Isifundo esiphelele somyalo we-systemctl ku-Linux

Ukubusa i-systemctl kanye ne-systemd Kuyimpoqo kulezi zinsuku uma uphatha amaseva noma izinhlelo ze-Linux zanamuhla. Leli thuluzi liyindlela yokulawula ukuthi yiziphi izinsizakalo eziqalayo, ukuthi ziqala kanjani, ukuthi yini ehlulekile, kanye nesimo sangempela sohlelo lwakho nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Uma usukwazi, uzozisindisa ezinhlungwini eziningi zekhanda kanye nokuqala kabusha okungadingekile.

Kuwo wonke lo mhlahlandlela uzobona ngendlela ehlelekile kanye nezibonelo zendlela yokusebenzisa i-systemctl yokuphatha izinsizakalo, amayunithi, kanye nemigomoIndlela yokufaka ohlwini okwenzekayo ohlelweni, indlela yokuhlela amadrayivu ngaphandle kokuphula noma yini, ukuthi kusho ukuthini okufana nokusho inikwe amandla, imaski o Staticfuthi tricks Ukuvala, ukuqala kabusha, noma ukushintsha kusuka kumodi yesithombe uye kumodi yombhalo ngomyalo owodwa. Konke kusetshenziswa i- ISpanishi esivela eSpain, eqondile futhi ewusizo, yakhelwe ukuze ukwazi ukusebenzisa lokho okufundayo kunoma iyiphi i-distro esekelwe ku-systemd (Ubuntu, Debian, RHEL, CentOS, Fedora, Arch, njll.).

Kuyini i-systemd futhi iyiphi indima edlalwa yi-systemctl?

Ekusatshalalisweni okuningi kwamanje, i-systemd isebenza njengohlelo lokuqalisa kanye nengqalasizinda eyisisekeloYinqubo eqala ngokushesha ngemva kwe-kernel (ngokuvamile njenge-PID 1) futhi inesibopho sokuqala ezinye izinsizakalo, ukufaka izinhlelo zamafayela, ukuphatha ukuncika, ukulawula amaseshini, ukuloga imicimbi nokunye okuningi.

i-systemd yakhiwe yi- ama-daemons, imitapo yolwazi, kanye nezinsiza okuvumela ukuxhumana ne-kernel kanye nesikhala somsebenzisi: kulawula amaqembu okulawula (ama-cgroup), amasokhethi, ama-timer, amaphuzu okukhweza, ukucushwa kwenethiwekhi okuyisisekelo, ukuvumelanisa isikhathi, ukulungiswa kwamagama, iziqukathi, kanye imishini engokoqobofuthi iyahambisana ngisho nezikripthi ezindala ze-SysV kanye ne-LSB, ngakho-ke ingathatha indawo ngokuphelele I-Sysvinit Yakudala.

Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlelo lonke lwemvelo, i-systemctl "isilawuli kude" se-systemdKuyinsiza eku-inthanethi ye imiyalo oyisebenzisela lokhu:

• Qala, yeka, qala kabusha, noma layisha kabusha amasevisi kanye nezinye izinhlobo zamayunithi.
• Nika amandla noma khubaza amayunithi ukuze bakwazi ukuqala (noma cha) ngohlelo.
• Hlola isimo kwezinsizakalo, izinhloso kanye nohlelo ngokujwayelekile.
• Hlela amafayela edrayivu noma ubuke ukuncika kwayo kanye nezakhiwo zangaphakathi.
• Shintsha isimo somhlaba wonke yesistimu (imodi yokutakula, abasebenzisi abaningi, imidwebo, ukuvala, ukuqala kabusha…).

Qaphela ukuthi akuzona zonke izabelo ezisebenzisa i-systemd. Uma isebenza systemctl Ubona umlayezo onjengalona: bash: systemctl: command not found Noma into efanayo; uhlelo lwakho cishe lusebenzisa uhlelo oluhlukile lwe-init (i-OpenRC, i-runit, i-SysV emsulwa, njll.). Kuleso simo, Imiyalo ekulesi siqondiso ayisebenzi njengoba kunjalo.

Amadrayivu namafayela okushayela ku-systemd

Umqondo oyinhloko ku-systemd yi- amayunithiIyunithi imelela noma yimuphi umthombo i-systemd ekwazi ukuwuphatha: isevisi, isokhethi, iphuzu lokumisa, idivayisi, umgomo womhlaba wonke wesistimu, isibali sikhathi… Uhlobo ngalunye lweyunithi lubonakala nge isijobelelo egameni lefayela.

Ezinye zezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zamayunithi ozozibona uma usebenza nazo i-systemctl kanye ne-systemd Yilezi:

• inkonzo: amasevisi nama-daemon (nginx.service, ssh.insizakalo, i-NetworkManager.insizakalo…).
• .isokhethi: amasokhethi ahlobene nezinsizakalo aqalwe uma kudingeka.
• .khweza: amaphuzu okufaka uhlelo lwefayela.
• .ukufaka okuzenzakalelayo: izinhlangano ezizenzakalelayo ziyasebenza ukuze zisetshenziswe.
• .ithagethi: "izimo" zesistimu (i-multi-user.target, i-graphical.target, i-rescue.target…).
• .isibali sikhathi: izibali-sikhathi eziqalisa izinsizakalo ngezikhathi ezithile.
• idivayisi: amadivayisi aphethwe yi-udev.
• .indlela: iziqaphi zomzila kudiski eziqalisa izinsizakalo.

Iyunithi ngayinye ichazwa ku- ifayela leyunithiokuyifayela lombhalo elinezigaba ezifana , , , lapho incazelo, ukuncika, kanye nemiyalo ye- kuchazwe kabanzi ibhuthini, umsebenzisi oqhuba isevisi, njll. Lawa mafayela ngokuvamile agcinwa ku:

• /lib/systemd/system/ o /usr/lib/systemd/system/: amayunithi ahambisana namaphakheji.
• / njll / uhlelo / uhlelo /: amayunithi achazwe noma abhalwe ngaphezulu ngumlawuli.

uma usebenza nawe systemctlCishe njalo ubhekisela kumayunithi ohlobo inkonzoKodwa-ke, uma ushiya isijobelelo, i-systemd icabanga ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuthi ubhekisela kusevisi. Okusho ukuthi, systemctl start ssh y systemctl start ssh.service ziyalingana.

Kukhona amayunithi akhethekile abizwa ngokuthi izifanekiso, ogama lakhe lihlanganisa @, Ngokwesibonelo name@.serviceUma ufaka ithempulethi njenge name@miinstancia.serviceLokho okwenzayo ukudala isibonelo esithile sokudlulisa isihlonzi; ngaphakathi kwefayela leyunithi, i-variable %i Ithathelwa indawo yileso sihlonzi. Lokhu kuvame ukusetshenziswa kuma-tunnel e-SSH, izinsizakalo ze-interface yenethiwekhi, njll.

Hlola ukuthi uhlelo lwakho lusebenzisa i-systemd

Ngaphambi kokuthi uhlanye ngemiyalo, kungumqondo omuhle ukuhlola ukuthi i-distro yakho iyayisebenzisa ngempela yini i-systemd njenge-PID 1Iziqondiso eziningi ziphakamisa into elula njengokuthi:

pstree | head -5

Uma phezulu esihlahleni ubona inqubo i-systemdUngaqhubeka ngaphandle kwenkinga. Uma ubona uhlelo oluhlukile lwe-init, kuzodingeka usebenzise amathuluzi athile alolo hlelo lokuqalisa.

Ukuphathwa kwensizakalo eyisisekelo nge-systemctl

Ukusebenza kwansuku zonke nge-systemd kuvame ukugxila ku Qala, yeka, qala kabusha, futhi ulayishe kabusha izinsizakaloLe miyalo ithinta isimo samanje sesevisi, hhayi ukuthi izoqala ngokuzenzakalelayo yini ngohlelo.

para hlola isimo sesevisi, ungasebenzisa:

systemctl status nombre_servicio.service

Isibonelo, ukubona ukuthi isevisi yenethiwekhi isebenza kanjani systemd-networkd ohlelweni lwe-Ubuntu lwemodi yombhalo:

systemctl status systemd-networkd.service

Lo myalo ubonisa ulwazi olunemininingwane efanele: isimo (kuyasebenza, akusebenzi, kwehlulekile…), ngesikhathi isebenza, i-PID eyinhloko, ukusetshenziswa kwe-CPU, kanye nemiyalezo embalwa yakamuva yelogi ewusizo kakhulu ekuxilongeni izinkinga.

Uma ufuna okuthile okuqondile, ungasebenzisa lezi zinhlobo ezithile:

• i-systemctl iyasebenza igama.isevisi: ikhombisa ukuthi iyasebenza (iyasebenza) noma cha.
• i-systemctl inikwe amandla yi-name.service: kubonisa ukuthi kuzoqala ekuqaleni.
• i-systemctl ihlulekile igama.isevisi: ihlola ukuthi ingene yini esimweni sephutha.

Isibonelo, ukuze ubone ukuthi i-systemd-networkd ivuliwe yini ekuqaleni ungayisebenzisa:

systemctl is-enabled systemd-networkd.service

Futhi ukuthola ukuthi ngabe yehlulekile yini ukuqala nganoma yisiphi isikhathi:

systemctl is-failed systemd-networkd.service

Ukuqala, ukumisa, ukuqalisa kabusha, nokulayisha kabusha amasevisi

para misa isevisi esebenzayoI-oda elijwayelekile yileli:

sudo systemctl stop nombre_servicio.service

Khumbula ukuthi njengoba lokhu kuyisenzo esithinta uhlelo, uzodinga amalungelo okuphatha, ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa sudoKwezinye izinsizakalo "ezinenkani", njenge-systemd-networkd, ukuzimisa kuzobangela ukuthi ziqale kabusha ngokushesha uma kukhona iyunithi ezidingayo futhi enezinqubomgomo zokuqalisa kabusha ngokuzenzakalelayo.

Uma isevisi imisiwe futhi ufuna qalaUsebenzisa iphethini efanayo ne start:

sudo systemctl start systemd-networkd.service

Uma usushintshe ifayela lokucushwa futhi ufuna ukusebenzisa izinguquko, into evamile okufanele uyenze qala kabusha insiza:

sudo systemctl restart nombre_servicio.service

Amademoni amaningi avumela Layisha kabusha izilungiselelo zakho ngaphandle kokuqala kabusha ngokupheleleukugwema ukusika ukuxhumana okusebenzayo. Kulezi zimo, kusetshenziswa okulandelayo:

sudo systemctl reload nombre_servicio.service

Uma ungaqiniseki ukuthi leyo nsizakalo iyakusekela yini ukwengeza, ungazama:

sudo systemctl reload-or-restart nombre_servicio.service

Ngalo myalo, i-systemctl izama ukulayisha kabusha kuqala Futhi uma iyunithi ingasebenzi ukulayisha kabusha, iyaqhubeka nokuqalisa kabusha ngokuphelele. Lokhu kuwusizo kakhulu uma ungakhumbuli ukuziphatha okuthile kwe-daemon ngayinye.

Nika amandla futhi ukhubaze izinsizakalo ekuqaleni

Konke esikubonile kuze kube manje kuthinta kuphela iseshini yamanjeUma ufuna isevisi iqale ngokuzenzakalelayo lapho uhlelo luqala, udinga kunike amandlaUmyalo oyisisekelo uthi:

sudo systemctl enable nombre_servicio.service

Ngokwenza kanjalo, i-systemd idala izixhumanisi ezingokomfanekiso kusuka kufayela lesevisi yesistimu (ngokuvamile ku- /lib/systemd/system o /etc/systemd/system) kuze kufike kufolda .wants okuhambisana nethagethi lapho kufanele isebenze khona. Isibonelo, into efana nalokhu:

/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/nombre_servicio.service

Uma ufuna okuphambene nalokho, okungukuthi, vimbela isevisi ukuthi iqale ngokuzenzakalelayo Yikhubaze ekuqaleni okulandelayo:

sudo systemctl disable nombre_servicio.service

Lokhu kususa izixhumanisi zebhuthi ezingokomfanekiso, kodwa Akuyimisi isevisi esivele isebenzaNgokufanayo, ukuvumela isevisi akuyiqali ngokushesha: izosebenza kuphela ngemva kokuqalisa kabusha okulandelayo, ngaphandle kokuthi uhlanganise okulandelayo:

sudo systemctl enable nombre_servicio.service
sudo systemctl start nombre_servicio.service

Ezinye izabelo namathuluzi zinikeza izinqamuleli ze- vumela futhi uqale ngesikhathi esifanayoKodwa-ke, indlela ejwayelekile nge-systemctl ivame ukusebenzisa yomibili imiyalo.

Buka isimo sonke samayunithi

i-systemctl ayisebenzi nje kuphela ekuthinteni izinsizakalo ngazinye; futhi ivumela ukuze ube nombono jikelele wesistimuUmyalo ojwayelekile kakhulu uthi:

systemctl list-units

Lolu hlu lubonisa wonke amayunithi asebenzayo i-systemd enawo kwimemori. Amakholomu amakhulu yilawa:

• UNIT: igama leyunithi (isibonelo, sshd.service).
• umthwalo: ukuthi ifayela ledrayivu lilayishwe kahle (lilayishiwe, alitholakalanga, iphutha…).
• YENZA: isimo esijwayelekile (esisebenzayo, esingasebenzi, esihlulekile…).
• SUB: isimo esichazayo kakhulu (ukugijima, ukuphuma, ukufa, ukwehluleka…).
• INCAZELO: incazelo emfushane yeyunithi.

Uma ushayela ucingo i-systemctl ngaphandle kwezimpikiswanoUzobona cishe uhlu olufanayo, njengoba lokho kuyindlela yalo ezenzakalelayo. Njengoba kuboniswa amayunithi asebenzayo kuphela, cishe konke kuzovela nge UMTHWALO=ulayishiwe futhi OKUSEBENZAYO=kuyasebenza.

Ukuze ufake namayunithi angasebenzi, ungangeza inkomba --all:

systemctl list-units --all

Ungahlunga futhi ngesimo nge --state=Isibonelo, ukubona amadrayivu angasebenzi kuphela:

systemctl list-units --all --state=inactive

Noma hlunga ngohlobo lweyunithi nge --type=Isibonelo, ukubona amasevisi asebenzayo kuphela:

systemctl list-units --type=service

Bhala wonke amafayela edrayivu afakiwe

Uhlu olungenhla lubonisa kuphela amayunithi i-systemd ezame ukuwalayisha. Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe. zonke izidrayivu ezikhona kudiskiKungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyazisebenzisa noma cha, kufanele usebenzise:

systemctl list-unit-files

Lapha kugxilwe kumafayela eyunithi ngokwawo, hhayi isimo sawo enkumbulweni. Uzobona amakholomu amabili amakhulu: IFAYELA LEYUNITHI y STATEKu-STATE, amanani afana nalawa alandelayo ayavela:

• inikwe amandlaIyunithi ilungiselelwe ukuqala ngokuzenzakalelayo.
• ukhutshaziwe: Ayilungiselelwe ukuqala ngokuzenzakalelayo.
• StaticIyunithi ayinayo ingxenye , kanjalo ayikwazi ukuzivumela ngokwayoNgokuvamile kuxhomeke kwamanye amayunithi noma ukwenza isenzo esithile.
• imaskiIyunithi ikhiyiwe ngokuphelele; ayikwazi ukuqaliswa nganoma iyiphi indlela.

Ungahlunga futhi ngesimo, isibonelo ukuze ubone amayunithi anikwe amandla kuphela:

systemctl list-unit-files --state=enabled

Noma hlanganisa izimo eziningi zibe umbuzo owodwa ngokuzihlukanisa ngamakhoma:

systemctl list-unit-files --state=enabled,failed

Buka imininingwane, izakhiwo, kanye nokuncika kweyunithi

Uma ufuna buka okuqukethwe kwangempela kwefayela ledrayivu Njengoba i-systemd isebenzisa umyalo olula kakhulu, yilokhu:

systemctl cat nombre.service

Lokhu kukhombisa ifayela njengoba i-systemd ibona, kufaka phakathi noma yiziphi izingcezu zokudlula ezivela ku- /etc/systemd/systemKuwusizo kakhulu ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izinguquko zakho zicatshangelwe ngempela.

Ukuhlola isihlahla sokuthembela Kusukela kuyunithi eyodwa, ungasebenzisa:

systemctl list-dependencies nombre.service

Umphumela ungowokulandelana kwezikhundla, okubonisa ukuthi yiziphi izinhloso kanye nezinsizakalo eziqhuba isevisi okukhulunywa ngayo. Amayunithi ohlobo .ithagethi Zisebenza njengamaphuzu okuqoqa futhi kuphela ezibonisa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuncika kwazo ngokuzenzakalelayo; uma ufuna ukwandisa umuthi wonke, engeza --all.

Uma lokho odinga ukukwazi ukuthi yimaphi amayunithi ancike kuleyo oyibonisile, Faka --reverse kumyalo. Futhi uma ufuna ukugxila ku-oda lokuqalisa, amafulegi --before y --after Zibonisa amayunithi okumele aqale ngaphambi noma ngemva kweyunithi eqondiwe.

Ukubona konke izakhiwo zangaphakathi yeyunithi kufomethi ye-key=value, sebenzisa:

systemctl show nombre.service

Futhi uma unesifiso sendawo ethile kuphela, ungahlunga nge -pIsibonelo, ukubuka izingxabano ze-sshd:

systemctl show sshd.service -p Conflicts

Amayunithi okufihla nokuvula imaski

Ngaphezu kokukhubaza, i-systemd ivumela imaski iyunithi ukuze kungenzeki nhlobo ukuyiqalisaLe ndlela isetshenziswa uma ufuna ukuqiniseka ngokuphelele ukuthi into ethile ngeke iqale, ngisho nangengozi. Lokhu kungenziwa ngesandla noma ngokuthembela kwenye iyunithi.

Ukufihla ubuso kwenziwa ngokudala isixhumanisi esingokomfanekiso ku-/dev/null esikhundleni sefayela ledrayivu langempela. Ukufihla isevisi, isibonelo nginx:

sudo systemctl mask nginx.service

Uma-ke ugijima systemctl list-unit-files, uzobona lokho nginx.service ivela njengefihliweFuthi uma uzama ukuqala:

sudo systemctl start nginx.service

Uzothola umlayezo onjengalona: Yehlulekile ukuqala i-nginx.service: Iyunithi i-nginx.service ifihliwe. Ngamanye amazwi, le yunithi ihlonyiswe ngezikhali. Ukuze isetshenziswe futhi, kubalulekile mkhiphe isifihla-buso:

sudo systemctl unmask nginx.service

Ngemva kwalokhu, iyunithi ibuyela esimweni sayo sangaphambilini (inikwe amandla, ikhutshaziwe, imile, njll.) bese ingaqalwa noma inikwe amandla ngokujwayelekile.

Hlela amafayela edrayivu ngaphandle kokuphula uhlelo

Ngezinye izikhathi udinga ukulungisa indlela isevisi eziphatha ngayo: shintsha umsebenzisi oyiqhubayo, engeza izinketho zomugqa womyalo, shintsha ukuncika… Esikhundleni sokuhlela amafayela ngesandla ku /lib/systemd/systemInto ephephile ukusebenzisa eyakho i-systemctl yokukhiqiza ama-override.

Umyalo oyisisekelo uthi:

sudo systemctl edit nombre.service

Lokhu kuvula umhleli wakho ozenzakalelayo nge ifayela lesiqeshana elingenaluthoUma ugcina futhi uphuma, i-systemd izodala isiqondisi ku- /etc/systemd/system/nombre.service.d/ futhi ngaphakathi kwefayela override.confUma ulayisha idrayivu, i-systemd ihlanganisa ifayela lokuqala nalesi siqeshana, kanye neziqondiso zokudlulisa zibalulekile kulawo efayela lesisekelo.

Uma ufuna ukuhlela ifayela ledrayivu eliphelele Esikhundleni sokushintsha, ungakwenza nge:

sudo systemctl edit --full nombre.service

Kulokhu, lokho okugcinile kuzobhalwa ku- /etc/systemd/system/nombre.serviceokuyinto eza kuqala kunenguqulo yesistimu ku /lib/systemd/systemKuyindlela "yokwenza i-clone" futhi wenze ngezifiso idrayivu ngokuphelele ngaphandle kokuthinta amafayela ahambisana nephakheji.

Uma kamuva unquma ukuhlehlisa izinguquko zakho, mane nje susa isiqondisi se-.d kokuguqulwa noma ifayela lesevisi eliguquliwe ku /etc/systemd/system. Isibonelo:

sudo rm -r /etc/systemd/system/nginx.service.d
sudo rm /etc/systemd/system/nginx.service

Ngemva kokususa lezi zinto, kubaluleke kakhulu ukusebenzisa:

sudo systemctl daemon-reload

Lokhu kuphoqa ukuthi kuhlelwe Layisha kabusha wonke amafayela edrayivuKhohlwa ngokususa okususiwe bese ubuyela ekusebenziseni izincazelo zesistimu yokuqala.

Ama-Targets kanye nokulungiswa kwe-runlevel

I-Los ama-systemd targets alingana ne-runlevels yesimanje kusuka ku-SysV. Ziyiyunithi ezikhethekile (ziphela ngo .target) ezihlanganisa amanye amayunithi ukuze amele “izimo” noma amaphuzu okuvumelanisa esistimu.

Isibonelo:

• okuqondiwe.kwabasebenzisi abaningi: imodi yekhonsoli yabasebenzisi abaningi, ejwayelekile kumaseva angenayo indawo enezithombe.
• okuqondisiwe: imodi yesithombe; ngokuvamile incike ku-multi-user.target futhi ingeza ungqimba lwesixhumi esibonakalayo sesithombe.
• ukuhlenga.ithagethi: imodi yokutakula, efana "nemodi yomsebenzisi oyedwa".
• swap.target: indawo lapho indawo yokushintshanisa ilungele ukusetshenziswa.

Amayunithi angamemezela ubudlelwano obufana nokuthi Kufunwa ngu-=, Kuyadingeka ngu-=, Kufunwa ngu-=, Kudinga ngu-=, Ngemva ngu-= ngalezi zinhloso ukuze zibonise ukuthi zithembele kuphi nokuthi kufanele zifezwe ngokulandelana okunjani.

Ukwazi Iyini inhloso enqunyiwe? yesistimu yakho (isimo ofuna ukusifinyelela ebhuthini elijwayelekile), sebenzisa:

systemctl get-default

Isibonelo, uma ukhetha ukuthi uhlelo luqale njalo kwimodi yesithombe, ungalushintsha ngokuthi:

sudo systemctl set-default graphical.target

Ukuze ubone wonke ama-targets afakiwe ohlelweni, ngesimo sawo (avuliwe, akhutshaziwe…), ungagijima:

systemctl list-unit-files --type=target

Futhi uma okufunayo ukubona yiziphi izinhloso ezisebenzayo njengamanjeUyenza nge:

systemctl list-units --type=target

Hlukanisa izinhloso bese ushintsha imodi yokusebenza

Enye yezinto ezinamandla kakhulu ezinikezwa yi-systemd yikhono lokwenza ukushintsha isimo sesistimu “ngokuhlukanisa” ithagethiUma wenza ukwahlukaniswa, i-systemd isebenzisa wonke amayunithi adingekayo kulowo mgomo futhi imise lawo angasafaneleki esihlahleni sayo sokuthembela.

Zicabange usendaweni enezithombe (esebenzayo) okuqondisiwefuthi ufuna ukuthuthela endaweni yombhalo kuphela, enabasebenzisi abaningi, isibonelo ngemisebenzi yokulungisa. Ungahlola kuqala ukuncika kwe-multi-user.target:

systemctl list-dependencies multi-user.target

Futhi uma uqiniseka ukuthi ngeke ulimaze noma yini ebalulekile, uqala:

sudo systemctl isolate multi-user.target

Njengoba i-graphical.target incike ku-multi-user.target kodwa hhayi ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuhlukanisa i-target yabasebenzisi abaningi kuzoyimisa. zonke izinsizakalo ezihlotshaniswa nesendlalelo sehluzoukukushiya usemodini yombhalo. Kungushintsho olukhulu impela, ngakho-ke lusebenzise ngokuhlakanipha.

Ngemicimbi evame kakhulu, i-systemctl inikeza izinqamuleli ezilula ngokumelene nokubhala i-isolate ngesandla. Ezinye zezindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu yilezi:

• ukuhlenga kwe-sudo systemctl: ishintshela kumodi yokusindisa (efana nokuhlukanisa i-rescue.target) futhi ixwayisa abasebenzisi abaxhunyiwe.
• i-sudo systemctl halt: imisa uhlelo (okufana nokucisha i-CPU ngaphandle kokusika amandla).
• Sudo systemctl amandlaoffCima umshini ngokuphelele.
• sudo systemctl qala kabusha: iqala kabusha uhlelo.

Ngokuvamile, imiyalo yakudala efana reboot, poweroff o halt Zixhumene ngaphakathi ukuze zikhulume ne-systemd, ngakho-ke ziziphatha ngendlela efanayo nalezi zinqamuleli.

Imiyalo eyengeziwe ebalulekile ye-systemctl

Ngaphezu kwakho konke okungenhla, kuneminye imiyalo yokuthi systemctl okufanele uzigcine ziseduze ngoba uzozisebenzisa njalo uma usebenza namayunithi:

Layisha kabusha ukucushwa kwesistimu (hhayi izinsizakalo):

sudo systemctl daemon-reload

Njalo uma ushintsha noma ungeza amafayela edrayivu, udinga ukwazisa i-systemd ukuze ikwazi ukuwafunda kabusha. Lo myalo amasevisi awaqali kabushaIlayisha kabusha isizindalwazi seyunithi kuphela.

Hlola isimo sesevisi ngemininingwane (okuxoxwe ngakho kakade):

sudo systemctl status nombre_servicio.service

Lapha uzobona isimo esilayishiwe, esisebenzayo, i-PID, isikhathi sokusebenza, kanye nemiyalezo yakamuva yelogi, ebaluleke kakhulu kumaphutha okulungisa amaphutha.

Nika amandla futhi ukhubaze amasevisi (kubonwe futhi):

sudo systemctl enable nombre_servicio.service
sudo systemctl disable nombre_servicio.service

Qala, misa, futhi uqalise kabusha izinsizakalo ngokucacile:

sudo systemctl start nombre_servicio.service
sudo systemctl stop nombre_servicio.service
sudo systemctl restart nombre_servicio.service

Lawa maphethini aphindaphindwa cishe nganoma iyiphi insizakalo, kusukela i-apache2, i-nginx noma i-ssh, kuze kufike kumasevisi ka yolwazi, amademoni angabonakali noma yini ongayicabanga.

Ukuphathwa kwesevisi: qala, layisha kabusha, misa, futhi uqaphe

Esimweni sangempela, uzosebenzisa i-systemctl yokugcina izinsizakalo ezibalulekile zisebenza njalo: amaseva ewebhu, izizindalwazi, izinsizakalo zenethiwekhi, ama-daemons Isipelenjll. Umqondo uwukunciphisa el tiempo kokungasebenzi futhi usebenzise izinguquko zokucushwa ngomthelela omncane kakhulu.

para qala isevisi okufanele ukuthi iyasebenza (isibonelo, i-Apache), umyalo ojwayelekile uzoba:

sudo systemctl start apache2

Uma i-Apache isivele isebenza, ngeke uqaphele lutho olungavamile; uma imisiwe, i-daemon izoqala izinqubo zezingane futhi iqale ukusingatha izicelo. Noma nini lapho ungaqiniseki ukuthi kwenzekeni, sebenzisa imiyalo elandelayo:

sudo systemctl status apache2

Uma ushintsha ifayela lokucushwa eliyinhloko noma okunye umphathi we-virtual, uvame layisha kabusha o qala kabusha Isevisi. Ukushaja kabusha kushelela:

sudo systemctl reload apache2

Lokhu kuvumela isevisi ukuthi ifunde kabusha amafayela okucushwa ngaphandle kokubulala izinqubo ezisebenzayo, ngakho abasebenzisi abaqapheli lutho. Uma, nganoma yisiphi isizathu, isevisi ingasekeli ukulayisha kabusha, kuzodingeka:

sudo systemctl restart apache2

Kwezinye izimo, uma isevisi inezinkinga noma ingasaphenduli, kungase kudingeke ukuthi iqalise kabusha ngokuphelele. ikhulula izinsiza futhi ihlanze izinqubo zama-zombieKungenye yezinyathelo ezijwayelekile zokuxilonga ngaphambi kokuyihlola. izingodo ekujuleni.

para ukumisa isevisi okwesikhashana ngoba wenza ukulungisa noma ngoba awudingi isikhathi esithile:

sudo systemctl stop apache2

Lokho akukuvimbeli ukuthi iqale kabusha ekuqaliseni kabusha okulandelayo uma uyivulile. Uma ufuna inyamalale ngokuphelele kuze kube yilapho uqaphela okunye, uhlanganisa i-stop ne- khubaza imaski kuye ngezinga "lokuvinjelwa" ofuna ukulisebenzisa.

Ngemva kwanoma yikuphi ukuhlinzwa okubucayi, kunconywa kakhulu hlola isimo yesevisi kanye namarekhodi ayo akamuva ane:

sudo systemctl status nombre_servicio

Futhi, uma udinga umongo owengeziwe, iphephandaba, isibonelo:

sudo journalctl -u nombre_servicio

Ukuxazulula izinkinga ezivamile nge-systemctl

Uma kukhona okungahambi kahle lapho uqala isevisi nge systemctlKujwayelekile ukubona imiyalezo efana nokuthi "Umsebenzi we-X wehlulekile" noma izimo uhlulekile ekuphumeni kwesimo. Indlela ehlelekile yokuqhubeka ivame ukuba:

1. Buka isimo esinemininingwane yeyunithi:

sudo systemctl status nombre_servicio

Lapho uzobona ukuthi isevisi ayiqali yini ngenxa yokwehluleka komyalo, isikhathi sokuvala, izinkinga zemvume, ifayela elingekho, njll. Bheka imigqa efana nethi "Main PID exited" kanye nemiyalezo yangempela yamaphutha evela kuhlelo lokusebenza.

2. Buyekeza amarekhodi aphelele nge-journalctl:

sudo journalctl -u nombre_servicio

Lokhu kukunikeza umlando welogi okhiqizwe yiyunithi, okuwusizo kakhulu uma isevisi "ifa" ngokushesha ngemva kokuqala.

3. Hlola ukuthi ivuliwe yini uma ulindele ukuthi iqale:

sudo systemctl is-enabled nombre_servicio

Uma kubonakala sengathi kukhutshaziwe, mane nje:

sudo systemctl enable nombre_servicio

4. Hlola izimvume nomsebenzisiAmanye amasevisi adinga ukusebenza njengomsebenzisi othize noma ukufinyelela izindlela ezithile. Uma ifayela leyunithi lichaza i- User= o Group= akulungile, noma umzila oya ExecStart= Uma ingekho noma ingafinyeleleki, isevisi ingaphela ngokushesha.

5. Uma uhlele ifayela ledrayivu ngesandla, khumbula njalo layisha kabusha ukucushwa kwesistimu no:

sudo systemctl daemon-reload

Ukukhohlwa lesi sinyathelo kuyiphutha elivamile: wenza izinguquko, uqalise kabusha isevisi, bese usabona ukuziphatha okudala ngoba i-systemd ayikayifundi ifayela elisha okwamanje.

Ukugcina lo mkhuba wokuhlola nokubuyekeza njalo isimo samayunithi ayisihluthulelo kwenza kube lula kakhulu. Ukugcina uhlelo lwe-Linux oluzinzile nolubikezelwayo.

Njengoba ubona, i-systemctl iba ummese we-Swiss Army wokuphatha izinsizakalo zesistimu, amayunithi, kanye nezifundazwe Kunoma yikuphi ukusatshalaliswa kwesimanje nge-systemd, ikuvumela ukuthi uqale futhi umise ama-daemons ngokunemba, ulawule ukuthi yini eqala ekuqaleni, uphenye amaphutha ngemininingwane eminingi, ulungise ukucushwa ngaphandle kokubhala ngaphezulu amafayela esistimu, futhi ushintshe kusuka kumodi yesithombe uye kumodi yokusindisa ngemizuzwana. Ukuqonda kahle le miyalo akugcini nje ngokwenza ukuphatha amaseva e-Linux noma amadeskithophu kube lula kakhulu, kodwa futhi kukunikeza ukuzethemba okukhulu lapho uxazulula izinkinga ezinkulu zokukhiqiza, ngoba wazi kahle ukuthi yini esebenzayo, kungani, nokuthi ungayimisa kanjani noma uyishintshe ngokuphephile.