlukeneyo e-elektroniki ukususela ngo-2003, kuquka Ibhalothi yoMbane enye (BUE) eSalta (2011, emva koko i-100% yezikhululo zokuvota ngo-2013). Iingxaki ngoomatshini, ukutshintshwa, kunye nokufundeka ngo-2015. Ngo-2016, umthetho kazwelonke we-BUE akazange aphumelele kwiNdlu yeeNgwevu. Kwi-2017, i-CONICET icebise ngokuchasene nokuqhubela phambili kwixesha elifutshane / eliphakathi. Ukulandela iziganeko kwi-2023, iBuenos Aires ilahliwe inkqubo jikelele.
• Canada: inqanaba lomanyano ligcina papelKukho ukuvota kwe-elektroniki kamasipala (uMarkham, e-Ontario ukususela ngo-2003; i-Ottawa kunye ne-optical scanning). IQuebec inqunyanyiswe okwethutyana emva kweengxaki ngo-2005. Amaphondo amathandathu avumela iindlela ze-elektroniki, kodwa kwi-2017 urhulumente wobumbano akazange acinge ukuba i-i-voting iyasebenza, kwaye ngo-2020 uKhetho lwaseCanada lwaphinda lwaphinda lwathi aluzange lucwangcise ukuyizisa ngenxa yokungabikho kwexesha lokuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwayo. ubumfihlo, imfihlo kunye nemfezeko.
• KholambiyaAbaqhubi beenqwelo-moya ngo-2007; ngo-2009, uthethwano lwepati kunye nescreen sokuchukumisa; ngo-2011, yaphunyezwa ibhayometriki ukuya kwi-10% yobalo-bantu.
• EkhuwadoNgowama-2004, kwasetyenziswa iibhokisi zokuvota zaseBrazil ezisemthethweni. Ngo-2013, ubugcisa obuthathu (irisithi eprintiweyo, itshiphu, nokubhaliswa ngokuthe ngqo) zavavanywa kumaphondo amathathu. Kwi-2014, ukuvota nge-elektroniki kwaphunyezwa. ukubopha eSanto Domingo naseAzuay. Ngo-2023, amazwe aphesheya kolwandle avotela i-CPCS kunye nereferendamu 19.000 iivoti ezivela kwi-97.000 yabavoti abafanelekileyo; ngo-Agasti, i CNE irhoxisiwe ukuvota phesheya ngenxa yokusilela kwenkqubo.
• El Salvado ISigqeba soNyulo esiPhakamileyo (TSE) siphumeze ukuvota ngekhompyutha Salvadorans phesheya kunyulo lukamongameli nomthetho ka2024.
• GuatemaleNgo-2002, yasebenzisa iphedi yamanani/isikrini kunyulo lukamasipala. Ngo-2019, ukuvota kwe-i kwabhengezwa kubahlali base-US, kodwa i-TSE (INkundla yoNyulo ePhakamileyo) ayiyi kuyenza ngo-2023. ugxothiwe kweli lizwe nakwamanye amazwe.
• MekhsikhoIimvavanyo eCoahuila (2005) kunye neebhokisi zokuvota kwi-2008; amava Mexico City (2003, 2006, 2009) kunye Jalisco (2009, 2012). I-IFE iphumeze ukuvota kwe-i kubavoti baphesheya kolwandle ngo-2012 nge inzuzo encinciKwi-2017, i-INE (i-National Electoral Institute) ikhuphe ukuvota kwi-2018 ngenxa yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali / iinkxalabo eziqinisekileyo. Ngo-2021-2022, ukuvota kwe-i kwavulwa kwizikhululo zokuvota zasekhaya; ngo 2021, Coahuila kunye Jalisco wasebenzisa ngayo. iibhokisi zokuvota nge-elektroniki (50 kwimeko nganye). Ngo-2023, i-INE yanika i-SIVEI kubantu abangaphandle kwe-diaspora ababhalisiweyo.
• IPanamailinge lika-2014 elinabavoti abangama-4.859; Ulingo lwe-2015 kwi-Bar Association (1.900 kwi-3.000). Ukuvota nge-elektroniki kwakucwangciswe ngo-2024 kwizikhululo zovoto ezingama-20 (ukuya kuthi ga 10.000 abantu).
• EPeruUmthetho ka-2005 ugunyazise ukusasazwa okunenkqubela. Amava okubopha ePacarán kwi-2011; amalinge kamasipala/engingqi kwizithili ezisixhenxe ngowama-2014; kwaye iVEP ifikelele [kwinqanaba elithile lokuphunyezwa/lokhuphiswano ... 743.169 abavoti (3%). I-ONPE iphuhlise isisombululo sayo; bekukho inkqubela phambili ngeziphumo kwi Imizuzu ye30 kwiiprogram zokulinga kunye nokwandiswa kwizithili ezingama-39 ngo-2018.

I-Asia kunye ne-Oceania: ukusuka ekusetyenzisweni ngobuninzi eIndiya ukuya kwiiprojekthi zokulinga nge-blockchain

Ityala laseIndiya lelona lizwe likhulu lokusasazwa kwe oomatshini bokurekhoda ngokuthe ngqo ngaphandle koqhagamshelo lwe-intanethi, ngelixa amanye amazwe ephonononge i-blockchain okanye iinkqubo ezirhoxisiweyo ngenxa yeendleko kunye noncedo olulinganiselweyo.

• Indiya : waqala ngokuthe ngcembe ngowe-1989; ukususela ngo-2003 100% yevoti ngekhompyutha kwikomkhulu. Ngo-2004, kwasetyenziswa oomatshini abasisigidi nabavoti abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-670 kwiiveki ezintathu; ngowama-2006, ezininzi zadityaniswa. IBrailleNgo-2010, iingcali zacela ukhuseleko olukhulu, ukuqinisekiswa, kunye nokungafihli; ukususela ngo-2014, i-VVPAT (umkhondo wephepha) iye yabandakanywa, kwaye ngo-2019 iKomishoni yazama ukugubungela 100% koomatshini abanobungqina bokuthenga.
• PhilippinesI-i-vote for expatriates ngo-2007; inkqubo yokulingwa ngo-2008 yokukhetha iteknoloji ngo-2010; unyulo lowiso-mthetho ngokuvota ngekhompyutha ngo-2010 kunye uphononongo emva kweziganeko; I-2013 iphindwe ngaphandle kweengxaki; ngo-2016, 92.509 oomatshini babavoti abazizigidi ezingama-55,7 abanamaphepha okuqinisekisa ashicilelweyo; ngo-2022, unyulo lwesihlanu olulandelelanayo ngoomatshini bokuvota be-elektroniki (abanye 53 izigidi).
• E-United Arab Emirates: amava okuqala ngo-2006; ngo-2011 yandiswa ukuya oomatshini be-elektronikingokutyhala ngamandla ngakum-Rhulumente. Ngo-2015 inkqubo yayiyeyombane ngokupheleleyo 224.000 inikwe amandla kunye ne-35% yokuthatha inxaxheba, iziphumo kwezinye Imizuzu ye30 kunye nobukho obuninzi babasetyhini (38,94%).
• EJapanUmthetho ka-2002 wenze ukuba kuvotwe ngekhompyutha; UNiimi wayiqala ngalo nyaka. Kwi-2018, i-Aomori umhlalaphantsi inkqubo yabo esekelwe kwiindleko; I-Tsukuba ivavanywe i-blockchain ngokubonisana ne 119 abathathi-nxaxheba.
• MongoliyaKwi-2012, isebenzise inkqubo ye-elektroniki yonyulo lwepalamente ukulwa nobuqhetseba, kodwa ingxelo iziganeko zobugcisa.
• IraqI-referendum ye-Kurdish ye-2017 ivumele ukuvota kwe-elektroniki yi-diaspora; ngo-2018 yasetyenziswa ibhayometriki kunye noomatshini, abaneebhokisi zokuvota ezili-1.021 eziye zarhoxiswa ngenxa yobuqhophololo.
• OstreliyaUmthetho ukususela ngo-2000. UMTHETHO uqeshe i-EVACS ngo-2001 no-2004; UVictoria wongeze izikhundla ze ukukhubazeka okubonakalayo ngo-2006 no-2010. New South Wales yasungulwa iVote ngo-2011 (47.000), ukwandisa ukuya kwi-286.000 ngo-2015 kwaye iphinda iphinde ibe ngu-2019, xa i-63% yabo bangazange bavote ngomntu benza oko nge-Intanethi kunye ne-app. umqinisekisi Yafumana ukusetyenziswa. Ngo-2021, kubekho ukuphazamiseka okuthintele amawaka ukuba avote; iinkundla ziyalelwe phinda unyulo lwengingqi ezintathu.

Afrika: amanyathelo okuqala kunye nemingeni

Namibhiya Yayililizwe lokuqala laseAfrika ukusebenzisa uvoto lwe-elektroniki kunyulo lukamongameli (2014) kunye noomatshini besikrini esichukumisayo abasuka eIndiya, kodwa bafumana. izikhalazo ngenxa yokungabikho kobungqina bephepha, iimpazamo, kunye nokungabikho koqeqesho.

ISpain kunye nomxholo waseYurophu

ESpain, ukuvota kwe-intanethi akusetyenziswa kunyulo lomthetho. Into ebizwa ucele ivoti (2011) wayefuna ukuba abahlali baphesheya bacele ukuvota, kwaye inxaxheba yawa 31,7% al 4,9%Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya baye baqhutywa: ngo-2004 uvavanyo olukude kwiitafile ezintathu; ngo-2005 ulingo olungabopheleliyo kumasipala omnye kwiphondo ngalinye ngexesha lovavanyo loMgaqo-siseko waseYurophu; ngo-2008-2011 i Itheyibhile eLawulwa ngeKhompyutha ukwenza imisebenzi yedesika ngokuzenzekelayo. Kwinqanaba lommandla, iLizwe laseBasque lilawule kwaye liphuhlise oku kwi-1998. Demotek (isetyenziswe kwi-UPV kunye ne-Athletic Club, kunye novavanyo eCatalonia). E-Barcelona, ​​​​uphando luka-2010 kwi-intanethi kunye neselula izehloI-Catalonia iqalise iprojekthi yokuqala kwi-2018 yokuvota nge-elektroniki kubahlali bangaphandle, ngenjongo yokuyandisa ngokuthe ngcembe.

Kwinqanaba le-EU, amakhulu ezigidi zabemi avota kunyulo lwaseYurophu Iiseti ezili-27 Eyahlukileyo. ISpain ikhetha ii-MEPs ezingama-61 kwaye, ukususela namhlanje, ayivumeli ukuvota kwi-intanethi. I-Estonia idibanisa ijelo ledijithali kulo lonke unyulo lwayo-yasekhaya, yelizwe kunye neyaseYurophu-kwaye okokuqala ... Uvoto lwedijithali lugqithise ukuvota kwamaphepha kwiinjengele zabo zamva nje.

Ngaba ukuvota kwi-intanethi kukhuselekile? Zithini izenzo kunye neengcali

I-Estonia isoloko ityala imali kwi-ikhosistim yayo: uphicotho, uhlaziyo lwesoftwareIphonononga ii-algorithms kwaye ihlalutya ubuthathaka. Ibanga ukuba ayibhaqanga nanye. isoftwe kunyulo kwaye igcine i ukuqinisekiswa yejelo layo. ISwitzerland, kwelinye icala, yamisa ukwanda kokuvota ngo-2019 emva kokuba ubungqina boluntu bufunyenwe. ukusilela ekuqinisekiseni jikelele inkqubo ye-Swiss Post; ngo-2023 iphinde yaqala abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya emva kokuphononongwa ngokucokisekileyo kunye nokupapashwa kwekhowudi.

Ithemba kwakhona liphambili. Iingcali zisikhumbuza ukuba abemi abavavanyi nje te knolojikodwa kumaziko ayilawulayo. Kumazwe anembali yedemokhrasi ethandabuzekayo, ukwamkelwa kwe-e-voting kuye kwavelisa ingxoxo engakumbi: ngelixa iRussia yandisa inkqubo yayo ye-elektroniki kwimimandla emininzi, ababukeli bamazwe ngamazwe baye babonisa. iimeko zokungalingani yokhuphiswano.

EUnited States, ingxaki yekhadi lepunch eFlorida ngo-2000 yakhuthaza ukuphuculwa kwezinto (HAVA, 2002). Ukusetyenziswa kwe-DRE engalandelekiyo ephepheni kwaqwalaselwa ixesha ukungazithembiKwaye namhlanje, iivoti eziphawulwe ngesandla ezine-optical scanning ziphambili. Indlela yamva nje yehlabathi iyathandwa uvoto ephepheni elinokuqinisekiswa ngumvotinaxa isixhobo sombane sisetyenziselwa ukukhawulezisa ukubala.

Ngubani osebenzisa ukuvota kwi-intanethi kwaye ngubani okuthintelayo

Ukuba sijonga kwihlabathi eliphuhlileyo, phakathi kwamazwe angama-20 aphambili Isalathiso sophuhliso lomntu Kuphela yiUnited States ngokuyinxenye esebenzisa iindlela zokuvota nge-elektroniki (kwaye hayi ngokufanayo okanye ngokuyimfuneko kwi-intanethi). Kwinqanaba lesizwe, amazwe afana EBelgium, eBrazil, e-Estonia, kwiiPhilippines, eIndiya naseVenezuela Baye badibanisa ukuvota kwe-elektroniki ngamaqondo ahlukeneyo kunye nobuchwepheshe. Abanye, njengaye Canada y ESwitzerlandBayinciphisa kumanqanaba angaphantsi kwamazwe okanye kwi-diaspora kwaye baxhomekeke kwiifestile ze uvavanyo kunye nophicotho.

Kwicala elilumkileyo okanye eligxekayo, EJamani, eIreland, eNetherlands naseUnited Kingdom bakhethe i ukwalela okanye ukulahla Ezi ndlela zaphunyezwa emva kokungaphumeleli okanye ngenxa yokungenakwenzeka kokuqinisekisa ukucaca koluntu ngaphandle kobuchule bobugcisa. Iinkundla zabo kunye nabasemagunyeni babeka phambili ukonganyelwa kwabemi ilula kwaye yomelele.