Izindawo ze-IoT ezihlakaniphile: okhiye, ukusetshenziswa kanye nobuchwepheshe

Namuhla siphila sizungezwe izinto ezixhunyiwe ezazikade "ziyisiwula" ngokuphelele: izibani zasemgwaqweni, amamitha kagesi, izibani zomgwaqo, izimoto, amawashi, ngisho amabhodlela amanzi noma izingubo ezinezinzwaLonke lolu hlelo lokusebenza luyingxenye ye-Internet of Things (IoT) futhi ludala izindawo ezihlakaniphe kakhulu, ezikwazi ukwenza izinqumo ngokuzenzakalela ngesikhathi sangempela futhi zixhumane cishe ngaphandle kokuthi siqaphele.

Kulesi simo, sikhuluma izindawo ze-IoT ezihlakaniphile Akuseyona imbono yesikhathi esizayo, kodwa kuyisidingo samadolobha, amabhizinisi, izibhedlela, amafektri, kanye nemizi efuna ukusebenza kahle, ukusimama, kanye nokuthokomala. Ngezansi, sihlola ngokujulile ukuthi i-IoT ihlanganiswe kanjani ekuphathweni kolwazi, amadolobha ahlakaniphile, i-Industry 4.0, kanye nemikhakha efana nokunakekelwa kwempilo, amandla, ezolimo, kanye nezentengiselwano, sisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuxhumana obusezingeni eliphezulu njenge-5G, i-Wi-Fi 6, i-LPWAN, i-BLE, i-Zigbee, kanye ne-Thread.

Iyini i-Internet of Things futhi kungani ibalulekile ekudaleni izindawo ezihlakaniphile?

Uma sikhuluma nge-IoT, sibhekisela kunethiwekhi enkulu kakhulu amadivayisi angokoqobo ahlonyiswe ngezinzwa, isofthiwe, kanye nokuxhumeka eziqoqa idatha, zabelane ngayo, futhi, ezimweni eziningi, zenze ngokufanele ngaphandle kokungenela komuntu ngqo. Zingaba izinto ezihlukahlukene njengemitha yamanzi, izitsha zikadoti, amarobhothi ezimboni, izinto zokugqoka zezempilo, izibani zasemgwaqweni, noma izibani zomgwaqo.

Lawa madivayisi axhuma nge-inthanethi noma amanye amanethiwekhi okuxhumana futhi avumela Hlaziya ulwazi ngesikhathi sangempela, zenze izinqubo ngokuzenzakalela, futhi uthuthukise ukwenza izinqumoNgakho-ke, ukuguqula indawo yendabuko ibe yindawo ehlakaniphile ye-IoT kusho ukuguqula idatha ehlakazekile ibe yinani: ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuncane, ukuminyana kwezimoto okuncane, ikhwalithi yomoya engcono, izinsizakalo zomphakathi ezisheshayo, izintambo zokuhlinzeka ezisebenza kahle, noma ukuxilongwa kwezokwelapha okunembe kakhudlwana.

Ukuze konke lokhu kusebenze ngendlela ehlelekile, kudingeka izendlalelo eziningana: ungqimba lwe- izinzwa ezisatshalalisiwe (okuthi "kukala" ini imvelo), isendlalelo sokuxhumana (ukuxhumana okuthwala idatha), amapulatifomu okugcina nokuhlaziya (amafu, unqenqema, amachibi edatha) kanye, ekugcineni, izinhlelo zokusebenza ezikwazi ukusebenzisa leyo datha ukunikeza inani langempela kubantu, amabhizinisi kanye nohulumeni.

Lo mbono uhambisana nomqondo wedolobha noma indawo "enezinsimbi, exhumene futhi ehlakaniphile": izinsimbi zomculongoba ibamba idatha ngezinzwa; kuxhumenengoba ihlanganisa leyo datha ibe yipulatifomu efanayo; futhi ohlakaniphilengoba isebenzisa ukuhlaziya okuthuthukisiwe, i-AI, kanye namamodeli okubikezela ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kanye nokuhlela kangcono ikusasa.

Ukuphathwa kolwazi njengesisekelo sezindawo ezihlakaniphile ze-IoT

Indawo ye-IoT ihlakaniphe ngempela kuphela uma kukhona ukuphathwa kolwazi okuqinileAkwanele ukufaka izinzwa yonke indawo: kuyadingeka ukuchaza ukuthi idatha iqoqwa kanjani, igcinwa kanjani, ukuthi ubani ongayifinyelela, ivikelwe kanjani, nokuthi isetshenziswa kanjani ukuhambisana nemithethonqubo nokukhiqiza izinqumo ezinokwethenjelwa.

Ezinkampanini, ukuphathwa kahle kolwazi kuvumela ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, qinisa i-cybersecurity futhi uhambisane nemithethonqubo kokuvikelwa kwedatha, ukulandeleka, noma ikhwalithi. Edolobheni, ukuphathwa kwedatha yasemadolobheni kuvula umnyango wezinqubomgomo zedatha ezivulekile, ukubamba iqhaza kwezakhamuzi, kanye nokucaca, njalo kunakekela izici ezibalulekile njengokungaziwa, ukwabelana phakathi kweminyango, kanye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwamapulatifomu.

Amaphrojekthi amaningi edolobha elihlakaniphile athembele kumapulatifomu asemadolobheni ajwayelekile (isibonelo, ngokusekelwe ku I-FIWARE nama-API avulekile) ezihlanganisa imithombo ehlukahlukene: ithrafikhi, amandla, ikhwalithi yomoya, ukuphathwa kwamanzi, ukuphepha komphakathi, ukuhamba ngokuhlanganyela, njll. Amacala afana nepulatifomu ye-VLCi eValencia abonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuhlanganisa lonke lolu lwazi bese uluguqula lube yizinsizakalo eziqondile zezakhamuzi kanye namadeshibhodi okuphatha.

Lo mklamo wedolobha ohlakaniphile uvame ukuncika enhlanganisela amachibi edatha, izindawo zokugcina idatha, izinjini zokuhlaziya, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zewebhu noma zeselula Lawa mathuluzi avumela konke kusukela ekuhlaziyweni komlando kuya ekuhlaziyweni kokubikezela kusetshenziswa i-AI. Umgomo uwukuthi zonke izinqumo—ukushintsha uhlelo lwethrafikhi, ukulungisa izibani zasemgwaqweni, ukuklama kabusha umzila webhasi, noma ukuhlela ukutshalwa kwezimali kwengqalasizinda—ziqondiswe yidatha eqinile.

IoT kanye namadolobha ahlakaniphile: ukuthuthuka emadolobheni asebenza kahle, aphephile futhi azinzile

Amadolobha ahlakaniphile amelela esinye sezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zezindawo ze-IoT ezihlakaniphile. Idolobha liba "lihlakaniphile" uma lihlangana izinzwa, ukuxhumana kanye namapulatifomu asedolobheni ukuthuthukisa izinsizakalo ezifana nokuhamba, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, ukuphathwa kwamanzi, ukuphepha kwezakhamuzi noma ikhwalithi yomoya.

Akukho ukushoda kwezibonelo zangempela: IChicago isebenzisa inethiwekhi yezinzwa zasemadolobheni ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela izimo zemvelo, isimo sezulu kanye nekhwalithi yomoyaI-Oslo ilawula ukukhanya kwemigwaqo ngokusekelwe ekubeni khona kwabahamba ngezinyawo; iBarcelona isebenzisa izitsha zemfucuza ezihlakaniphile ezixwayisa iziphathimandla uma zigcwele ukuze zithuthukise imizila yokuqoqa. ESpain, amadolobha afana neValladolid, iSeville, iMurcia, nePalma de Mallorca abekwe phezulu ezindikimbeni zomhlaba wonke zedolobha elihlakaniphile ngenxa yezinhlelo zalolu hlobo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSpain ine-Smart Cities Network ehlanganisa omasipala abaningi abazungezile. amaqembu omsebenzi La maqembu agxila ekusungulweni kwezenhlalo, ukusetshenziswa kahle kwamandla, imvelo kanye nokuhlala kahle emadolobheni, ukuhambahamba, kanye nohulumeni we-e. Akhuthaza amaphrojekthi afana nokuhlelwa kwemephu yomsindo, ukuqapha ikhwalithi yomoya, amanethiwekhi okukhanyisa e-LED ahlakaniphile, kanye nezinhlelo ezithuthukisiwe zikahulumeni we-e kanye nokubamba iqhaza kwezakhamuzi.

Imizamo yaseYurophu efana nephrojekthi ye-MATchUP ihilela amadolobha e-lighthouse (iValencia, iDresden, i-Antalya) kanye namadolobha alandelayo (i-Ostend, iHerzliya, iSkopje, iKerava) ukuze kusetshenziswe izixazululo ezithuthukisiwe ze amandla, ukuhamba kanye ne-ICT ngokugxila kakhulu ekuqapheni, ekuhloleni umthelela, kanye nokuphindaphindeka. Umqondo uwukukhulisa amamodeli okuvuselelwa kabusha kwamadolobha aqinisekisiwe nokwenza izindawo zasemadolobheni zihlanzeke, zikwazi ukumelana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, futhi zisebenzise kahle amandla.

Izinsizakalo edolobheni elihlakaniphile zivame ukuhlelwa ngezinsika eziningana: Ukuhamba Okuhlakaniphile (ukuhamba, ezokuthutha kanye nokuhlela amadolobha), Amandla Amandla (amandla kanye nemvelo), Ukuphila Okumnandi (ikhwalithi yokuphila, impilo, imfundo, ukuphepha), Ukubusa Okukhaliphile (uhulumeni wedijithali kanye nokubamba iqhaza), Umnotho ohlakaniphile (umnotho ojikelezayo kanye namamodeli amasha ebhizinisi) kanye Ipulatifomu Yasemadolobheni Ehlakaniphile i-transversal esebenza njenge-glue yezobuchwepheshe kukho konke okungenhla.

Ingqalasizinda ye-IoT yamadolobha ahlakaniphile: izinzwa, ukuxhumana kanye nokuphathwa okuphakathi

Ukuze idolobha libe yindawo ehlakaniphile ye-IoT, lidinga ingqalasizinda eqinile eyakhiwe yi- izinzwa, ukuxhumana, izinsimbi, izindawo zokugcina idatha, kanye namathuluzi okuphathaIngxenye ngayinye igcwalisa indima ethile ochungechungeni lwenani.

Okokuqala, sithole izinhlobo eziningi zezinzwa ezisatshalaliswe kulo lonke idolobha. izinzwa zemvelo Zilinganisa ikhwalithi yomoya, umsindo, izinga lokushisa, kanye nomswakama, okuvumela ukuhlela okungcono kwedolobha, ukuqaliswa kwezinqubomgomo zokulwa nokungcola, kanye nokulindela amaza okushisa amakhulu. izinzwa zomgwaqo Futhi amakhamera omgwaqo aqapha ukuhamba kwezimoto, ukuminyana kwezimoto, kanye nezigameko ukuze kuthuthukiswe amalambu omgwaqo futhi kuncishiswe izikhathi zokuhamba.

Ezinye izinzwa ezibalulekile yilezo ze- izinsizakalo zomphakathi (amanzi, igesi, ugesi), ezibona ukuvuza kanye nokusetshenziswa okungajwayelekile; izinhlelo zokuqapha (amakhamera, izinto zokubona ukunyakaza) ukuze kuphephe umphakathi; lezo eziqaphela isimo sesakhiwo samabhuloho, imigudu noma izakhiwo; noma izinzwa zokupaka ezibika izikhala ezikhululekile futhi zinciphise ukujika okungadingekile ngabashayeli.

Ukuxhumana kuncike ekuhlanganisweni kwe amanethiwekhi eselula, i-Wi-Fi, i-Bluetooth kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuthutha idatha obuthileNgama-router eselula ezimboni noma ezokuthutha, idolobha lixhumanisa amalambu omgwaqo, izimoto, iziteshi zokushaja, izigxobo ezihlakaniphile noma iziteshi zokupompa amanzi, ukuze zonke lezi zinto zikwazi ukubika isimo sazo futhi zithole imiyalo ekude.

Ngenxa yezinsimbi, izinhlelo zingakwazi isinyathelo ngokuzenzakalelayo engqalasizindaLokhu kufaka phakathi ukuvula noma ukuvala amasango, ukuhlela kabusha izikhathi zezibani zethrafikhi, ukufiphaza izibani zasemgwaqweni, ukushintsha imiyalezo kumaphaneli olwazi, noma ukwenza kusebenze ukuphambukiswa kwethrafikhi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isizindalwazi esiphakathi, ichibi ledatha, noma ipulatifomu yasemadolobheni igcina ulwazi futhi ivumele ukuhlaziya okuthuthukisiwe, kufaka phakathi amamodeli okubikezela asekelwe ku-AI.

Okokugcina, amadolobha ngokuvamile anamathuluzi okusebenza ukuphathwa kwedivayisi okumaphakathi Lawa mathuluzi avumela ukuhlinzekwa okukude, ukuxilongwa, ukubuyekezwa, kanye nokuphepha kwezinkulungwane zama-router asakazwe, amasango, kanye nezinzwa. Lokhu kunciphisa kakhulu ukuvakasha endaweni, kuthuthukisa ukugcinwa, futhi kuthuthukisa ukuphepha kwe-cyber kuyo yonke i-ecosystem.

Amacala okusetshenziswa kwe-IoT emadolobheni ahlakaniphile: ukuhambahamba, amanzi, imfucuza, amandla kanye nezakhiwo

Enye yezindawo lapho i-IoT yasemadolobheni ikhanya khona kakhulu ezokuthutha zomphakathi. Ngokuhlomisa amabhasi, izitimela ezilula, nama-tram nge Ama-router e-4G/5G, izinhlelo ze-AC/AVL (Ukulawula Imoto Okuzenzakalelayo kanye Nendawo), kanye nezinzwa zangaphakathiAbaqhubi bangazi ngesikhathi sangempela indawo yemoto ngayinye, ukuthi isebenza kuphi, ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli noma ukufika ngesikhathi.

Lezi zixazululo zisivumela ukuthi sinikeze abasebenzisi Ulwazi lwesikhathi sangempela ngamashejuli, amaza, indawo yemoto, ubuningi babagibeli, kanye ne-Wi-Fi esebhodiniIzinhlangano zezokuthutha ezindaweni ezinkulu zamadolobha zikwazile ukwandisa inani labasebenzisi ngenxa yalokhu kucaca okukhulu kanye nokulula, kanye nokwenza ngcono imizila kanye nokugcinwa kwemikhumbi ngokuhlaziywa kwedatha.

Ukuphathwa kwethrafikhi okuhlakaniphile kungenye indlela yokusetshenziswa ebaluleke kakhulu. Izinzwa zifakiwe ku izimoto, ama-smartphone, amalambu omgwaqo namakhamera Baphakela amapulatifomu okuhlaziya athola ukuminyana, izingozi, noma amaphethini aphindaphindayo ngokusekelwe esikhathini sosuku noma isizini. Ngalolu lwazi, amaqembu omgwaqo angahlela kabusha izibani zomgwaqo, asebenze eminye imizila, noma abeke phambili ukudlula kwezimoto eziphuthumayo namabhasi.

Lolu hlobo lokufakwa luye lwenziwa kumanethiwekhi asemadolobheni ayinkimbinkimbi njengaseNew York, lapho izinkulungwane zezindawo zokuhlangana ziye zathuthukiswa ngama-router eselula amabili kanye nepulatifomu yokuphatha ekude, okufeza ukunciphisa izikhathi zokuthunyelwa, ukuthuthukisa ukubambisana kanye nokwandisa ukuqina uhlelo lwethrafikhi.

Emkhakheni wamanzi, i-IoT isiza ekwenzeni ingqalasizinda evame ukuba yindala. Ngama-sensor nama-router ezimboni afakwe ku amadamu okugcina amanzi, iziteshi zokupompa kanye namanethiwekhi amapayipiAbasebenzi bangakwazi ukubona ukuvuza, baqaphe amazinga, baqaphe ikhwalithi yamanzi, futhi balungise ukulungiswa. Lokhu kuholela ekuncipheni kokungasebenzi kahle, ukuchithwa kwemfucuza okuncane, kanye nezindleko zokusebenza eziphansi.

Ukuphathwa kwemfucuza nakho kuzuza kakhulu ngeziqukathi ezixhunyiwe kanye nama-compactor. Izinzwa zokugcwalisa kanye namamojula okuxhumana avumela Lungiselela imizila yokuqoqa, nciphisa ukuhamba okungadingekile, gwema ukugcwala ngokweqile, futhi wonge amandla ekusebenzeni kwemishini. Izinkampani ezinikeza izinsizakalo zokucindezela ngobuhlakani zibonise ukwehla okukhulu ezimweni zokusetshenziswa kwamandla, ukulungiswa, kanye nokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kweziqukathi.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ingqalasizinda yokushaja izimoto zikagesi ihlanganiswa ohlelweni lwe-IoT lwasemadolobheni. Iziteshi zokushaja ezihlonyiswe ngokuxhumana okungenantambo kanye namapulatifomu okuphatha akude avumela Gada ukutholakala kwesikhathi sangempela, ukusetshenziswa, izehlakalo, kanye nokusatshalaliswa komthwaloukugwema ukugcwala ngokweqile kwenethiwekhi, ukunciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi, nokusiza ukuhlela izindawo ezintsha ngokusekelwe ekudingweni kwangempela.

Ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezibonakala kakhulu zifaka phakathi ukukhanyisa emgwaqweni, izimpawu zedijithali, kanye namakhamera okuphepha. Ngenxa yamanethiwekhi angenantambo kanye namasango eselula, omasipala bangakwazi lawula isibani ngasinye se-LED ngazinye noma ngamaqembu, lungisa ubukhali ngokuya ngokukhanya okuzungezile noma ukuba khona kwabantu, linganisa ukusetshenziswa futhi uthole izexwayiso ezizenzakalelayo uma kwenzeka ukwehluleka, uthuthukise ukuphepha futhi unciphise ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ekukhanyeni ngamaphesenti afinyelela ku-70.

Amanye amadolobha asethathe ama-smart pole ahlanganisa ukuxhumana, amakhamera, izinzwa zemvelo, amashaja ezimoto zikagesi, ukumbozwa kwe-Wi-Fi, kanye namaphaneli olwazi endaweni eyodwa, okuba ama-node abalulekile ngaphakathi kwendwangu yasemadolobheni exhunyiwe. Izixazululo ezifanayo ziyasetshenziswa ku- izakhiwo ezihlakaniphilelapho ama-router, amasango kanye nezinzwa zivumela ukuqapha okuningiliziwe kokusetshenziswa kwamandla, izimo zemvelo, ukuhlala kwabantu, ukuphepha kanye nokusebenza kwezinhlelo ze-HVAC.

Amakhaya axhunyiwe kanye nokwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela ekhaya: i-IoT empilweni yabantu yansuku zonke

Ngaphandle kwemikhakha yasemadolobheni neyezimboni, i-IoT ithole enye yezinhlelo zayo zokusebenza ezibonakala kakhulu ekhaya. Ikhaya elihlakaniphile lihlanganisa amadivayisi anjenge amabhalbhu okukhanya axhunyiwe, ama-thermostat, amakhamera okuphepha, izingidi zikagesi, ama-smart plug, noma izinto zikagesi ezixhunyiwe ezingalawulwa kusuka kuselula noma ziphendule ngokuzenzakalelayo emithethweni echazwe ngaphambilini.

Izinhlelo zokuphepha ezinamakhamera e-IP, izinzwa zokunyakaza, kanye nezitholi zokuvula zivumela Gada ikhaya lakho ngesikhathi sangempela, thola izexwayiso ezisheshayo, bese uqopha izehlakaloUkukhanyisa okuhlakaniphile kwenza kube lula ukushintsha ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuvula/ukuvala, izigcawu ezihleliwe, noma imithethonqubo ngokusekelwe ekubeni khona ekamelweni ngalinye, okuthuthukisa induduzo nokonga amandla.

Ama-thermostat ahlakaniphile ahlaziya amaphethini okusetshenziswa, ukuba khona kwabantu, kanye nezimo zezulu ukuze lungisa ukulawula isimo sezulu ngokuzenzakalelayoukunciphisa izikweletu zamandla ngaphandle kokudela induduzo. Okwamanje, iziqandisi ezixhunyiwe, imishini yokuwasha, kanye nemishini yokuwasha izitsha kungathumela izexwayiso zokulungisa, kulungise imijikelezo, noma kuhlanganiswe nezindleko zikagesi eziguquguqukayo.

Kuvela amadivayisi athakazelisayo nakakhulu abonisa ukufinyelela kwe-IoT: amabhodlela amanzi anjalo Baqopha yonke isiphuzo futhi bakhumbuze umsebenzisi ukuthi ahlale enamanzi.Ama-aroma diffuser avumelana nesimo sengqondo noma isikhathi sosuku, izimbiza nezitshalo ezinezinzwa eziqapha ikhwalithi yomoya noma umswakama we-substrate, noma amadeski ahlakaniphile alungisa ukuma futhi alungise ukuphakama nokukhanya.

IoT kwezempilo: izinto ezigqokwayo kanye ne-Intanethi Yezinto Zezokwelapha (IoMT)

Ukunakekelwa kwezempilo kungenye yemikhakha lapho i-IoT inethonya elikhulu khona. Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) kuhlanganisa amadivayisi ezokwelapha kanye izinto ezigqokwayo ezixhunyiwe okuvumela ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwesiguli, ukuvimbela okuthuthukisiwe, kanye nokwelashwa komuntu siqu.

Phakathi kwala madivayisi sithola kusuka ku- Ama-audiometer edijithali akwazi ukuhlanganiswa nezinhlelo zokuphathwa kwezempilo futhi kusebenze i-teleaudiometry, kuze kufike kubaqaphi be-glucose abaqhubekayo abaqopha izitayela namaphethini kashukela egazini usuku lonke, okunikeza ulwazi oluningi kakhulu kunokulinganisa amabala okuvamile.

Kukhona nezifundo kanye nemikhiqizo esathuthukiswayo efana ama-inhaler ahlakaniphile e-asthma, okurekhoda ukuthi imithi isetshenziswa nini futhi kanjani bese ithumela idatha kuzinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula; amaphilisi anezinzwa aqinisekisa ukuthathwa kwemithi ethile; amalensi okuxhumana ahlakaniphile alinganisa ingcindezi yangaphakathi kweso ukuvimbela i-glaucoma; izicubu ezinezinzwa ze-bio eziqapha imingcele yomzimba noma izinto ezigqokwayo ezithuthukisiwe ezithola i-arrhythmias, i-sleep apnea noma ezinye izinkomba zezifo ezingamahlalakhona.

Amadivayisi okuqapha iziguli akude avumela abantu abanezifo ezingamahlalakhona ukuthi kufanele iqashwe ekhaya, kanye nezixwayiso zakuqala mayelana nokunciphisa izindlekoukunciphisa ukwamukelwa esibhedlela kanye nokudluliselwa kweziguli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izibhedlela zisebenzisa i-IoT ukuphatha izimpahla (indawo yemishini, ukulawulwa kwesitoko okubalulekile), ukwenza ngcono ukuhamba kweziguli, kanye nokuthuthukisa ukubambisana phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene okunakekelwa.

Ezolimo ezihlakaniphile, imvelo kanye nesivumelwano esiluhlaza: I-IoT isebenzela ukusimama

Emkhakheni oyinhloko, i-IoT ivula umnyango wezolimo kanye nokulima imfuyo okunembe kakhulu. Izinzwa ezifakiwe ensimini zilinganisa umswakama wenhlabathi, izinga lokushisa, izakhamzimba, i-pH, noma izimo zezuluLokhu kuvumela ukulungiswa okunembile kokunisela, umanyolo, kanye nemikhuba yezolimo. Lokhu kuholela ekuvuneni okuphezulu, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okuphansi, kanye nokwehla komthelela emvelweni.

Izinhlelo zokunisela ezizenzakalelayo, ezixhunywe kulezi zinzwa, zingakwazi ukuvula nokuvala ngokuzenzakalelayo Uma inhlabathi ifinyelela amazinga athile omswakama, ukuchelela kuvimbela kokubili ukucindezeleka kwamanzi kanye nokuchelela ngokweqile. Ekufuyeni imfuyo, amakhola nama-chips ezilwaneni avumela ukuqapha indawo yazo, impilo, kanye nokuziphatha, okwenza kube lula ukuthola izifo noma izimo ezicindezelayo ngesikhathi.

Emkhakheni wezemvelo, i-IoT isetshenziselwa ukuqapha ikhwalithi yomoya, ikhwalithi yamanzi, amazinga omsindo, imisebe, nezinye izinkombaIzinzwa eziphathwayo ezincane kanye namanethiwekhi asemadolobheni aqinile asiza ukuthola izindawo ezibalulekile nokuklama izinqubomgomo zokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi. Izidleke zezinyosi ezihlakaniphile ziqapha impilo yezinyosi, izihlahla zokwenziwa ezinezinzwa zilinganisa ukungcola ezindaweni ezithile, kanti izinhlelo ezithuthukisiwe zisebenza "njengabaqaphi" bezindawo zemvelo ezisengozini.

Lezi zicelo zihambisana kahle namasu okuguquka kwemvelo kanye ne-Green Deal, lapho ukuphathwa kahle kwamanzi, amandla kanye nemfucuza, kanye nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesiLezi yizinhloso eziyinhloko. Ngakho-ke i-IoT iba ithuluzi elibalulekile lokulinganisa, ukuqinisekisa, nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwemvelo kwamadolobha, izimboni, kanye nemisebenzi yezolimo.

Imboni 4.0, ezokuthutha kanye nokukhiqiza okuxhunyiwe: i-IIoT isebenza

Emkhakheni wezimboni, sisebenzisa igama elithi IIoT (I-Internet of Things) ukubhekisela ekusetshenzisweni kwe-IoT emafektri, ezitshalweni zokukhiqiza, kumagridi kagesi, noma engqalasizinda ebalulekile. I-IIoT ihlanganisa izinzwa, amarobhothi, ubuhlakani bokwenziwa, iqiniso elibonakalayo nelingeziwe kanye namapulatifomu edatha ukuze kufezwe izinqubo eziguquguqukayo, eziphephile nezisebenza kahle.

Omunye wemisebenzi yayo yenkanyezi yi- Ukulungiswa KokubikezelaIzinzwa ezifakwe emishinini nasemigqeni yokukhiqiza zilinganisa ukudlidliza, amazinga okushisa, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, izikhathi zomjikelezo, kanye neminye imingcele, okuvumela ukulindela ukwehluleka ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke, ukuhlela ukuvalwa, kanye nokwandiswa kwesikhathi sokuphila kwemishini. Lokhu kunciphisa izindleko futhi kuvimbele ukuphazamiseka okungalindelekile.

Ukukhiqiza okusatshalaliswayo nokuhlakaniphile kuncike ku- ukuvumelanisa okuzenzakalelayo kwemishini, amarobhothi nezinhlelo zokulawulangezakhiwo ezivuleka kakhulu nezisebenzisanayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izixazululo zokuqapha impahla ezikude zivumela ukulawulwa kwezitshalo eziqhele ngamakhilomitha angamakhulu noma izinkulungwane ukusuka esikhungweni somyalo, okuthuthukisa ukuqapha nokuphepha.

Kwezokuthutha kanye nezokuthutha, i-IoT ishintshe kakhulu ukulandelwa kwezimpahla kanye nemikhumbi. Ama-tracker e-GPS axhunyiwe, izinzwa zezinga likaphethiloli, amadivayisi aqapha ukuziphatha komshayeli, kanye nama-recorder okushisa emthwalweni oqandisiwe avumela yenza ngcono imizila, unciphise ukusetshenziswa, uthuthukise ukuphepha futhi wandise ukwaneliseka kwamakhasimende ngenxa yokubonakala okuphelele kweketanga lokuhlinzeka.

Izitolo nazo zijoyina leli gagasi: kusukela ezibukweni ezihlakaniphile emakamelweni okufaka izinto ezihlanganisa i-augmented reality, kuya ezinhlelweni zempahla yesikhathi sangempela noma ezitolo ezizenzakalelayo ezingenayo imali, zonke lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza zihlose ukwenza lokhu. ukuthuthukisa ulwazi lwamakhasimende, ukwenza ngcono izindleko, nokuphatha izimpahla kangcono yesikhungo.

Amagridi ahlakaniphile nokuphathwa kwamandla nge-IoT

Umkhakha wamandla ubhekene nezinselele ezifana nokuhlanganiswa okukhulu kwemithombo evuselelekayo, ukuphathwa kwesidingo, ukuvela kwama-prosumer, kanye nokufakwa kukagesi kwezokuthutha. Lapha, i-IoT idlala indima ebalulekile ngokwenza kube lula amagridi ahlakaniphile, amamitha athuthukile kanye nezinhlelo zokuphatha amandla kokubili ezingeni lasekhaya, lezimboni kanye nelomakhelwane.

Amamitha ahlakaniphile ahlinzeka ngedatha yokusetshenziswa cishe ngesikhathi sangempela, okuvumela amanani aguquguqukayo, ukuhlonza ukungasebenzi kahle, kanye nokubamba iqhaza kwabasebenzisi okusebenzayo emakethe yamandla. Abalawuli bokuphathwa kwamandla emakhaya nasemiphakathini bahlela ukushaja nokukhipha ibhethri, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla elanga, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwegridi, ukwenza kube bushelelezi futhi kuthuthukiswe ukuzinza.

Kwamanye amamodeli, yonke indawo iba ama-microgrid akwazi ukukhiqiza, ukugcina nokwabelana ngamandla phakathi komakhelwane, kunciphisa isidingo sengqalasizinda ephakathi ehlinzekwe ngokweqile kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuqina. Lokhu kuhambisana namaphrojekthi okuhlola asebenzisa amasango eselula, amapulatifomu amafu, kanye namamojula ahlanganisiwe ukuphatha ukuxhumana, ukulawula, kanye nokuqapha zonke izingxenye.

Izinhlangano ezazithembele kubuchwepheshe bokuxhumana obuphelelwe yisikhathi (njengezixhumanisi ze-T1 noma amamodemu anesivinini esiphansi) ziyathuthela ku- Ama-router ezimboni aphephile, aphethwe kudeezinikeza ukuguquguquka okukhulu, ukulawula okuhlanganisiwe, izibuyekezo ze-OTA kanye nezinga lokuphepha elifanele ubucayi balezi zingqalasizinda.

Ubuchwepheshe bokuxhumana bezindawo ze-IoT ezihlakaniphile

Lonke lolu hlelo lwe-IoT lusekelwe esisekelweni sobuchwepheshe bokuxhumana obuhlukahlukene kakhulu. Ayikho inethiwekhi eyodwa efanele yonke into; ukusetshenziswa ngakunye kudinga izixazululo ezithile. izilinganiso ezahlukene phakathi kobubanzi, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, isivinini kanye nezindlekoImindeni eyinhloko yobuchwepheshe yilena elandelayo.

El 5G Inkanyezi yokuxhumana kweselula kwesizukulwane esilandelayo: inikeza isivinini esiphezulu kakhulu, ukubambezeleka okuphansi kakhulu, amandla okuphatha izigidi zamadivayisi ngekhilomitha lesikwele, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwamandla okumangalisayo. Lokhu kuyenza ifaneleke kakhulu Izimoto ezixhunyiwe, amafektri anamarobhothi ahambayo, ukuhlinzwa okukude, i-augmented reality, noma ukuthunyelwa okukhulu kwasemadolobheni lapho kudingeka khona izinqumo zesikhathi sangempela.

I-Wi-Fi 6Lokhu, nakho, kubonisa intuthuko ebalulekile kumanethiwekhi angenantambo endawo. Kwandisa isivinini, kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle ezindaweni ezinamadivayisi amaningi axhunyiwe, futhi kunciphisa ukubambezeleka. Kuwusizo kakhulu ku- Izakhiwo ezihlakaniphile, amakhaya anezinsiza eziningi ezixhunyiwe, amahhovisi, kanye nezindawo zezimboni noma zemfundo lapho kukhona khona ukuminyana okuphezulu kwama-node e-IoT.

Ubuchwepheshe be-LPWAN (inethiwekhi yendawo ebanzi enamandla aphansi) obufana I-LoRaWAN noma i-NB-IoT Zikuvumela ukuthi uxhume amadivayisi adinga ukuthumela idatha encane emabangeni amade, kodwa anempilo yebhethri ende kakhulu. Ziyindlela ephelele ye izinzwa kwezolimo, ukuqapha ingqalasizinda ekude, amamitha amanzi noma igesi, ukulandelela impahla ezindaweni ezinkulu futhi, ngokuvamile, noma ngabe yisiphi isimo lapho idivayisi idinga ukuhlala iminyaka eminingi kubhethri elilodwa.

Ngokuxhumana okufushane, okunamandla aphansi, okulandelayo kuyagqama: I-Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) y amazombeI-BLE itholakala kakhulu ezintweni ezigqokwayo, ama-beacon angaphakathi, ukuzenzekela kwasekhaya okulula, kanye namagajethi asebenzisa ibhethri, njengoba inciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngenkathi igcina ukuxhumana okuthembekile. I-Zigbee ikhanya lapho idingeka khona. amanethiwekhi e-mesh aqinile futhi angakhuliswa, kuvame kakhulu ekukhanyeni okuhlakaniphile, ezinzwa zasekhaya noma ezixazululweni zezimboni ezikhanyayo.

Okokugcina, ubuchwepheshe obufana ThreadNgokusekelwe ku-IPv6 ngamanethiwekhi endawo yomuntu siqu anamandla aphansi (6LoWPANs), ahlinzeka ngokuxhumeka kwe-IP, okuphephile, kanye namandla aphansi izindlu ezihlakaniphile kanye nezindawo zokuhlalaukwenza kube lula ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamadivayisi avela kubakhiqizi abahlukene nokuthuthukisa ukuhlanganiswa nezinsizakalo zamafu.

Izinselele, izinzuzo, kanye nembuyiselo yokutshalwa kwezimali ezindaweni ezihlakaniphile ze-IoT

Ukusebenzisa i-IoT ngezinga elikhulu akuyona into engenazinkinga. Amadolobha namabhizinisi abhekene nezinselele ezifana... ukuvikelwa kwedatha yomuntu siqu, ukuphepha kwe-inthanethi, ukusebenzisana phakathi kwabahlinzeki, ukuxhaswa ngemali kokuqala, noma ukuntuleka kwabasebenzi abafanelekayo ukuklama nokugcina lezi zinhlelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuxhumanisa iminyango eminingi, ama-ejensi, kanye nabalingani bezobuchwepheshe akulula ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Noma kunjalo, izinzuzo ezingalinganiswa zibaluleke kakhulu. Ukwenza imisebenzi efana ne- ukukhanya, ukuqoqwa kwemfucuza, ukuphathwa kwamandla noma ukulungiswa Kunciphisa kakhulu umsebenzi wezandla kanye nezindleko. Izibani zasemgwaqweni ezihlakaniphile zinganciphisa ukusetshenziswa ngo-70%, kuyilapho izinhlelo zethrafikhi eziguquguqukayo zibonise ukwehla okukhulu kokukhishwa kwe-CO₂ ezimotweni ezingasebenzi.

Ngokuphathelene nokusimama kanye nekhwalithi yezemvelo, izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-IoT ku izakhiwo ezisebenza kahle, ezokuthutha zomphakathi ezithuthukisiwe, ukuhamba kancane, ukulawulwa kokukhishwa kwegesi kanye nokuqapha ikhwalithi yomoya Zinegalelo ekunciphiseni umthelela wekhabhoni kanye nokuthuthukisa impilo yezakhamuzi. Amadolobha amaningi asevele esebenzisa lezi zilinganiso ukuqondisa izinqubomgomo zokuhamba, izindawo zokukhishwa komoya okuphansi, kanye nezinhlelo zokuvuselela ukusetshenziswa kahle kwamandla.

Ngokombono wezomnotho, izindawo ezihlakaniphile ze-IoT ziyasiza ukuheha utshalomali, ukukhuthaza amamodeli amasha ebhizinisi, ukuthuthukisa ukuncintisana kanye nokukhiqiza imisebenzi ekhethekileImikhakha efana nezokuvakasha, ezohwebo, imboni, amandla, kanye nezempilo ithola ku-IoT ithuba lokuzihlukanisa futhi inikeze izinsizakalo ezinenani eliphakeme.

Ukufakwa kwezinhlelo ngezigaba, okuhambisana nezinkomba zokusebenza ezicacile, kuvumela ukukhombisa imbuyiselo ekutshalweni kwezimali phakathi neminyaka embalwa, okwenza kube lula ukuxhaswa ngezimali okwengeziwe kanye nezigaba zokukhula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyabonakala ukuthi kunendlela eya kumapulatifomu ahlanganisiwe. Bahlanganisa idatha yezokuthutha, izinsizakusebenza, izimo eziphuthumayo, kanye nezinsizakalo zasemadolobheni.ukunciphisa ukungasebenzi kahle kwesistimu kanye nokwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwayo yonke.

Ukuhlangana kwamadivayisi axhunyiwe, ukuhlaziywa kwedatha okuthuthukisiwe, ubuhlakani bokwenziwa, kanye nobuchwepheshe obusha bokuxhumana kwakha izindawo ze-IoT ezihlakaniphe kakhulu emadolobheni, emakhaya, emafektri, ezibhedlela, emapulazini, nasemabhizinisini. Njengoba ukuphathwa kolwazi kuthuthuka, amazinga avulekile aqiniswa, futhi ukuphepha kuqiniswa, lezi zindawo zizoshintsha kusukela kumaphrojekthi ahlukanisiwe zibe yindlela ejwayelekile yokuphatha indawo yethu, zisinikeze izinsizakalo ezenzelwe umuntu siqu, ezisimeme, nezisebenzayo cishe ngaphandle kokuqaphela.