Siyini isipele se-Nandroid futhi uyenza kanjani ku-Android?

Uma uke wathinta umakhalekhukhwini wakho ufaka ama-ROM, wenza kanjalo izimpande noma ngokushintsha alulame, uke wezwa ngokuqinisekile Izipele ze-NandroidZiyilolo cingo olungakusindisa ekwesabeni okukhulu lapho okuthile kungahambi kahle futhi ifoni iyeka ukusebenza, ibhajwe ku-bootloop, noma iqala ukungasebenzi kahle ngaphandle kwesizathu esibonakalayo.

Kulesi sihloko uzobona ngokuningiliziwe Iyini ngempela i-Nandroid, isetshenziselwa ini, futhi usenza kanjani isinyathelo esisodwa ngesinyathelo?Lo mhlahlandlela ufaka phakathi ukubuka konke kwezobuchwepheshe kokuthi i-Android isebenza kanjani ngaphakathi nokuthi kungani lolu hlobo lwesipele lunamandla kangaka. Umgomo wukuthi, ngesikhathi uqeda ukufunda, ngeke ukwazi kuphela ukulandela okokufundisa, kodwa futhi uqonde ukuthi kwenzakalani ngaphansi kwe-hood yedivayisi yakho.

Siyini isipele se-Nandroid futhi kungani sibaluleke kangaka?

Isipele se-Nandroid yi- Qedela ukwenza isipele sesimo sangaphakathi sedivayisi yakho ye-Android ngesikhathi esithile. Ayigcini nje ngokugcina izithombe zakho noma izinhlelo zokusebenza: ithwebula ama-partitions wesistimu, idatha yomsebenzisi, ibhuthini (i-boot) futhi, kuye ngokutakula, ngisho nokuhlukaniswa kokubuyisela noma ukwahlukanisa kwe-EFS/modem kwamanye amamodeli.

Ngokungafani nezipele ozenzayo ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android, isipele se-Nandroid senziwa kusuka ku- imvelo yokutakula (ukuthola kabusha ngokwezifiso njenge-TWRP noma okufanayo) Futhi, ekuhambeni komsebenzi okuningi okuthuthukile, kuhambisana namathuluzi afana nalokhu sebenzisa i-ADBLe ndawo iqala ngokuhlukana nesistimu eyinhloko futhi ingafunda futhi ihlanganise wonke amabhlogo enkumbulo njengokungathi yizithombe zediski, kufana nalokho okwenziwa kuma-PC anezinhlelo ezifana ne-Clonezilla noma i-Ghost.

Inzuzo enkulu ukuthi, uma ubuyisela i-Nandroid, ifoni ibuyela emuva isimo esiqondile eyayikuso ngesikhathi sekhophiI-ROM efanayo, izinhlelo zokusebenza ezifanayo, i-kernel efanayo, izilungiselelo ezifanayo, izimbungulu ezifanayo uma bezikhona ... konke. Kungakho, ngaphambi kokukhanyisa i-ROM entsha, ukuyibuyekeza mathupha, noma ukuzama ama-mods ayingozi, kucishe kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba nesipele esifana nalesi silondolozwe.

Leli fomu lokukopisha lincike ekutheni i-Android yakhiwe kanjani ngaphakathi: isistimu esuselwe ku- I-Linux kernelngezihlukanisi ezimbalwa ezichazwe kahle nezendlalelo zesofthiwe ezixhumana ngama-API nezishayeli. Impela ngenxa yokuthi ukwakheka kuyi-modular, isistimu yokutakula ingakopisha izingxenye ezithile ngaphandle kokudinga ukuqala lonke uhlelo.

I-Android ihlelwa kanjani ngaphakathi futhi ihlobene ngani ne-Nandroid?

I-Android iyisistimu yokusebenza yeselula ethembele ku I-Linux kernel yokuphatha inkumbulo, izinqubo, ukuphepha kanye nehadiwePhezu kwaleyo kernel yakhelwe izendlalelo ezihlukene: imitapo yolwazi ye-C/C++, indawo yesikhathi sokusebenza (i-Dalvik/ART), uhlaka lohlelo lokusebenza kanye, ngaphezu kwakho konke, izinhlelo zokusebenza ozisebenzisa nsuku zonke.

Ezingeni elingokomzimba, konke lokhu kuhlukaniswe kwaba amaningana izingxenye ze isitorejiEzijwayelekile yilezi: ibhuthi (i-kernel ne-ramdisk), isistimu (amafayela esistimu nosendlalelo somthengisi), umthengisi (abashayeli kanye nezingxenye ezithile zezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha), idatha (izinhlelo zokusebenza nedatha yomsebenzisi), inqolobane, ukutakula futhi, kwamanye amadivayisi, izingxenye ezikhethekile ezifana ne-EFS (izihlonzi zenethiwekhi) noma imodemu.

Ingxenye yokutakula, lapho amathuluzi e-Nandroid esebenza khona, inokufinyelela okuqondile kulezi zahluko. Ukusuka lapho ungakha izithombe ezicindezelwe zamabhulokhi ememoriNgale ndlela, akukopishwa okuqukethwe okubonakalayo kuphela, kodwa sonke isakhiwo sokuhlukaniswa ngakunye. Yingakho ukubuyisela kunembile futhi idivayisi iqala phezulu sengathi akwenzekanga lutho.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Android isebenzisa a Isendlalelo se-Hardware Abstraction (HAL) Isebenza njengomxhumanisi phakathi kwezinhlelo zokusebenza nehardware yangempela (ikhamera, i-GPS, izinzwa, njll.). Zonke izingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha zivezwa ohlelweni ngokusebenzisa abashayeli ku-Linux kernel namalabhulali omdabu, kuyilapho izinhlelo zokusebenza zixhumana zisebenzisa uhlaka lwe-Java/Kotlin. Ikhophi ye-Nandroid ayicubunguli kangako ezingeni le-API, kodwa kunalokho kuzinga lokuvimba, ngakho ihlanganisa yonke into eyenza leyo ndawo yesikhathi sokusebenza.

Mayelana nokwenziwa kwekhodi, kufikela ku-Android 4.4 izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi bezisebenza emshinini obonakalayo I-Dalvikngokuhlanganiswa okufika ngesikhathi (JIT). Kusukela ku-Android 5.0, i-ART (Android Runtime) isetshenzisiwe, ehlanganisa izinhlelo zokusebenza kukhodi yomdabu ngesikhathi sokufakwa. Kukhophi yasenqolobaneni ye-Nandroid, kokubili i-Dalvik ne-ART kuboniswa ohlelweni nezithombe zedatha, ngakho akudingeki ukhathazeke ngokuthi iyiphi injini yesikhathi sokusebenza esetshenziswayo: isipele sihlanganisa konke.

Izinzuzo kanye nemikhawulo yezipele ze-Nandroid

Inzuzo yokuqala enkulu ye-Nandroid ukuthi isebenza njenge Isivikelo esiphelele ngokumelene nezitini ezinengqondoUma ufaka i-ROM engasebenzi kahle, uma i-kernel eguquliwe ibangela ama-bootloops, noma uma i-mod yesistimu iphula okuthile okubalulekile, esikhundleni sokulwa nokukhanya okuyingxenye, ungavele ubuyisele isipele sakho bese ubuyela lapho uqale khona.

Enye inzuzo ebalulekile ukuthi inqubo impela ngaphandle kwe-ROM noma isendlalelo sokwenza ngendlela oyifisayo Akunandaba ukuthi usebenzisa ini: kungaba isitoko se-Samsung ROM ene-UI eyodwa, i-Xiaomi MIUI, i-AOSP ROM emsulwa, noma enye indlela efana ne-LineageOS noma i-GrapheneOS. Ukubuyisela kusebenza ezingeni lokuhlukanisa, hhayi isixhumi esibonakalayo, ngakho inqubo evamile yokudala nokubuyisela isipele se-Nandroid ishintsha kancane kakhulu phakathi kwamadivayisi.

Nokho, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi lolu hlobo lwesipele akuwona umlingo. Isipele se-Nandroid sisondelene kakhulu ne... ihadiwe kanye nesakhiwo sokuhlukanisa ocingweni lwakho. Awukwazi ukwenza ikhophi yasenqolobaneni kumodeli eyodwa futhi uyibuyisele kwehluke ngokuphelele, futhi akuwona umqondo omuhle ukubuyisela i-Nandroid endala phezu kwesakhiwo sokuhlukanisa esishintshile ngenxa yesibuyekezo esikhulu se-Android ngaphandle kokwazi kahle ukuthi wenzani.

Futhi ayithathi indawo yokulondoloza imbudumbudu eyengeziwe. Nakuba isipele se-Nandroid sihlanganisa idatha yakho nezinhlelo zokusebenza, ngokuvamile kuyasebenziseka ukukuhlanganisa nezinye izindlela zokwenza isipele, njengokuvumelanisa ngokuthi [okungacacile - okungenzeka kuyindlela ethile yokwenza isipele]. I-Google Drayivu, Izithombe ze-Google, noma amakhophi athile amafolda abalulekile, njenge londoloza i-APK yohlelo lokusebenza olufakiwe.

Ekugcineni, usayizi kufanele ucatshangelwe. Uma ukopisha zonke izingxenye zefayela, ifayela le-Nandroid lingathatha isikhala esiningi. amagigabhayithi amaningana kuye ngokuqukethwe ocingweni lwakho. Kunconywa ukuthi ube nesikhala esanele samahhala kumemori yangaphakathi noma, ngokufanelekile, ekhadini le-microSD elisheshayo ukuze uzigcine ngaphandle kwezinkinga.

I-Android njengesistimu yokusebenza: umongo ukuze uqonde kangcono i-Nandroid

I-Android namuhla iyi- isistimu yokusebenza ehamba phambili yeselula emhlabeni wonke, ngesabelo esingenhla ngokusobala iOS Emazweni amaningi, ikakhulukazi ezimakethe ezifana ne-India, Brazil, ne-Spain, isekelwe ku-Android Open Source Project (AOSP), enikezwe ilayisense ngaphansi kwe-Apache, lapho umenzi ngamunye bese engeza isendlalelo sakhe.

Uhlelo lwaqalwa kwa-Android Inc., inkampani eyasungulwa ngo-2003 i-Google eyayithola ngo-2005. Inkundla yamenyezelwa ngo-2007 kanye ne- I-Open Handset Alliance, umfelandawonye wabakhiqizi nabaqhubi (i-Samsung, LG, Motorola, Qualcomm, phakathi kwabanye abaningi) obekuhloswe ngayo ukukhuthaza izindinganiso ezivulekile zamadivayisi eselula. Okokuqala Isikhumulo Idivayisi yokuqala yokuhweba ye-Android kwakuyi-HTC Dream, eyethulwe ngo-2008.

Kusukela lapho, i-Android ibilokhu ithola ukuvuselelwa njalo Kuze kube yinguqulo yesi-9, amadivayisi e-Android akhonjwe ngamagama ophudingi ngokulandelana kwezinhlamvu (i-Cupcake, i-Donut, i-Eclair, i-Froyo, i-Gingerbread, i-Honeycomb, i-Ice Cream Sandwich, i-Jelly Bean, i-KitKat, i-Lollipop, i-Marshmallow, i-Nougat, i-Oreo, ne-Pie). Ukuqala nge-Android 10, uhlelo lokuqanjwa kwezinombolo lwamukelwa, nakuba amagama e-dessert asasetshenziswa ngaphakathi.

Ngenguqulo ngayinye, ukuthuthukiswa kwethulwe ku ukuphepha, ukuphathwa kwezimvume, ukusebenza kwezithombe, ukusekelwa kwe-multimedia, namathuluzi onjiniyelaNgaphezu kwalokho, imininingwane yesixhumi esibonakalayo iye yacwengwa okokuqala nge-Material Design, futhi kamuva nge-Material You (Material 3), evumelanisa ngamandla iphalethi yombala wesistimu nesithombe sangemuva sakho.

Ukuhlukaniswa, nokho, kusalokhu kuwubuthakathaka bakho: akuwona wonke amadivayisi athola izibuyekezo ngesikhathi esisodwa, futhi amamodeli amaningi abambelele ezinguqulweni ezindala. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa okufanayo kungesinye isizathu sokwazisa Izipele ze-Nandroidngoba zikuvumela ukuthi ugcine "iphoyinti lokubuyisela" elizinzile ngisho noma umkhiqizi enganaki kakhulu ngezibuyekezo.

Izingxenye ezibalulekile ze-Android ezihlobene nezipele

Phezulu kwesendlalelo kukhona izinhlelo zokusebenza zabasebenzisiI-imeyili, i-SMS, isiphequluli, amamephu, abathintwayo, njll. Eziningi ziza zifakwe kuqala i-Google (i-Gmail, i-Maps, i-YouTube, iDrayivu) noma umkhiqizi, kodwa zonke zincike kusethi efanayo yama-API asuka kuhlaka lohlelo lokusebenza.

Ngezansi sine- uhlaka lokufaka isiceloLe API idalula amasevisi afana nemisebenzi, amasevisi angemuva, abahlinzeki bokuqukethwe, isistimu yezaziso, ukuphathwa kwamawindi, umphathi wephakheji, nokuphathwa kwemvume ngokwayo. Noma yimuphi unjiniyela odala uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android empeleni usebenza ngokumelene nalawa ma-API.

Ngezansi kukhona imitapo yolwazi Ku-C/C++, banesibopho semisebenzi ebalulekile efana nenjini enikezela ngewebhu (ekuqaleni i-WebKit), injini yezithombe, i-OpenGL ES, isizindalwazi se-SQLite, imitapo yolwazi exubile, i-SSL, kanye nomtapo wolwazi ojwayelekile we-C (Bionic). Konke lokhu kusebenza ku-Linux kernel, okuyiyona esebenzisana nehardware.

Isikhathi sokusebenza, noma ngabe i-Dalvik noma i-ART, sisebenza njengesendlalelo salokho yenza ikhodi yezinhlelo zokusebenza futhi ilawula inkumbulo yenqubo ngayinye. Uhlelo lokusebenza ngalunye lusebenza ngomshini walo obonakalayo noma inqubo ehlukanisiwe, ethuthukisa ukuvikeleka nokuzinza: uma uhlelo lokusebenza olulodwa luphahlazeka, akumele ludonsele phansi yonke isistimu.

Ekugcineni, esisekelweni, the I-Linux kernel 2.6 nakamuva Iphatha abashayeli behadiwe, isitaki senethiwekhi, ukuhlela inqubo, nokuphathwa kwenkumbulo. I-Android iphinde ithembele kule leveli ukuze isebenzise izici ezifana nokonga amandla, usekelo lokuthinta okuningi, i-Bluetooth, i-GPS, izinzwa, nohlu olude lwamanye amakhono lezo izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisuke ziwasebenzise ngendlela engaqondakali.

Izici zamanje ze-Android nemisebenzi

Ngokubukeka, i-Android isilungele osayizi besikrini abahlukene nezinqumoKusukela kumaselula ahlangene kuya kumathebulethi, omabonakude, nezinhlelo zezimoto, isistimu isekela ukusheshisa kwezithombe ze-2D ne-3D, futhi isixhumi esibonakalayo senziwa kusetshenziswa amalabhulali alungiselelwe ukusizakala nge-GPU.

Okokugcina kwangaphakathi, i-Android isebenzisa ngokuyinhloko I-SQLite njengenjini yedatha engasindiNgaphezu kwesistimu yefayela yakudala kumemori ye-flash, uhlelo lokusebenza ngalunye lunolwalo. indawo yangasese ngaphakathi/kwedatha, ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezingakwazi ukufinyelela ngqo ngaphandle kwezimvume ezikhethekile noma impande.

Mayelana nokuxhumana, inkundla isekela a ububanzi obubanzi bobuchwepheshe beselula nenethiwekhiI-GSM/EDGE, CDMA, UMTS, HSPA, LTE, ne-5G kuzinguqulo zakamuva, kanye ne-Wi-Fi, i-Bluetooth, i-NFC, nezinye izinketho. Ekulayezaneni, ngaphezu kwe-SMS ne-MMS, i-Android ihlanganisa amasevisi esaziso sohlelo lokusebenza nge-Firebase Cloud Messaging (FCM).

El isiphequluli sewebhu Ngokuzenzakalelayo, ngokomlando okusekelwe ku-WebKit kanye nenjini ye-V8 JavaScript, ebilokhu ihlangana nayo i-Google Chromenakuba umsebenzisi angahlala efaka Ezinye iziphequluli ezifana neFirefox, Opera, noma okuhlukile kweChromiumEzingeni le-multimedia, isekela amafomethi avamile afana ne-WebM, H.264/H.265, MP3I-AAC, OGG, WAV, JPEG, PNG, GIF nokunye okuningi kuye ngenguqulo nehadiwe.

I-Android iphinde inikeze usekelo lwe Ukusakaza lokucuketfweLokhu kuzuzwe ngezivumelwano ze-RTP/RTSP, ukusakaza-bukhoma okuqhubekayo ku-HTML5, nezixazululo eziqondene nabahlinzeki. Lokhu kunike amandla ukunwetshwa kwenkundla yevidiyo nomculo kumadivayisi eselula kanye ne-Android TV.

Ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android nokusebenzisana kwesistimu

Ukwakha izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android, okulandelayo kusetshenziswa kakhulu: I-Android Studio njengendawo esemthethweni yokuthuthukisaLe IDE ifaka i-Android SDK, izilingisi, amathuluzi okulungisa iphutha, abahlaziyi bokusebenza, nezilekeleli zokusebenzelana kwezithombe. I-Eclipse ene-plugin ye-ADT yayike yasetshenziswa ngaphambilini, kodwa namuhla i-Android Studio iyindinganiso.

Izilimi ezivame kakhulu zezinhlelo zokusebenza yilezi Java futhi KotlinNokho, izingxenye zomdabu zingabhalwa futhi ngo-C noma C++ kusetshenziswa i-NDK (Ikhithi Yokuthuthukiswa Komdabu). Lokhu kuwusizo kumageyimu nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenza kakhulu lapho amalabhulali akhona adinga ukuphinda asetshenziswe.

I-Google inikeza a amadokhumenti aphelele kakhulu Isayithi lonjiniyela lihlanganisa amasampula ekhodi, imihlahlandlela yedizayini, imikhuba engcono kakhulu yokusebenzisana, nemihlahlandlela ye-Material Design. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphakathi othuthukayo mkhulu kakhulu, unezinkundla, izindawo zokugcina imithombo evulekile, kanye nemitapo yolwazi evela eceleni cishe nganoma yisiphi isidingo.

Zonke lezi zici ze-ecosystem yokuthuthukiswa ziboniswa ngokulinganayo kukhophi yasenqolobaneni ye-Nandroid: ngokufaka idatha nokuhlukaniswa kwesistimu, ikhophi yasenqolobaneni iqukethe kokubili izinhlelo zokusebenza ezilandiwe kanye nezinhlelo zazo. isimo sangaphakathi, ukucupha kanye yolwazi, isibonelo for londoloza inqubekelaphambili yomdlaloUma ubuyisela, kuba sengathi awuzange ukhiphe noma ulungise lutho.

Ukuphepha, ubumfihlo, kanye nendima yezipele ze-Nandroid

Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, i-Android ibilokhu ihlaziywa yizinkampani zokuphepha nezikhungo zikahulumeni. Ucwaningo lokuqhathanisa luye lwabonisa ukuthi, nakuba I-iOS ingase iqongelele inombolo enkulu yokuba sengozini okubikiweI-Android ivamise ukuthola ukuhlaselwa kwangempela okwengeziwe, ngenxa yokuthi iyinkundla ehamba phambili futhi ngoba ivumela ukufakwa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezivela ngaphandle kwezitolo ezisemthethweni.

I-Google isabele ngokuqinisa izindlela zayo zokuphepha: Ukuqinisekiswa kohlelo lokusebenza ku-Google Play, i-sandboxing eqinile, izimvume ze-granular, nokubethelwa kwedatha okuzenzakalelayo namathuluzi afana ne-Google Play Protect. Noma kunjalo, umsebenzisi usadlala indima ebalulekile, ikakhulukazi lapho evula i-bootloader, eqeda idivayisi, noma efaka ukubuyisela ngokwezifiso ukuze enze i-Nandroid flash.

Endaweni yobumfihlo, kube nezimo lapho indawo ethile noma izinketho zokuvumelanisa ziveze ukukhathazeka. Izici ezifana ukuqoqwa kwedatha ye-geolocation noma ukuhlanganiswa namasevisi emephu Kwesinye isikhathi bebesetshenziswa abezobunhloli ukuze babambe imininingwane, ngokusho kwemibhalo eputshuziwe.

Kulabo abenza izinguquko ezijulile ohlelweni, i-Nandroid ayiyona nje isivikelo ekuhlulekeni, kodwa futhi iyindlela zama izilungiselelo ezengeziwe ezilungele ubumfihloUngafaka ama-ROM agxile kwezokuvikela, ukhubaze noma ususe izinsiza ezingafunwa, futhi uma ungajabulile ngomphumela, buyela kalula esimweni sangaphambilini ngokubuyisela isipele.

Nokho, kufanele uqaphele lapho ugcina futhi uphatha lezi zipele. Isipele se-Nandroid siqukethe yonke idatha yakho yomuntu siqu, izihlonzi, ama-akhawunti, nemilayezoNgakho-ke ukuyigcina endaweni engavikelekile noma ukwabelana ngayo ngaphandle kokubethela kungaba iphutha elikhulu lokuvikela.

I-Android emakethe kanye nokwesekwa kwesikhathi eside

Mayelana nokutholwa, i-Android isetshenziswa ku omakhalekhukhwini, amaphilisi, ama-smart TV, amawashi, izimoto ngisho nezinto zasendliniImvelo yayo yomthombo ovulekile kanye nokuguquguquka kuye kwavumela abakhiqizi emhlabeni wonke ukuthi bayihlanganise ku-hardware yamabanga namanani ahluke kakhulu.

Izibalo zakamuva zibonisa ukuthi izinguqulo ezintsha zesistimu, njenge I-Android 13 ne-14Ayazuza, kodwa asahlala nezinguqulo ezindala ezifana ne-Android 10, 11, noma ngisho nezingu-9 kumadivayisi amaningi. Lokhu kunomthelela ekutheni onjiniyela kumele badizayine kanjani izinhlelo zabo zokusebenza futhi kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokugcina izipele ezithembekile.

Umjikelezo wokusekela isibuyekezo uyahluka kakhulu kuye ngomkhiqizi: Amadivayisi e-Google (Pixel) ngokuvamile anawo iminyaka eminingana yezibuyekezo ezinkulu neziqephu zokuphephakuyilapho amanye amamodeli asezingeni eliphansi angase alahlekelwe ukwesekwa maduzane.

Kulowo mongo, abasebenzisi abathuthukile baphendukela kuma-ROM wangokwezifiso ukuze nweba ubude bempilo bamadivayisi akhoKulapho izipele ze-Nandroid ziba usizo ngokukhethekile: lapho ushintsha ama-ROM, izikhwebu, noma okutholakalayo, ukugcina ikhophi ephelele yesistimu yangaphambilini kukuvumela ukuthi ubuyele emuva uma okuthile kungasebenzi kahle noma uma inguqulo entsha ingasetshenziswa.

Ngamafuphi, i-Android isibe yi- i-ecosystem enkulu futhi ehlukahlukene kakhuluKule ndawo, lapho zonke izinhlobo zamadivayisi, izendlalelo zokwenza ngendlela oyifisayo, nezinqubomgomo zokubuyekeza ezingaguquki zihlangana ndawonye, ​​amathuluzi okuba ingcweti afana nezipele ze-Nandroid kukunikeza ukuguquguquka okwengeziwe kokuzulazula kulo mhlaba oshintshayo ngokuzethemba.

Manje njengoba wazi ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi i-Android isebenza kanjani ngaphakathi, ukuthi izingxenye zayo zihlelwa kanjani, iyiphi indima edlalwayo yokuthola kabusha, futhi yiluphi ulwazi olulondolozwe kukhophi yasenqolobaneni ye-Nandroid, kulula kakhulu ukubona ukuthi kungani lesi sipele esiphelele siyindlela engcono kakhulu yokuphila uma unquma ukuhlola ama-ROM, izimpande, izikhwebu, nanoma yikuphi ukuguqulwa okujulile: ukuqonda uhlelo nokuba ne- isithombe esigcwele sesimo sedivayisi yakho Inhlanganisela ekuvumela ukuthi uhlole ngaphandle kokwesaba futhi, uma kukhona okungahambi kahle, buyisela ifoni yakho njengoba bekunjalo ngokuthepha okumbalwa okusuka kumodi yokutakula.