Ƙasashen da ke ba da izinin yin zaɓe akan layi: taswira, samfuri da muhawara

Electronic zabe aka haife shi sauƙaƙe shiga da kuma bude sabbin hanyoyi ga wadanda ba za su iya zuwa rumfar zabe ba. Ya zuwa yau, yankuna da yawa sun gwada mafita na dijital a matsayin madadin zaɓen saƙon shiga da cikin mutum, amma ɗaya kaɗai. Ƙananan suna ba da damar yin zabe ta hanyar intanet a fili kuma a tsaye.

Bayan lakabin jigon, kalmar "zaɓen lantarki" ta ƙunshi fasaha da ƙa'idodi daban-daban. Wasu ƙasashe sun fi mayar da hankali kan inji a wuraren zabe (ba tare da haɗin yanar gizo ba) da sauransu suna maimaitawa m i-voting kan layi. Babban dalilin da ya sa shine bayar da "duk dama" don yin amfani da 'yancin yin zabe, amma damuwa ya ci gaba game da tsaro, tabbatarwa, sirri da amana a sakamakon.

Menene muka fahimta ta hanyar jefa kuri'a na lantarki da bambance-bambancensa?

Sau da yawa ana magana game da zaɓen na lantarki gaba ɗaya, kodayake akwai yankunan da bukatun daban. A cikin jama'a, lantarki "zaɓe" zabe yana aiki a kan ka'idar mutum daya, kuri'a dayatare da garantin ɓoyewa, sarrafawa don hana zaɓe sau biyu, da raba wurin zama ta dokoki kamar hanyar d'Hondt. A cikin layi daya, a cikin masu zaman kansu da masu haɗin gwiwa, zaɓen lantarki na "kamfanoni" yana fitowa, inda haƙƙoƙi za su iya. yin la'akariƘuri'ar ba za ta kasance a ɓoye ba (ban da keɓantacce na doka) kuma yana yiwuwa canza hanya na zaben cikin wa'adin.

Daga ra'ayi na fasaha-tsari, an bambanta manyan iyalai biyu tare da kalubale daban-daban:

• Zaɓen lantarki na cikin mutum wanda ake kulawaAkwatunan zabe / inji a cibiyoyin hukuma; ya haɗa da DRE (rijistar kan allo kai tsaye) da tsarin tare da duban gani da ido na katunan zabe.
• Zaɓe mai nisa ta Intanet (i-voting)Mai jefa kuri'a yana mika kuri'arsa daga kowane wuri; wannan yana da amfani ga mutanen da ke da rage motsi, mazauna wurare masu nisa ko ƴan ƙasar waje.

Bayan fagen zaɓe, zaɓen kamfanoni na lantarki ya ƙunshi hanyoyin kamar da wuri zabe kuma a ainihin lokacin akan ajanda, da wakilai tare da umarni da kuma zaɓen hukumomin gwamnati a gaba da raye.

Mahimman fa'idodi da kasadar yin zaɓe ta intanet da sauran tsarin zaɓe na lantarki

Masu ba da shawara suna nuni don share fa'idodi. Zai yarda zabe daga ko'ina Ta hanyar shiga intanet, yana rage ƙuri'u marasa inganci, yana hanzarta ƙidayar jama'a, kuma a cewar masana daban-daban, yana amfanar mutane da nakasa ko matsalolin motsiIdan aka kwatanta da wasu hanyoyin, wasu nazarin suna jayayya cewa tashar yanar gizo na iya zama farashi mai inganci ga kowace kuri'aHar ila yau, sun nuna cewa ko da jefa kuri'a ta hanyar aika wasiku ya ƙunshi haɗari kuma an yi amfani da shi shekaru da yawa.

Abubuwan damuwa suna da mahimmanci. Masu bincike daga Majalisar Turai sun yi gargadi game da kai hari saman (zamba, hackers) da kuma buƙatar matsananciyar sarrafawa akan maɓalli, dubawa, haɗin kai, da masu samarwa. Zaɓe mai nisa yana ƙaruwa fallasa ga tilastawa ko saya na kuri'un, kuma ba tare da wani takamaiman takarda na zahiri ba, ana iya rasa shi tantancewa idan tsarin bai ƙunshi tabbatarwa mai zaman kansa ba. Matsalolin amfani wanda ya fi shafar waɗanda ke da ƙarancin ƙwarewar dijital.

A cikin jefa kuri'a, ana iya dogara da tantancewa Katin ID na lantarki ko SIM...kamar yadda yake cikin gogewar wayar hannu inda aka kunna ganowa akan gidajen yanar gizon hukuma. A kowane hali, tattaunawar da ke da tushe ba fasaha ce kawai ba: yarda da zaɓen kan layi yana jingina akan amanar jama'awanda sau da yawa ya dogara da ƙasa da fasaha kuma fiye da yadda ake tunanin gwamnatoci da hukumomin zabe.

A ina za ku iya yin zabe ta kan layi da kuma waɗanne ƙasashe ne ke amfani da fasahar zaɓe ta lantarki

A ƙasa akwai cikakken bayyani-ta yanki-na ƙasashe masu m aiwatarwagwaje-gwaje ko karatu, da wadanda haramta ko dakatarwa Wadannan mafita sun hada da shirye-shiryen jefa kuri'a na intanet da na'urorin zabe da na'urar tantancewa a rumfunan zabe, da kuma ci gaban shari'a da muhimman abubuwan da suka faru. kwanakin, kaso da ƙayyadaddun bayanai.

Turai: majagaba, ci gaba da koma baya

A Turai, bambance-bambancen samfura suna rayuwa tare. Ya fito waje Estonia a matsayin jagoran duniya a zaɓen kan layi, yayin da ƙasashe kamar Belgium Suna kula da injinan zaɓe na lantarki tare da tantance takarda da sauran su, kamar SwitzerlandSuna musanya tsakanin ci gaba da tsayawa saboda dalilai na tsaro. A gefe guda kuma akwai Jamus, Ireland, da Netherlands. kama Aiwatar da shi yana haifar da damuwa game da mutunci da kulawa.

Aiwatar ko haɗakar amfani

• BelgiumMajagaba tun 1989 mai katunan maganadisu da na'urorin zaɓe na lantarki. Tun 2010, ta haɓaka tsarinta zuwa touchscreens tare da buga rasit don duba. A cikin 2014 an yi amfani da cikakken tsarin sarrafa kansa da tabbatarwa; wata gazawa ce ta tilasta soke ta kuri'u 2.200 (0,06%)Ba a amfani da shi a Wallonia, yayin da al'ummar Jamusawa suka yi amfani da shi a zabukan kananan hukumomi tun 2015. A cikin 2019, na'urorin sun ba da sanarwar. rufaffen zabe tabbatarwa kafin saka shi a cikin akwatin zabe.
• Estonia: kasa ta farko da ta yi zabe a Intanet a fadin kasar a shekarar 2005 (zaben kananan hukumomi; 9.317 kuri'un kan layi). A 2007, da 3,13% na masu jefa ƙuri'a sun yi amfani da i-voting a babban zaɓe; a 2008 sun yi aiki zabe ta wayar hannu Bayan gyara doka; a shekarar 2009, 104.415 Sun yi amfani da i-voting ga Majalisar Turai (9,5%). A shekarar 2011, 140.846 Zaɓen lantarki (96% daga cikin ƙasar); a 2013 aka bude lambar tusheA cikin 2014, 31% na masu jefa ƙuri'a na i-ved sun kada kuri'a a zabukan Turai; a 2015 sun isa 176.491 i-votes (30,5%); a zaben kananan hukumomi a shekarar 2017, kashi 31,7% (186.034) na zabe tare da fadada zuwa 16-17 shekaru (7,4% na i-votes); a cikin 2019, 44% (247.232) sun yi amfani da tashar lantarki tare da yiwuwar sake kada kuri'a da soke shi da kuri'ar akwatin zabe; a 2023 sun isa 51,3% i-voto (313.514), ba da damar kada kuri'a ta kan layi har zuwa ranar zaben kanta. Duk wannan yana goyon bayan ID na lantarki da PINtare da rufaffen prism don adana ɓoyewa da ci gaba da ci gaba a cikin tsaro, dubawa da bayyana gaskiya.
• GeorgiaA zabukan ‘yan majalisa na ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 2024, an yi amfani da fasaha wajen yin rajista, kada kuri’a, kirga, da watsawa. 2.263 daga 3.031 A rumfunan zabe, an yi amfani da tsarin da mai jefa kuri’a ya sanya alamar zabe, na’urar ta karanta katin zabe, aka ajiye a cikin akwatin zabe; akwai korafin zamba.

Ƙarƙashin nazari ko aiwatar da wani ɓangare

• Francia: bayan matukin jirgi (2000-2002) da kuma amfani da su a zaben raba gardama na 2005, a 2007 1,5 miliyoyin Sun sami damar yin zabe ta hanyar lantarki a cikin mutum. A cikin 2012, ƴan ƙasar waje sun kada kuri'a akan layi don Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa (127.000 i-votes). A 2017 Gwamnati yanke hukunci Kuri'ar e-zaɓe na doka ga mazauna ƙasashen waje saboda haɗarin tsaro ta yanar gizo. A cikin 2020, an amince da tsarin zaɓen ofishin jakadancin (an aiwatar da shi a cikin 2021) tare da gwaje-gwaje da tabbatarwaA 2022 akwai matsaloli tare da lambobin tabbatarwa wanda bai kai ga wani bangare na masu zabe a ketare ba.
• ItaliaKuri'ar raba gardama ta 2017 a Lombardy da Veneto, ta amfani da allunan kada kuri'a, ta kasance a hankali da tsada, wanda ya haifar da cece-kuce. reviewsA cikin 2019, an tanadi kasafin kuɗi don gwaje-gwajen da aka yi niyya ga Italiyanci a ƙasashen waje da masu jefa ƙuri'a a wajen mazauninsu don aiki / karatu / lafiya.
• Rusia: Stores 2011 tare da tabawa da katunan; 2018 shigar 12.000 akwatunan zaɓe na na'urar daukar hotan takardu a ciki 10.000 makarantu (miliyan 35 sun kunna), da yawa tare da QR a cikin ladabi. A cikin 2021, an yi amfani da zaɓe mai nisa a ciki yankuna bakwai (ciki har da Moscow); akwai gunaguni cikin gida/na duniya. Sanarwa na gaba suna nuna faɗaɗa ga wasu Yankuna 30 sabuwar hanyar bincike ta dijital.
• SwitzerlandAn gudanar da shirye-shiryen matukin jirgi a cikin 2003-2005 (Geneva, Neuchâtel, Zurich) kuma a cikin 2008 tare da mazauna kasashen waje. Geneva ta shigar da e- zabe cikin kundin tsarin mulkinta a shekara ta 2009. Zurich ta dakatar da gwaji a 2011 saboda fasaha da dalilai masu tsada. A cikin 2015, bayan binciken binciken da aka gano abubuwan sirri, ya kasance rashin amincewa tashar kan layi a cikin cantons 9, saura 13.000 i-vote daga 142.000 ƴan ƙasar waje. A cikin 2018, manufar ita ce ta zama tashar ta yau da kullun tare da saki codeZug ya gwada blockchain a cikin zaɓe na birni (30% na masu jefa ƙuri'a 240). A cikin 2019, an dakatar da tsarin Swiss Post saboda m kurakurai Geneva ta yi watsi da nata saboda tsadar rayuwa, wanda ya haifar da raguwar shiga kasashen waje. A 2023, gwamnati ta ba da koren haske sabon gwaji tare da tsarin "bita" na Swiss Post tare da tabbaci na duniya.

An haramta ko dakatar

• AlemaniaYa yi amfani da zaɓen lantarki a 2005; a 2009 Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta bayyana shi saba tsarin mulki don hana 'yan ƙasa ba tare da ilimin fasaha daga sa ido kan tsarin ba.
• Netherlands: ba da damar yin zaɓe na lantarki a 1965; bayan bayyana kurakuran tsaro a shekarar 2006, an dawo da shi a shekarar 2008 TakardaA cikin 2017, an yi watsi da hanyar ƙidayar dijital saboda rashin ƙarfi, kuma an aiwatar da sadarwar sakamako. waya.
• IrelandBayan gwaje-gwaje a 2002 da nazari na aminci, gwamnati ta dakatar da gabatarwa a 2009; a shekarar 2012 ya yi nasara 7.500 inji don rashin abin dogaro.
• Norwayshirye-shiryen gwaji na i-voting a 2011 ( gundumomi goma) da 2013; a 2014 gwamnati ta sanar kammala An soki gwaje-gwajen saboda takaddamar siyasa da rashin tasiri kan shiga.
• Finlandia: an soke gwaji a 2008 saboda matsalolin amfani; a cikin 2016-2017 an ba da shawarar ƙungiyar aiki kar kayi amfani i-zaɓen gaba ɗaya saboda rashin tabbacin tabbatarwa da ɓoyewa.
• Ƙasar Ingila: fiye da matukan jirgi 30 (2002-2007); a shekarar 2008 hukumar zabe ta yanke hukunci bai isa ba garanti kuma ya rufe ƙofar don ci gaba.

Amurka: Daga Mass Automation zuwa Matukin jirgi masu iyakacin iyaka

Mosaic na Amurka ya fito ne daga cikakken aiki da kai a wasu matakai har ma da takamaiman shirye-shiryen matukin jirgi, tare da yanayin kwanan nan don ƙarfafawa tabbataccen kuri'u da kuma tantancewa.

Aiwatar ko haɗakar amfani

• BrasilTun 1996 ta aiwatar da na'urorin zaɓe na lantarki; a shekara ta 2002, kashi 100 cikin 100 na jefa kuri'a na cikin mutum lantarkiYa gabatar da nazarin halittu a cikin 2008 (miliyan huɗu a cikin 2010; miliyan 23 a cikin 2014). A cikin 2016 akwai 43,3 miliyoyin na tantancewar halittu (32,13%) a cikin gundumomi 1.541. A 2018 Kotun Koli shafe ta Ana ƙi ƙuri'a da aka buga saboda damuwa game da sirri, akasin buƙatun ɗan ƙasa na gano tushen takarda.
• Venezuela: daga duban gani (1998-2003) ya tafi a 2004 zuwa rikodin kai tsaye tare da bugu da aka buga; a cikin 2012, dukan zagayowar an sarrafa ta (tabbacin biometric, kunna akwatin zabe, kirgawa, da jimla). Akwai dubawa bin koke-koke a cikin 2013 da buƙatun ƙasa da ƙasa don dubawa a cikin 2017.
• ParaguayAn yi amfani da na'urorin zaɓe na farko a cikin 2003-2006; An sake dawo da katin zabe a shekarar 2008 saboda rashin hadin kai. An yi amfani da injuna a zabukan kananan hukumomi na 2021 da babban zaben 2023; an ruwaito cewa: matsaloli ga tsofaffi da zarge-zarge na "taimakon jefa kuri'a", tare da kima mai kyau a zabukan cikin gida.
• EE. UU.Babban bambance-bambance saboda ikon jiha da gunduma. Tarihin injunan lefa (1892-1960) da, tun 1980, manyan tsare-tsare guda biyar: lefa, katunan buga, kuri'u tare da/ba tare da duban gani da ido da DRE. Bayan Florida 2000 da dokar HAVA (2002), ƙasar tana ƙaura zuwa alamun kasuwanci na takarda tare da dubawa kuma ta rage. DRE mara takardaA cikin 2008, wasu gundumomi sun gwada zaɓe na lantarki don ma'aikatan soja na ketare; a shekara ta 2012, kashi 56% sun kada kuri'a ta hanyar jefa kuri'a ta takarda (tare da ko ba tare da na'urar daukar hoto ba) da 39% ta DRE; akwai batutuwan fasaha a cikin jihohi da yawa a cikin 2016 da 2018. West Virginia ta gwada app a cikin 2018 tare da blockchain ga ‘yan kasashen waje da nakasassu, amma a shekarar 2020 ta yi watsi da shi saboda damuwa sirri da mutunciUtah ta ba da shawarar gwajin yin zaɓe ta kan layi.

Ƙarƙashin nazari ko aiwatar da wani ɓangare

• ArgentinaLarduna takwas sun kafa dokoki daban-daban na lantarki tun 2003, gami da Kuri'a Guda Daya na Lantarki (BUE) a Salta (2011, sannan 100% na rumfunan zabe a 2013). Matsaloli tare da injuna, maye gurbinsu, da halattawa a cikin 2015. A cikin 2016, dokar BUE ta ƙasa bai wadata ba a majalisar dattawa. A cikin 2017, CONICET ta ba da shawarar hana ci gaba a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Bayan abubuwan da suka faru a cikin 2023, Buenos Aires yanke hukunci tsarin ga janar.
• Canada: matakin tarayya ya kiyaye TakardaAkwai zaɓen lantarki na birni (Markham, Ontario tun daga 2003; Ottawa tare da sikanin gani). Quebec ta dakatar da shi na dan lokaci bayan matsaloli a cikin 2005. Larduna shida sun ba da izinin yin amfani da na'urorin lantarki, amma a cikin 2017 gwamnatin tarayya ba ta yi la'akari da yiwuwar yin zaɓe ba, kuma a cikin 2020 Zaɓen Kanada ya sake nanata cewa ba ta shirya gabatar da shi ba saboda rashin lokaci don tabbatar da amincinsa. sirri, sirri da mutunci.
• ColombiaMatukin jirgi a 2007; a cikin 2009, shawarwarin jam'iyya tare da allon taɓawa; a 2011, an aiwatar da shi nazarin halittu zuwa 10% na ƙidayar jama'a.
• EcuadorA cikin 2004, an yi amfani da akwatunan zaɓe na Brazil tare da ingancin doka. A cikin 2013, an gwada fasahohi uku (rasit ɗin bugu, guntu, da rajista kai tsaye) a larduna uku. A cikin 2014, an aiwatar da zaɓen lantarki. ɗaure Santo Domingo da Azuay. A cikin 2023, zaɓen i-voting na CPCCS da ƙuri'ar raba gardama a ƙasashen waje sun yi rajista 19.000 kuri'u daga masu jefa kuri'a 97.000; a watan Agusta, CNE soke zaben kasashen ketare saboda gazawar tsarin.
• El SalvadorKotun Koli ta Zaɓe (TSE) ta aiwatar da zaɓen na lantarki Salvadorans kasashen waje a zaben shugaban kasa da na 'yan majalisa a 2024.
• GuatemalaA cikin 2002, ta yi amfani da faifan maɓalli/allon lamba a zaɓen gundumomi. A cikin 2019, an sanar da yin zaɓe ga mazauna Amurka, amma TSE ( Kotun Koli ta Zaɓe) ba za ta aiwatar da shi nan da 2023 ba. sallama a kasar da waje.
• MéxicoGwaje-gwaje a Coahuila (2005) da akwatunan zaɓe a 2008; abubuwan da suka faru a Mexico City (2003, 2006, 2009) da Jalisco (2009, 2012). IFE ta aiwatar da i-voting ga masu jefa ƙuri'a na ketare a cikin 2012 tare da low ribaA cikin 2017, INE (Cibiyar Zabe ta Kasa) ta yi watsi da jefa kuri'a na 2018 saboda matsalolin kasafin kuɗi / tabbas. A cikin 2021-2022, an ba da damar yin zaɓe don rumfunan zaɓe na cikin gida; a cikin 2021, Coahuila da Jalisco sun yi amfani da shi. akwatunan zabe na lantarki (50 a kowace jiha). A cikin 2023, INE ta ba da SIVEI ga ƴan ƙasashen waje masu rijista.
• Panama2014 matukin jirgi tare da masu jefa kuri'a 4.859; Gwajin 2015 a Ƙungiyar Bar (1.900 daga 3.000). An shirya jefa kuri'a na lantarki don 2024 a rumfunan zabe 20 (har zuwa 10.000 mutane).
• PeruDokar 2005 ta ba da izinin tura ci gaba. Kwarewar ɗaure a Pacarán a cikin 2011; shirye-shiryen birni/yanki a gundumomi bakwai a cikin 2014; kuma VEP ta kai [ƙayyadadden matakin aiwatarwa / gasa ... 743.169 masu jefa kuri'a (3%). ONPE ta samar da nata mafita; an samu ci gaba tare da sakamako a ciki 30 minti a cikin shirye-shiryen gwaji da fadada zuwa gundumomi 39 a cikin 2018.

Asiya da Oceania: daga amfani da yawa a Indiya zuwa ayyukan gwaji tare da blockchain

Batun Indiya shine mafi girma da aka tura a duniya injunan rikodi kai tsaye ba tare da haɗin Intanet ba, yayin da wasu ƙasashe suka bincika blockchain ko kuma cire tsarin saboda tsada da ƙarancin amfani.

• India: farawa a hankali a 1989; tun 2003 100% na kuri'un ne lantarki a hedkwatarsu. A shekara ta 2004, an yi amfani da injina miliyan ɗaya tare da masu jefa ƙuri'a fiye da miliyan 670 a cikin makonni uku; a 2006, an haɗa ƙarin. BrailleA cikin 2010, masana sun yi kira da a samar da ƙarin tsaro, tabbatarwa, da kuma bayyana gaskiya; tun 2014, VVPAT (hanyar takarda) an haɗa shi, kuma zuwa 2019 Hukumar ta nemi rufe 100% na inji tare da shaidar sayan.
• Philippinesna jefa kuri'a ga 'yan kasashen waje a 2007; shirin matukin jirgi a 2008 don zaɓar fasaha a 2010; zaɓen majalisar dokoki tare da jefa ƙuri'a na lantarki a 2010 da bita bayan abubuwan da suka faru; An sake maimaita 2013 ba tare da matsaloli ba; a shekarar 2016, 92.509 injuna don masu jefa ƙuri'a miliyan 55,7 tare da takaddun tabbatar da bugu; a cikin 2022, zaɓe na biyar a jere tare da na'urorin zaɓe na lantarki (wasu 53 miliyoyin).
• Ƙasar Larabawa: gwaninta na farko a 2006; a 2011 ya fadada zuwa injinan lantarkitare da matsawa mai karfi zuwa m-Gwamnati. A cikin 2015 tsarin ya kasance gaba ɗaya na lantarki tare da 224.000 an kunna kuma 35% shiga, yana haifar da wasu 30 minti da kuma kasancewar mace mafi girma (38,94%).
• JapanDokar 2002 ta ba da damar yin zaɓe na cikin gida na lantarki; Niimi ya fara halarta a wannan shekarar. A cikin 2018, Aomeri ritaya tsarin su na tushen farashi; Tsukuba ya gwada blockchain a cikin shawarwari tare da 119 mahalarta
• MongoliaA cikin 2012, ta yi amfani da tsarin lantarki don zaɓen 'yan majalisa don magance zamba, amma an ruwaito abubuwan fasaha.
• IrakiKuri'ar raba gardama ta 2017 ta ƙuri'ar ƙuri'ar ƙuri'ar ƙuri'a ta hanyar lantarki; a 2018 an yi amfani da shi nazarin halittu da injuna, tare da soke akwatunan zabe 1.021 saboda magudi.
• AustraliaDoka tun 2000. ACT ta yi amfani da EVACS a 2001 da 2004; Victoria ta kara matsayi don nakasa gani a cikin 2006 da 2010. An ƙaddamar da New South Wales iVote a cikin 2011 (47.000), ya haɓaka zuwa 286.000 a cikin 2015 kuma yana maimaita har zuwa 2019, lokacin da 63% na waɗanda ba su yi zaɓe da kansu ba sun yi hakan ta hanyar Intanet da app. mai tabbatarwa Ya sami amfani. A shekarar 2021, an samu tarzoma da ta hana dubbai yin zabe; kotuna sun ba da umarnin maimaita zabukan kananan hukumomi uku.

Afirka: matakai na farko da kalubale

Namibia Ita ce kasa ta farko a Afirka da ta yi amfani da na'ura mai kwakwalwa a zabukan shugaban kasa (2014) tare da injunan allo da aka shigo da su daga Indiya, amma ta samu. gunaguni saboda rashin shaidar takarda, kurakurai, da rashin horo.

Spain da mahallin Turai

A Spain, ba a amfani da zaɓen intanet a zaɓen 'yan majalisa. Abin da ake kira kuri'ar da aka nema (2011) ya buƙaci mazauna kasashen waje don neman jefa kuri'a, kuma shiga ya fadi daga 31,7% al 4,9%An gudanar da matukan jirgi: a cikin 2004 gwajin nesa akan tebur uku; a shekara ta 2005 an gudanar da shari'ar da ba ta dawwama a gundumomi ɗaya a kowace lardi yayin gudanar da ƙuri'ar raba gardama kan Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Turai; a 2008-2011 Teburin Gudanar da Wutar Lantarki don sarrafa ayyukan tebur. A matakin yanki, Ƙasar Basque ta tsara da haɓaka wannan a cikin 1998. Demotek (amfani da su a UPV da Athletic Club, kuma a cikin gwaji a Catalonia). A Barcelona, ​​2010 akan layi da binciken wayar hannu yana da abubuwan da suka faruKataloniya ta kaddamar da wani shiri na farko a cikin 2018 don jefa kuri'a na lantarki ga mazauna kasashen waje, da niyyar tsawaita shi a hankali.

A matakin EU, ɗaruruwan miliyoyin 'yan ƙasa ne ke kada kuri'a a zaɓen Turai 27 kafa Daban-daban. Spain ta zabi 'yan majalisar wakilai 61 kuma, har zuwa yau, ba ta yarda da jefa kuri'a ta kan layi ba. Estonia tana haɗa tashar dijital cikin duk zaɓenta - na gida, na ƙasa, da Turai - kuma a karon farko ... Zaɓen dijital ya zarce kuri'ar takarda a cikin manyan hafsoshin su na baya-bayan nan.

Shin yin zabe ta kan layi lafiya? Abin da aiki da masana suka ce

Estonia tana ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin tsarinta: dubawa, sabunta softwareYana bitar algorithms kuma yana nazarin rauni. Yana ikirarin bai gano ko ɗaya ba. malware a zabe da kuma kula da tabbatarwa ta channel. A daya bangaren kuma, Switzerland ta dakatar da fadada kada kuri'a a shekarar 2019 bayan da aka samu shaidar jama'a kasawa a cikin tabbatarwa na duniya na tsarin Swiss Post; a cikin 2023 ya sake farawa matukin jirgi bayan cikakken nazari da buga lambar.

Amincewa ta sake kasancewa a kan gaba. Masana sun tunatar da mu cewa 'yan ƙasa ba kawai kimanta da fasahasai dai ga cibiyoyin da suke gudanar da shi. A cikin kasashen da ke da tarihin dimokuradiyya mai cike da shakku, amincewa da jefa kuri'a ta hanyar lantarki ya haifar da karin muhawara: yayin da Rasha ta fadada tsarinta na lantarki a yankuna da dama, masu sa ido na kasa da kasa sun nuna. yanayin rashin daidaito na gasar.

A {asar Amirka, rikicin katin bugu a Florida a 2000 ya haifar da zamani (HAVA, 2002). An yi la'akari da amfani da DRE maras tushe akan takarda el tiempo rashin tsaroKuma a yau, kuri'un da aka yi wa alama ta hannu tare da duban gani da ido sun mamaye. Abubuwan da ke faruwa a duniya kwanan nan sun fi dacewa kuri'a akan takarda wanda mai jefa kuri'a zai iya tabbatarwako da lokacin da ake amfani da kayan lantarki don hanzarta ƙidayar.

Wanene a zahiri yana amfani da zaɓen intanet kuma wanda ya guje shi

Idan muka dubi kasashen da suka ci gaba, a cikin kasashe 20 da ke kan gaba na Fitar da Developmentan Adam Amurka ne kawai a wani yanki na yin amfani da nau'ikan zaɓen lantarki (kuma ba iri ɗaya ko kuma dole akan layi ba). A matakin kasa, kasashe irin su Belgium, Brazil, Estonia, Philippines, Indiya, da Venezuela Sun haɗa zaɓen lantarki tare da digiri daban-daban da fasaha. Wasu, kamar Canada y SwitzerlandSuna iyakance shi ga matakan ƙasa ko kuma ga ƙasashen waje kuma suna sanya shi a kan tagogin gwaji da tantancewa.

A vangaren hankali ko mahimmanci. Jamus, Ireland, Netherlands da Ingila sun zabi haramta ko jefar An aiwatar da waɗannan hanyoyin ne bayan gazawa ko kuma saboda rashin yiwuwar tabbatar da gaskiyar jama'a ba tare da ƙwarewar fasaha ba. Kotuna da hukumomin su sun ba da fifiko kula da 'yan kasa mai sauƙi kuma mai ƙarfi.