- I-Excel ibilokhu inephutha lomlando kusukela yasungulwa elibheka u-1900 njengonyaka oqavile wokugcina ukuhambisana ne-Lotus 1-2-3.
- Uhlelo lwedethi lwe-Excel aluphathi ngqo izinsuku zangaphambi kuka-1900, futhi lo mklamo ugcinwa ngenxa yezizathu zokuhambisana.
- Kuzo zonke izinguqulo zayo, i-Excel isuke ku-Multiplan yaba yindinganiso yomhlaba wonke, ihlanganisa i-VBA, amafomethi amasha kanye nemikhawulo emikhulu yedatha.
- Naphezu kokwehluleka ngezikhathi ezithile njengephutha lenombolo ka-2007, i-Excel isalokhu iyihlelo eliphambili lespredishithi ezindaweni zasekhaya nezobungcweti.
Uma sicabanga ngezinhlelo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu nsuku zonke kumakhompyutha e-Windows, cishe akunakwenzeka ingasaphathwa eye -Microsoft Excel njengenye yama-veteran asenesikhathi eside . Lolu hlelo lwespredishithi lube yingxenye ye-Office suite amashumi eminyaka futhi lusebenzele abasebenzisi basekhaya kanye nochwepheshe emhlabeni wonke kuzo zonke izinhlobo zemisebenzi ehilela izinombolo, uhlu, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwedatha.
Into exakile ukuthi, naphezu kodumo lwayo kanye nendima yayo ehamba phambili ekwenziweni kwe-office automation, i-Excel ibilokhu iphethe imininingwane ephawulekayo kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo: iphutha elihlobene nokuphathwa kwedethi elibe khona kusukela ngo-1985 futhi elisekhona ngisho nasezinguqulweni zanamuhla ezihlanganiswe ne-Microsoft 365. Sikhuluma ngephutha lomlando elenza i-Excel icabangele unyaka ka-1900 njengokungathi bekuwunyaka oqavile… kanti empeleni bekungenjalo.
Iphutha losuku lwe-Excel: unyaka wokugxuma okungamanga ka-1900
Phakathi kwemisebenzi eminingi enikezwa yi-Excel, enye yezindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu uhlelo lwayo lokuphathwa kwedethi yangaphakathi . Izinsuku ku-Excel zigcinwa njengezinombolo ezilandelanayo ezimele izinsuku ezilandelanayo kusukela osukwini oluyisisekelo. Inkinga ukuthi, kulesi simiso, i-Excel icabanga ukuthi unyaka ka-1900 wawunomhlaka-29 kuNhlolanja, ophawula u-1900 njengonyaka we-leap.
Ngokwemlando kanye nezibalo, lokhu akulungile: u-1900 akuwona unyaka we-leap , njengoba imithetho yekhalenda likaGregory ithi iminyaka ehlukaniswa ngo-100 akuyona iminyaka ye-leap, ngaphandle kokuthi nayo ihlukaniswa ngo-400. Okusho ukuthi, u-2000 wawungunyaka we-leap, kodwa u-1900 wawungekho. Kodwa-ke, i-Excel ifaka lolu suku olungekho, olubangela ushintsho ekubalweni kwezinsuku ezithile uma luhlolwa ngokuningiliziwe.
I-Microsoft ivumile obala ukuthi lokhu kuyiphutha nokuthi, ngokobuchwepheshe, kungalungiswa ezingeni lesofthiwe . Kodwa inkinga ukuthi izigidi zamaspredishithi emhlabeni wonke zithembele kulo mqondo womlando. Ukushintsha uhlelo lwedethi manje kuzophula ukuhambisana, ama-macro, amamodeli ezezimali, kanye namathempulethi akhiwe eminyakeni eminingi ngokucatshangwa ukuthi u-1900 unyaka oqavile.
Ngakho-ke, inkampani ikhethe ukushiya iphutha njengoba linjalo. Kuluhlobo "lwesono sokuqala" se-Excel esibe yisici sangempela : akulungile ngokombono wekhalenda, kodwa ukuyishintsha kungaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu kunokuyigcina. Abasebenzisi abaningi abakaze bayiqaphele le mininingwane, kodwa ibilokhu ikhona kusukela enguqulweni yokuqala.
Umsuka wokwehluleka: ifa leLotus 1-2-3
Ukuze siqonde ukuthi kungani i-Excel ibonisa lokhu kuziphatha okungavamile, kumele sibuyele emuva emvelaphi yamaspredishithi anamuhla bese sibheka i -Lotus 1-2-3, uhlelo lokusebenza oluhamba phambili lwasekuqaleni kwawo-1980 . Ngaphambi kokuba i-Excel ibuse imakethe, i-Lotus 1-2-3 yayiyisicelo esivelele ezindaweni zobungcweti, ikakhulukazi kuma-PC ahambisana ne-IBM kanye nezinhlelo ze-MS-DOS.
I-Lotus 1-2-3, eyakhishwa ngo-1983, nayo yaphatha izinsuku isebenzisa uhlelo lwezinombolo ezilandelanayo futhi ngephutha yacabanga ukuthi u-1900 ungunyaka oqavile . Kubathuthukisi be-Lotus, lokhu kwabonakala kungabalulekile: bambalwa kakhulu abasebenzisi ababengasebenza nezinsuku ezinjalo zakudala, futhi umthelela osebenzayo ekubalweni kwansuku zonke wawubhekwa njengoncane kakhulu.
Ngesikhathi iMicrosoft idala i-Excel, enye yezinto ezaziza kuqala kwakuwukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana namafayela kanye nezibalo ezisetshenziswa ochwepheshe ku-Lotus 1-2-3. Ukuze bafeze lokhu kuhambisana, banquma ukukopisha nohlelo lwayo lwedethi , okuhlanganisa nephutha likaFebhuwari 29, 1900. Ngale ndlela, noma yiliphi ispredishithi elidluliselwe kusuka ku-Lotus liye ku-Excel lalizokhiqiza imiphumela efanayo, ngaphandle kokungafani noma ukumangala.
Lesi sinqumo, esinengqondo ngokombono wezohwebo kanye nowokusebenzisana ngawo-1980, sibe nomphumela omangalisayo: I-Excel yazuza leli phutha futhi yalibeka njengendinganiso yangempela emhlabeni wamaspredishithi. Nakuba i-Lotus 1-2-3 yanyamalala esikhathini eside esidlule, ithonya layo lihlala ngaphakathi kwe-Excel noma nini lapho ichaza izinsuku ngaphambi kukaMashi 1900.
Namuhla, iMicrosoft ivuma ngokusobala ukuthi lokhu kuziphatha akulungile ngokwemithetho yekhalenda, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ithi ukugcina ukuhambisana komlando kungcono . Ngakho-ke, ngisho nasezinguqulweni zakamuva ze-Excel kanye nasezinhlelweni ezifakwe ku-Microsoft 365, unyaka we-false leap ka-1900 usasebenza ngokugcwele.
I-Excel: kusukela ku-Multiplan kuya kuspredishithi esijwayelekile somhlaba wonke
Ukuze kufakwe leli phutha lomlando kumongo, kuyasiza ukubukeza ukuthi i-Excel ithuthuke kanjani selokhu yasungulwa . Ngaphambi kokuba kube khona uhlobo lwe-Excel, iMicrosoft yayisivele izame inhlanhla yayo ngolunye uhlelo lwesipredishithi: i-Multiplan, eyakhishwa ngo-1982. Le software yasebenza kahle kakhulu ezinhlelweni ze-CP/M, kodwa yahlulwa empini ye-MS-DOS ngokumelene ne-Lotus 1-2-3.
Ngemva kokufunda isifundo sabo, iMicrosoft yanquma ukushintsha ngokuphelele indlela futhi yakha umkhiqizo omusha, wesimanje futhi oncintisanayo. Ngakho-ke, i-Excel yazalwa, ngenguqulo yayo yokuqala yezentengiselwano eyakhishwa ngo-1985 ye-Apple Macintosh . Leli yiqiniso abantu abaningi abalazi: I-Excel yafika ku-Mac ngaphambi kokuba ifike ku-Windows, yaze yalindela nokubusa okukhulu kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Microsoft.
Inguqulo yokuqala ye-Excel ye-Mac yavumela abasebenzisi ukuthi basebenze ngamathebula, benze izibalo ezithuthukisiwe, bahlele idatha, futhi bakhiqize amashadi. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakuyithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu neliguquguqukayo elalivelele ngokusobala kulokho okwakutholakala emakethe . Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, ngoNovemba 1987, kwakhishwa inguqulo yokuqala ye-Excel ye-Windows, enenombolo engu-2.0 ukuze kugcinwe ukuvumelana nenguqulo ye-Mac.
Kusukela lapho, i-Excel yaqala ukuqhubeka okuqhubekayo, inguqulo ngenguqulo, kwaze kwaba yilapho iba ispredishithi esisetshenziswa cishe kunoma iyiphi indawo . Ngenguqulo 4.0, isibonelo, izici zokusebenziseka njenge-AutoFill zathandwa, zenza umsebenzi wansuku zonke waba lula kakhulu ngamaspredishithi ayinkimbinkimbi. I-Excel 5.0 imele elinye igxathu phambili ngokwethula izincwadi zomsebenzi ezinamashidi amaningi kanye nokusekelwa kwe-Visual Basic kanye nama-macro, okuvula umnyango wokucubungula okuzenzakalelayo.
Ukufika kwe-Excel 95 kwaphawula ukwamukelwa okugcwele kokwakhiwa kwe-32-bit ohlelweni, okuhambisana nokuvela kwe-Windows. Ngemva nje kwalokho, i-Excel 97 ilethe isikhombikubona esisha se-Visual Basic kanye nezici ezifana nokuqinisekiswa kwedatha , kanye nemininingwane ekhangayo (futhi ecasulayo kwabaningi): umsizi odumile we-Clippy, i-paperclip egqwayizayo eyayizama ukusiza umsebenzisi ngeziphakamiso zomongo.
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1990 nasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-2000, izinguqulo ezifana ne-Excel 2000 kanye ne-Excel XP zalungisa ulwazi lomsebenzisi ngezithasiselo ezifana ne -HTML njengefomethi yefayela, "ukuzilungisa," kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokubuyiselwa kwamadokhumenti uma kwenzeka ukuphahlazeka. Kusukela nge-Excel 2003, uhlelo lwaqala ukuhlanganisa kangcono i-XML nokulungisa eminye imisebenzi yezibalo ebibangela ukungalungi.
Izinyathelo ezibalulekile kanye nezinguquko zobuchwepheshe emlandweni we-Excel
Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu ezafika nge-Excel 2007, nayo eyahambisana nokulungiswa okuphelele kwe-Office. Le nguqulo yethule i- Ribbon njengesixhumi esiyinhloko , yathatha indawo yamamenyu akudala, futhi yashintsha amafomethi efayela azenzakalelayo: kusukela ku-.xls kuya ku-.xlsx kanye ne-.xlsm, yandisa ukuphepha ngokumelene namagciwane amakhulu futhi yavumela amaspredishithi anemigqa namakholomu amaningi.
Nge-Excel 2007, umkhawulo wedatha ngeshidi lomsebenzi wanda kakhulu: kusukela kumakholomu angu-256 kuya kwangu-16,384 kanye nemigqa engu-65,536 kuya ku-1,048,576 , okwaholela esibalweni samaseli atholakalayo angaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingu-17. Amakhono okudweba amashadi nawo athuthukisiwe, athuthukisa kakhulu amagrafu futhi avumela ukumelwa okubonakalayo okuningiliziwe.
I-Excel 2010 yengeze inguqulo engu-64-bit, imigqa ekhanyayo, kanye ne-Solver ethuthukisiwe, phakathi kwezinye izici eziqondiswe kulabo ababedinga ukusingatha amamodeli asindayo futhi ayinkimbinkimbi . Ngokuthakazelisayo, iMicrosoft yanquma ukweqa inombolo yenguqulo engu-13, mhlawumbe ngenxa yezinkolelo-ze, yasuka ngqo ku-12 (Excel 2007) yaya ku-14 (Excel 2010).
I-Excel 2013 yethule imisebenzi emisha engaphezu kuka-50, amashadi anconyiwe, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamathebula e-pivot kanye nezithombe ezibonakalayo. Kusukela nge-Excel 2016, izinguqulo ze-Windows ne-Mac zaqala ukuhlanganiswa ngaphansi kwegama elifanayo , yize izinhlelo ezifakiwe ekubhaliseni kwe-Microsoft 365 zithole izibuyekezo eziqhubekayo nge-inthanethi, ezizibeka phambili kunezilayisense ezindala ezihlala njalo.
Lesi sigaba saletha nokuhlanganiswa kwamathuluzi afana ne-Power Query (eyayeka ukuba yingxenye yokwengeza futhi yaba yingxenye yesisekelo se-Excel), i-Power Pivot yokusingatha amamodeli amakhulu edatha, kanye nolimi oluyimfihlo lokuhlaziya. Kamuva, i-Excel 2019 yandisa izinketho zokufaka amashadi ngamamephu, amashadi e-funnel, kanye nekhono lokufaka izithombe ze-3D ezincwadini zomsebenzi , okuqinisa amakhono okubona aleli thuluzi.
Muva nje, i-Excel 2021 ifake imisebenzi eminingana eyasungulwa ekuqaleni ye-Microsoft 365 enguqulweni ezimele, njenge- XLOOKUP, LET, kanye ne-XMATCH . Lawa mafomula anikeza izindlela ezinamandla nezifundekayo zokusesha idatha, ukubiza imiphumela ephakathi, kanye nokuthola izikhundla kuma-array. Ayisibonelo esicacile sendlela i-Excel ebilokhu isebenzisa ngayo izici ezenzelwe ukuhlaziywa kwedatha okuthuthukisiwe ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa umbono womsebenzisi wansuku zonke.
Izici ezibalulekile, imikhawulo, kanye nezinye izinkinga zomlando
Ngaphandle kwe-anomaly edumile yango-1900, i-Excel iqoqe uhlu olude lwezici nezinkinga ezincane eziye zakha idumela layo. Kusukela ekuqaleni, uhlelo luzibonakalise ngokuvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi benze ngokwezifiso ukubukeka kwamaseli (amafonti, izitayela, amafomethi ezinombolo) ngendlela edlula izimbangi zayo.
Yaphinde yethula ukubala kabusha okuhlakaniphile: esikhundleni sokubala kabusha lonke ishidi lomsebenzi isikhathi ngasinye, i-Excel ibuyekeza kuphela amaseli ancike kulawo ashintshile , ithuthukisa ukusebenza futhi yenze ukusebenza namamodeli amakhulu kube lula. Amandla ayo okudweba amagrafu, akhona kusukela ezinguqulweni zokuqala, avumele abasebenzisi ukuthi bakhe zonke izinhlobo zamashadi, angahlanganiswa namadokhumenti e-Word noma izethulo ze-PowerPoint.
Kusukela ngo-1993, i-Excel ifake i-Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), ulimi lokuhlela olukuvumela ukuthi wenze imisebenzi ngokuzenzakalelayo, udale imisebenzi eyenziwe ngokwezifiso, uklame amafomu, futhi usebenzisane nomsebenzisi . Umhleli we-VBA uyindawo ephelele yokuthuthukiswa ngaphakathi kwe-Excel, futhi ukuqoshwa kwe-macro kwenza kube lula ngabangebona abahleli bezinhlelo ukukhiqiza ikhodi ngezenzo zabo.
Ubunzima balo mandla ukuthi, iminyaka eminingi, ama-macro aba yindawo evamile yokungena kwamagciwane. I-Excel yaba yisisulu esiyinhloko se-malware, ikakhulukazi emabhizinisini. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iMicrosoft yethula izinketho zokuvimba ukusebenza okuzenzakalelayo kwama-macro , futhi isofthiwe ye-antivirus yaqala ukuthola izinsongo ezithile kulolu hlobo lwefayela, okwanciphisa inkinga.
Esinye isithiyo esivame ukukhulunywa ngaso ukungakwazi kwe-Excel ukuphatha izinsuku ngaphambi kuka-1900. Ngale kwephutha lonyaka oqavile, ukwakheka kohlelo lwezinsuku kwenza kube nzima ukusebenza kahle nemicimbi yomlando ngaphambi kwalowo nyaka, okungenani uma usebenzisa ifomethi yezinsuku ngqo. Lokhu kube yinkinga kusukela ezinguqulweni ezingu-16-bit futhi kuyaqhubeka ezinguqulweni zamanje, okuphoqa abasebenzisi ukuthi basebenzise izindlela zokubhekana noma baphathe izinsuku ezindala njengombhalo ocacile noma izinombolo ngaphandle kokufometha usuku lwendabuko.
I-Excel iphinde yabandakanyeka kwamanye amaphutha aphawulekayo, njengephutha elatholakala ku-Excel 2007 elabangela ukuthi amabhangqa athile ezinombolo umkhiqizo wazo okufanele ube ngu-65,535 (isibonelo, u-850 x 77,1) ubonise u-100,000 njengomphumela . Into emangazayo ukuthi imisebenzi elandelayo kulelo nani (ukwengeza, ukuphindaphinda, ukuhlukanisa) ingabuyisa imiphumela efanele, njengoba iphutha lisekubonisweni okubonakalayo kwenombolo hhayi kakhulu ekubalweni kwangaphakathi.
Kamuva iMicrosoft yachaza ukuthi inkinga ithinte amanani ambalwa aqondile kakhulu e-floating-point azungeze u-65,535 no-65,536. Ukubala kwangaphakathi kwahlala kunembile ezimweni eziningi, kodwa inombolo eboniswe esikrinini yayizungezwe ngokungalungile. Inkampani yakhipha i-patch ngo-Okthoba 9, 2007 , futhi iphutha lalungiswa ngokufakwa kwe-Service Pack 1 kanye nasezinguqulweni ezilandelayo.
I-Excel njengendinganiso ye-elektronikhi yehhovisi kanye nokufaneleka kwayo kwamanje
Naphezu kwamaphutha ayo adlule, i-Excel izibonakalise njengohlelo lwespredishithi oluhamba phambili emhlabeni , idlula futhi ithatha indawo yezixazululo ezifana neLotus 1-2-3, iQuattro Pro, ngisho namaspredishithi ahlanganiswe kuma-suite omthombo ovulekile njenge-Apache OpenOffice Calc kanye ne-LibreOffice. Ukuhlanganiswa kwayo nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Microsoft Office (i-Word, i-PowerPoint, i-Outlook) kube yisihluthulelo salokhu kubusa.
Lapho iMicrosoft iqala ukuhlanganisa i-Word ne-PowerPoint ku-Office suite ngo-1993, yahlela kabusha izixhumanisi zalezi zinhlelo zokusebenza ukuze zivumelane ne-Excel , okwakungumkhiqizo wayo oyinhloko ngaleso sikhathi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ulwazi lomsebenzisi we-Office luye lwajikeleza ngokuvumelana kwamamenyu, iribhoni, kanye nezici kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene.
I-Excel ibilokhu ithandwa kakhulu phakathi kwababhali bezimali, abahlaziyi bezezimali, onjiniyela, kanye nososayensi bedatha, kodwa futhi naphakathi kwabasebenzisi basekhaya abayisebenzisela ukuphatha izimali zasekhaya, uhlu, kanye namaphrojekthi amancane omuntu siqu . Ibhalansi yayo yamandla kanye nokuguquguquka kwayo kuholele ekusetshenzisweni kwayo kwemisebenzi eyahlukahlukene njengokulawula isitokwe, ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo, kanye nokuhlela imicimbi.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ithuluzi liqhubeke nokubuyekezwa ukuze lihambisane nezitayela ezintsha ezifana nobuhlakani bokwenziwa kanye nokuhlaziywa kwedatha enkulu. Izinguqulo zakamuva zifake izici ezihlakaniphile, iziphakamiso ezenzakalelayo, kanye nokuhlanganiswa okuthuthukisiwe nezinsizakalo zamafu , okuvumela ukuthi kuhlale kusebenza ngisho nasenkathini yedatha enkulu kanye namapulatifomu okubambisana aku-inthanethi.
Nakuba kungase kungabi uhlelo olukhangayo kakhulu, i-Excel ibonise ikhono elimangalisayo lokuzivumelanisa nezimo eminyakeni engamashumi amane edlule . Kusukela kumaspredishithi alula amnyama namhlophe, iguquke yaba ithuluzi elinemibala, elixhunyiwe, nelinwebekayo, elihlanganiswe nezinsizakalo zewebhu futhi elikwazi ukusebenza kalula nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza kanye nezizindalwazi.
Lonke lolu hambo lwenza umehluko phakathi kobuchwepheshe bamanje be-Excel kanye nalelo phutha elincane, lokuqala ekusingatheni kwayo unyaka ka-1900 kube yinto ecacile kakhulu. Nakuba imisebenzi kanye ne-interface kuye kwashintsha njalo , uhlelo lwedethi oluyisisekelo lusaphethe isinqumo esizuzwe njengefa ku-Lotus 1-2-3, okusikhumbuza ukuthi ukuhambisana kanye ne-inertia yomlando kungawuthinta kangakanani umklamo wesofthiwe ehloselwe izigidi zabantu.
Uma ngibheka emuva kulolu hambo, kuyamangaza ukuthi uhlelo lwespredishithi olwadalwa ukuncintisana neLotus nokufaka esikhundleni seMultiplan lwagcina luzimise kanjani njengendinganiso yomhlaba wonke kanye nethuluzi elibalulekile emabhizinisini nasemakhaya , ngisho nasezintweni ezingavamile ezifana nonyaka we-false leap ka-1900, imikhawulo yezinsuku zangaphambilini, noma izinkinga ezindala ngama-macros namaphutha ezinombolo; isethi yama-anecdotes obuchwepheshe angazange ayivimbele ekubeni yingxenye ebalulekile yomlando wokubala.
Umbhali oshisekayo ngomhlaba wamabhayithi nobuchwepheshe ngokujwayelekile. Ngiyathanda ukwabelana ngolwazi lwami ngokubhala, futhi yilokho engizokwenza kule bhulogi, ngikubonise zonke izinto ezithakazelisayo kakhulu ngamagajethi, isofthiwe, ihadiwe, izitayela zobuchwepheshe, nokuningi. Inhloso yami ukukusiza ukuthi uzulazule emhlabeni wedijithali ngendlela elula nejabulisayo.