I-Euro digital: izizathu eziphoqayo zokuthi cha

Inkulumo-mpikiswano nge-euro yedijithali ingene enkulumweni yomphakathi ngamandla abengalindelekile, ifaka abameli bokwenza izinkokhelo zibe zesimanje kulabo abesaba ukukhukhuleka ekulawuleni nasekulahlekelweni yinkululeko. Umnyombo wale mpikiswano kukhona ukungezwani phakathi kokusebenza kahle kanye nobumfihlo.: isithembiso sezinkokhelo ezisheshayo nezishibhile ngokumelene ne ubungozi bokugadwa kanye nokubekwa endaweni eyodwa kwamandla emali.

Okuningi kokunganeliseki komphakathi kubangelwa umuzwa wokuthi ukusheshisa zokulawula kanye nokuntuleka kwezimpendulo ezilula zemibuzo efanele. Izinkinga ezinjengokuthi ubani ozobona imisebenzi yethu, imiphi imikhawulo yebhalansi ezoba khona, noma ukuthi imali izolahlekelwa yindawo yayo Ahlala evulekile, futhi indlela imininingwane eklanywe ngayo izokwenza umehluko phakathi kokuthuthukiswa okuwusizo kwesistimu yokukhokha kanye nethuluzi lokulawula elinemiphumela engahlosiwe.

Lokho i-euro yedijithali eyikho ngempela nalokho engeyikho

Imali yedijithali yasebhange elimaphakathi, noma i-CBDC, ayifani nemali yangasese kagesi esivele siyisebenzisa nsuku zonke ngamakhadi, Izinhlelo zokusebenza noma ukudluliselwa. I-euro yedijithali ingaba yisikweletu esiqondile se-European Central Bank.Izotholakala kubantu ngabanye namabhizinisi futhi izozungeza eduze kwezimali zemali nezinhlamvu zemali: i-euro yedijithali engu-1 izolingana ne-euro engokoqobo engu-1. Ngeke kube umkhiqizo okonga noma ukutshalwa kwezimali; empeleni, yakhelwe ukuthi ingabi nayo inzalo ukugwema ukuncintisana namadiphozithi ebhange.

Izakhiwo ezihlolwe yi-Eurosystem zicabangela imodeli enokuxhumana: I-ECB ayifuni ukuphatha amakhulu ezigidi zamakhasimendeNgakho-ke, amabhange nabanye abahlinzeki bazoqhubeka nokuhlinzeka ngesendlalelo sesevisi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsebenzi uyaqhubeka ezinkokhelweni ungaxhumekile ku-inthanethi kanye nezindlela ezizenzakalelayo zokugcwalisa nezokugcwalisa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusetshenziswa okungenazihibe ngisho noma kunomkhawulo wokubamba.

Lowo mkhawulo webhalansi uyisihluthulelo sokunciphisa izingozi emabhange ezentengiselwano. Umkhawulo kumuntu ngamunye kanye nemithetho yokudlulisa ngokuzenzakalelayo kucatshangelwe.Uma uthola inkokhelo ekweqa umkhawulo, imali eyeqile izoya ku-akhawunti yokukhokha exhunyiwe; uma udinga ukukhokha ngaphezu kwebhalansi yakho yedijithali, ukugcwalisa kwangaphambili kuzoxazulula umehluko. Inhloso eshiwo ukuthi akekho ozokwenqatshwa inkokhelo ngokweqa umkhawulo.

Esinye isici esibucayi ukuhleleka. Amadokhumenti asemthethweni kanye nezincazelo zibhekisele emisebenzini enemibandela yokuzikhethela nelinganiselwe. Umqondo wemali ehlelekayo, izinsuku zokuphelelwa yisikhathi, noma izinkokhelo ezinemibandela Izovula ibhokisi lamathuluzi elinamandla lokusetshenziswa kwebhizinisi, kodwa futhi iphakamisa ukukhathazeka mayelana namandla ayo okukhawulela inkululeko uma ububanzi bayo bebunwetshwa ngezikhathi "zokuphuthuma" noma zobunzima.

Kungani kuqubuka impikiswano yesakhamuzi neyepolitiki?

Enkulumweni yeningi, imibono ephikisanayo ibonakala. Abanye, ngemva kokuzwa izikhulu zebhange elikhulu zivikela iphrojekthi, bavumelana nezimpikiswano zabo, kodwa bese behlangabezana nokuphikiswa okukhulu esigabeni sokuphawula. Ukusabela komphakathi kuhlanganisa ukukhathazeka mayelana nobumfihlo nokwesaba kokulawula okukhulisiweNgenkathi sigxeka ukushesha kwesikhungo ukusunduza ithuluzi elingakacaci kubasebenzisi abaningi.

Kukhona izakhamizi "ezisebenzayo" okuthi, naphezu kokuvikela izibopho zokwamukela ama-banknotes nezinhlamvu zemali, zivuma ukuthi i-euro yedijithali ingaxazulula izinkinga zemali yamanje ye-elekthronikhi: ukuncika kancane ku-oligopoly yasebhange kanye namanethiwekhi ekhadiIzinkokhelo ezincishisiwe nokungqubuzana, kanye nesiphetho somuzwa wokuthi imali efakwayo ibolekwa ngemuva ngaphandle kokugadwa. Noma kunjalo, baxwayisa ngokuthi idijithali, ngokuklama, ayilokothi ibe yimfihlo njengokheshi.

Lokhu kuphakamisa umbuzo ongakhululekile: uma i-euro yedijithali ithembisa ukunciphisa izindleko futhi ivule ukuncintisana, kungani kunokumelana okuningi komphakathi? Abaningi besaba ukugadwa ngezinga elikhulu kwezezimali, ukusetshenziswa kwamakhono we uhlelo ukukhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwemali noma ukusungula amadethi okuphelelwa yisikhathi, kanye ne-backdoor yokwandisa imali ngokudlula amasheke namabhalansi ohlelo lwamabhange. Abanye basola umthelela wezinkundla ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe kanye ne-centralization okunzima ukuyihlehlisa.

Ipolitiki ayichemile nalapha. Ohulumeni abathile kanye namaqembu ezepolitiki bazwakalise ukwesekwa okuqinile kanye nama-vetoNjengoba abaholi begxeka ama-CBDC ngokuthi "ubushiqela bemali" kanye neziphathimandla ezakha izithiyo zomthetho, abasekeli balolu hlelo bathi iYurophu ngeke ikwazi ukuhlehla lapho ibhekene nedijithali yomhlaba wonke, noma ngabe umnotho othuthukile njengeSwitzerland ne-UK ukhethe ukuqapha.

Izinzuzo ezidalwe yikho: ukusebenza kahle, izindleko kanye nokufakwa

Abathuthukisi bakhomba izinzuzo ezibonakalayo. Esokuqala ukusebenza kahle. Izinkokhelo eziseduze, ezitholakala kuyo yonke indawo ye-euro, zihlanganiswe nomakhalekhukhwini nezinhlelo zokusebenzaFuthi ngosekelo lwemisebenzi engaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi, bathembisa ukuthuthuka kwangempela kunokudluliselwa okuvamile okusathatha amahora noma izinsuku kuzimo ezithile.

Mayelana nezindleko, okulindelekile kucacile: uma ingxenye yemisebenzi icutshungulwa ku-a ingqalasizinda yomphakathi, Izendlalelo zezindleko zokulamula nezizimele zenethiwekhi ziyehliswaIzindleko zomphakathi zemali (ukunyathelisa, ezokuthutha, ukugcinwa) nazo ziyehla, njengoba amabhizinisi nezakhamuzi zithola izindlela zokukhokha ezishibhile nezibikezelwa kakhudlwana.

Ukufakwa kwezimali kungenye insika. Izindlela zokukhokha zedijithali ezifinyeleleka emhlabeni wonke, zisekelwa yibhange elikhulu, Izovumela ukubamba iqhaza emnothweni wedijithali ngaphandle kokuncika ezinkampanini ezizimele.ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemakhaya noma emaqenjini ancipha amathuba okuthola usizo lwamabhange. Inselele iwukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwakheka kwayo akubashiyi ngaphandle labo abangawasebenzisi njalo ama-smartphone noma i-inthanethi.

Kwezokuphepha, kucelwa i-architecture izinga eliphezulu lokubethela kanye nokuqinisekisa. Umgomo uwukukhuphula izinga ngokumelene nokukhwabanisa nokuhlasela kwe-inthanethi.inikeza impahla yokukhokha yomphakathi enamandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengemali yebhange eliphakathi, izosebenza njengesikhonkwane ngezikhathi zobunzima, igcine ukuqhubeka kwezinkokhelo uma ama-node ohlelweni oluyimfihlo ehluleka.

Abasekeli bengeze ngokuthi i-euro yedijithali ingathuthukisa ukusungulwa. AbakwaFintech, amabhange, nabathuthukisi bazosebenzisa ithuba lezingqimba ezintsha zengqalasizinda ukudala izinsizakalo, ukuncintisana nokunikeza izixazululo ezingcono kakhulu zamaqoqo, izikweletu noma ukonga okwenziwe, okuqhuba ukwenziwa kwedijithali kwendwangu ekhiqizayo.

Okokugcina, i-engeli yenqubomgomo yezimali iyacatshangelwa. Amathuluzi okusabalalisa isikhuthazo esiqondile noma ukudluliselwa okucolisisiwe kwamazinga enzalo, Nakuba kunempikiswano, bazonikeza i-ECB amathuluzi engeziwe.Lapha, nokho, izexwayiso ziyavuma: uma zisetshenziswa kabi, lawa mathuluzi angacindezela inkululeko noma ahlanekezele imakethe yezikweletu.

Izingozi nemiphumela engemihle: ubumfihlo, ukugadwa, nokubhanga

Ngokubhekene nesithombe sezinzuzo, izexwayiso ziqinile. Ngokungafani nemali, konke okwenziwa ngedijithali kushiya umkhondo. I-CBDC inikeza iziphathimandla zezezimali ukufinyelela okugcwele nokuqondile ezinkokhelweni namabhalansiLokhu kungase, empeleni, kuvumele ukugadwa noma ukukhawulwa kokuziphatha kwezezimali okubonakala kungathandeki. Umlando "wokuhlukile" okulawulayo ngezikhathi zenhlekelele ubhebhethekisa ukungathembani.

Ukuhleleka kwengeza esinye isendlalelo esibucayi: izinkokhelo ezinemibandela, imikhawulo yokusetshenziswa ngesigaba, ngisho nezinsuku zokuphelelwa yisikhathi. Nakuba kuthenjiswa ukusetshenziswa okulinganiselwe emkhakheni webhizinisiUkuba khona nje komthamo wezobuchwepheshe kuvula umnyango wokwandiswa kwesikhathi esizayo. Labo abesaba ukulawulwa kombuso babona lokhu njengesandulela sokuhlolwa kwezimali, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zingaki izivikelo ezimenyezelwe.

Ezingeni elikhulu, ukukhathazeka ukuthi i-euro yedijithali izoqeda amasheke namabhalansi endabuko. Uma ibhange elikhulu linganweba ukunikezwa kwemali ngokudlula abaxhumanisiImikhawulo ekuxhaseni ukusetshenziswa kwemali komphakathi ingase ibe buthaka, kube nezingozi zokwehla kwamandla emali kanye nokuqondiswa kwezimali. Isikweletu sangasese singase singasuswa, futhi ukungenelela kwamabhange kungase kuhlupheke.

Kumabhange ezentengiselwano, igalelo lingaba kabili. Ezikhathini ezijwayelekile, ezinye izinkokhelo namadiphozithi zingathuthela empahleni engenabungozi ephethwe umphakathi, ukunciphisa imali engenayo evela kumakhomishini nolwazi lwamakhasimende efanelekile ekunikezeni isikweletu. Ezikhathini zokucindezeleka, isiphephelo kuma-akhawunti asebhange amaphakathi kungasheshisa ukuphuma kwediphozithi, kubhebhethekise ukusebenza kwamabhange edijithali kanye nezingozi zokuzinza.

Kukhona futhi i-engeli yokuncintisana ne-sovereignty. Ukwenziwa kwedijithali kuthambekele kumamodeli "owinile-othatha konke", ikakhulukazi uma izinkundla zomhlaba zilawula izixhumanisi zokukhokha. Uma i-Europe ithembele kubuchwepheshe obungebona obaseYurophu ukusebenzisa imali yayo yedijithaliUkuzimela okufiswa kakhulu kungaba sengozini. Futhi, uma idizayini iphusha ukuthi kube nendawo eyodwa, kunengozi yokukhinyabeza ukuncintisana esikhundleni sokuyikhuthaza.

Isimo sezepolitiki asisizi futhi. Imilayezo emayelana nokusheshisa ngoba "intando yeningi ihamba kancane" ikhiqize ukuhlehla. Ukushesha kwezomthetho, esimweni sokushoda okukhulu kanye nokungezwani kwezikweletu Kwamanye amazwe, lokhu kubhebhethekisa izinsolo zokuthi kufunwa indlela enqamulelayo ukuze kuxhaswe imali esetshenziswa umphakathi. Abaningi bakhumbula iziqephu zezilinganiso zenzalo ezingezinhle nokuthengwa kwempahla okukhulu osekuvele kuwuthintitha umgomo wokuzinza.

Okushiwo abalawuli: udeveli usemininingwaneni

Phakathi kwabaklami bephrojekthi, kukhona ukugcizelela okunamandla kumklamo njengento enqumayo emphumeleni. Imithombo engaphakathi kwe-ECB igcizelele ukuthi isisusa esiyinhloko kungaba hlanganisa ukuvikeleka kwemali yebhange elimaphakathi kanye nokusebenziseka kalula kwendlela yedijithali, kucatshangelwa okuthandwa ngabasebenzisi, kodwa uqikelela ukuthi ungahlukanisi uhlelo lwezezimali.

"Izivikelo" ezivame ukucashunwa zimbalwa. Khawulela inombolo umsebenzisi ngamunye angaba nayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-CBDC akuyona imoto yokutshala izimali; ukwethula amaholo anezigaba nezinhlawulo ezingaphezu kwamanani athile; ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amabhange kanye nama-PSP alawula ubudlelwano bamakhasimende; futhi uqinise ubumfihlo bezobuchwepheshe ngokwezinga elivunyelwe yimithetho emelene nokushushumbiswa kwemali.

Izingozi zamazwe ngamazwe nazo ziyagqanyiswa. I-euro yedijithali ewuketshezi kakhulu futhi efinyeleleka kalula ingasetshenziswa ngokulinganayo ngabatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe. ekuthuthumeleni komhlaba wonke, ukugeleza okukhulayo kanye nokungezwaniNgakho-ke, kuhlongozwa ukuthi ivinjwe ukuthi isebenze njengendawo ephephile yabangebona izakhamuzi futhi igxiliswe ezinkokhelweni zokudayisa.

Mayelana nobumfihlo, umlayezo osemthethweni ungowokuvikela okuthuthukisiwe, ngokungaziwa okuhlobene ezinkokhelweni ezincane nangaphansi kwezilawuli eziqinile zokufinyelela idatha. Nokho, ngokwencazelo, isistimu yedijithali ishiya imethadathaFuthi ukwethenjwa okuyimbuka ezithembisweni zesikhathi esizayo kungqubuzana nolwazi lokunwetshwa kokulawula ngemva "kokuhlukile" okuba okujwayelekile.

Ukuvikela imali kanye nokukhathazeka komphakathi

Izinhlangano zabathengi kanye nezinkundla ezisekela imali zikhuphule izinga ukuze zibhekwe. Ucwaningo lwakamuva lukhombisa ukuthi iningi emazweni afana neSpain yenqaba ukuqaliswa okusheshayo kwe-euro yedijithalingokuqondile ngenxa yokungabaza ngenjongo yayo, iziqinisekiso zenkululeko nobumfihlo, nangenxa yokwesaba ukuthi imali izolahlekelwa yisisekelo ekusebenzeni.

Amaqembu afana noDenaria agcizelela ukuthi ukheshi akuyona into efiselekayo, kodwa insika yokuhlanganisa. Abantu abadala, abantu abakhubazekile, abahlala ezindaweni ezingenabantu noma abesifazane basemaphandleni Bancike kuyo ukuze babambe iqhaza empilweni yezomnotho. Ukulahleka kwamagatsha nama-ATM kwandisa inkinga, futhi kukhuthazwa ezinye izindlela zokugcina imali engamaphepha nezinhlamvu zemali kufinyeleleka kuyo yonke inethiwekhi yezwe.

Imikhawulo ekhawulelwe ezinkokhelweni zemali nayo iyagxekwa, njengamakhephu aphansi kakhulu emazweni athile noma ukuvinjelwa kokuqashisa. izinyathelo ezithathwa njengezinobandlululo nezingaphumeleli ekulweni nokukhwabanisaIdatha yobugebengu be-Cybercrime ibonisa ukuthi ukukhwabanisa okukhulu kwenzeka ezindaweni ezidijithali, ngakho ukuhlobanisa imali nobugebengu kungaba yinkulumo ephelelwe yisikhathi.

Kusukela kulo mbono, i-euro yedijithali ingamukeleka kuphela uma iqinisekisa ngokomthetho kanye nomklamo ubumfihlo obuqinile, inkululeko yokuzikhethela, kanye nokuphathwa ngokulinganayo ngemaliKungenjalo, kunxuswa ubuhlakani, kubambezeleke izikhathi ezibekiwe, kuqiniswe ingqalasizinda yokukhokha ekhona kuqala ukuze kuxazululwe izinkinga zangempela ngaphandle kokudala ezinkulu.

Izifundo zamazwe ngamazwe: ubuhlakani emibusweni yentando yeningi ethuthukile

Uma ubheka phesheya, izinkomba ziyasho. E-United States, impikiswano yavela yaba ukungabaza okusabalele ngombono we-CBDC. ngezinhlelo zomthetho zokukhawulela noma ukuvimbela ukukhishwa kwayo nabaholi bezombangazwe abakuchaze njengosongo enkululekweni yezezimali. Empeleni, uhlelo lukhethe ukuqinisa ukuncintisana kwangasese kanye nezinkokhelo ezisheshayo.

ISwitzerland, nesiko layo lokuzifihla kwamabhange kanye nokuzimela, ikhethe ukungaqalisi i-digital franc yokudayisa. I-UK ifunda upondo wedijithali ngaphandle kokuxhamazela.Ukulinganisa ubungozi kanye nezindlela zokuvikela. Lawa macala akhombisa ukuthi ukusungula izinto ezintsha akudingi ukuxhamazela nokuthi ukuvikela ukheshi kungahambisana nokukhokha izinkokhelo zesimanje.

I-China isebenza njengesexwayiso kulabo ababeka phambili inkululeko yomphakathi. Lapho, i-yuan yedijithali inika izwe ukufinyelela okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili kwezentengiselwano. nekhono lokuklomelisa noma lokujezisa ukuziphathaNakuba iYurophu igcizelela ekuvikeleni okuqinile okwengeziwe, isithombe sesistimu yokulawula umphakathi sinzima kakhulu ekubonweni komphakathi.

Engingakulungisa nengingakwazi ukukwenza: ukususa ukungezwani

I-euro yedijithali eklanywe kahle ingehlisa izinkokhelo, yandise izinketho, futhi inciphise ukuncika kuma-oligopolies ayimfihlo. Kungenzeka ukuthi izofaka ingcindezi ephansi kumakhomishana futhi ithuthukise ukuqoqwa.Ngenkathi inikeza ihange lomphakathi lokuqina, ngeke ngomlingo iguqule imali yedijithali ibe into eyimfihlo njengokheshi: ukulandeleka, noma kunqunyelwe, kusekhona.

Ngeke futhi lizixazulule lona ngokwalo izinkinga zesakhiwo emkhakheni wezezimali, njengesidingo senyunyana yamabhange ephelele noma uhlaka oluvamile lwezimali. Uma izikhuthazo zomkhakha wamabhange zishaywa indiva futhi imiphumela yesikweletu ibukelwa phansiIkhambi lingase lidale izinkinga ezintsha: ukuxhaswa ngezimali okuncane kwemindeni namabhizinisi, ukuntengantenga okwengeziwe ezinkingeni, kanye nenqubomgomo yezimali enezilingo zabangeneleli.

Kulabo abesaba ukuthi imali yabo "izobolekwa ngemuva," i-CBDC isusa ubungozi babanye basebhange engxenyeni yedijithali abayibambe njengebhalansi. Kodwa lokho kuthula kuza ngezindleko zesistimu. Uma kusabalele, kuvela imikhawulo kanye nokungakhuthazi, okubuye kunciphise okunye ukukhalaza okubonakala ekuqaleni.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Iphrojekthi ye-DARE: Ingqophamlando yezobuchwepheshe yaseYurophu yokuzimela kwedijithali

Isaka

Umbhali oshisekayo ngomhlaba wamabhayithi nobuchwepheshe ngokujwayelekile. Ngiyathanda ukwabelana ngolwazi lwami ngokubhala, futhi yilokho engizokwenza kule bhulogi, ngikubonise zonke izinto ezithakazelisayo kakhulu ngamagajethi, isofthiwe, ihadiwe, izitayela zobuchwepheshe, nokuningi. Inhloso yami ukukusiza ukuthi uzulazule emhlabeni wedijithali ngendlela elula nejabulisayo.