- Kusukela ku-CRT yango-1947 kuya e-Pong, amakhandidethi ahlukene aqhudelana "okokuqala" ngokuya ngencazelo yobuchwepheshe neyokudlala.
- I-Spacewar! yathuthukisa ubuhlakani bezemfundo futhi yaphushela ukugxumela kuma-arcade nge-Galaxy Game ne-Computer Space.
- I-Odyssey, i-Pong kanye nama-clones amaphakathi nawo-70s asungula imidlalo yasekhaya futhi abumba incazelo esemthethweni "yegeyimu yevidiyo".
- Kusukela ku-8/16 bits kuya ku-3D naku-inthanethi, okuphakathi kuguqukele embonini yomhlaba wonke enezibalo ezinkulu kanye nama-franchise ayisithonjana.
Uma othile ebuza ngegeyimu yevidiyo yokuqala, abantu abangaphezu koyedwa bakhipha amagama afana nalawa UPac-Man, uMario noma uZeldaZizwakala zizinhle, kodwa ziza ngemuva kwesikhathi kakhulu kunamaphayona atshala imbewu kumalabhorethri, amanyuvesi, kanye nemibukiso yezobuchwepheshe. Inkulumompikiswano ivuliwe ngoba konke kuncike... Siwuchaza kanjani “umdlalo wevidiyo”?Ingabe kukhona ukuhlola okusebenzisanayo okuvumelekile? Ingabe isikrini sevidiyo siyadingeka? Ingabe kufanele kube nenhloso yokudlala ecacile?
Kulo lonke ikhulu lama-20, izinto eziqanjiwe nemibono zanqwabelana kwaze kwaba yilapho izinto seziqhuma ezindaweni zokudlala, ama-consoles namakhompyutha asekhaya. Ukuze uqonde lokhu ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa, kufanele ubuyekeze ngokucophelela amakhandidethi "womdlalo wevidiyo wokuqala"Ukweqa kusuka ekhempasini kuya ku-arcade, kanye nendima yezinkampani ezibalulekile nabadali abafana no-Ralph Baer, Nolan Bushnell, namaqembu e-MIT. Sizophinde sibone ukuthi izinkantolo nobuchwepheshe bakulolonge kanjani lokho obekubhekwa "njengomdlalo wevidiyo" nalokho obekungenjalo.
Sisho ukuthini ngokuthi "umdlalo wevidiyo" futhi kungani ubaluleke kangaka?
Izincazelo zishintshile. Ngokwesiko, isiqalo "ividiyo" sasihlotshaniswa ne- idivayisi yokubonisa i-bitmapKodwa ngokusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke, igama lanwetshwa ukuze lihlanganise izikrini eziningi, amafomethi, nezinkundla. Ukugwema ukungaqondakali, ezinye izazi-mlando zikhetha ukukhuluma “imidlalo edijithali”, nakuba leyo lebula ishiya ngaphandle ukuhlolwa kwe-analog yeminyaka yokuqala.
Ezingeni lobuchwepheshe, kwakunezikhathi lapho uhlelo lwaludingeka khona phatha isignali yevidiyo, ngokuvamile ukuskena kwe-raster (umabonakude, ukuqapha, njll.). Lo mbono waze wagqama phakathi izimpi zomthetho Phakathi kuka-1970 no-1980, izinkantolo zahlukanisa phakathi kwezinto ezazishintsha isignali yevidiyo nemidlalo yekhompyutha engazange isebenzise lokho okukhiphayo. Ngokwalezi zindlela zomthetho, akuwona wonke umdlalo wekhompyutha wakuqala Yachazwa ngokuthi “umdlalo wevidiyo”.
Futhi inhloso? Kwabaningi, umdlalo wevidiyo kufanele ube ne inhloso yokudlalaIzandulela ezimbalwa ziqale njengemiboniso yobuchwepheshe noma izivivinyo zezemfundo, kodwa lokho akunciphisi ukuxhumana kwazo nemvelaphi yemidiya. Ngakho-ke, kuye ngemibandela esetshenzisiwe, "abawinile" besihloko bayashintsha. okokuqala emlandweni.
Amaphayona: kusuka kumashubhu e-cathode ray kuya ekubonisweni kokuqala kwedijithali
Ngo-1947 yayinelungelo lobunikazi Idivayisi yokuzijabulisa ye-Cathode ray tubeUmsebenzi kaThomas T. Goldsmith Jr. kanye no-Estle Ray Mann, ogqugquzelwe irada yeMpi Yezwe II, uvumele imicibisholo ukuthi "yethulwe" esikrinini se-oscilloscope. umjikelezo we-analogusebenzisa ukunqwabelanisa okubonakalayo kokuhlosiwe ngoba Bezingekho ihluzo njengoba sibaqonda namuhla. Ibisebenzisana futhi ibonwa, kodwa hhayi idijithali.
Ngo-1951, uFerranti waletha ikhompyutha eMkhosini WaseGreat Britain. Nimrod, yakhelwe ngokukhethekile ukudlala okwakudala I-NIMYasebenzisa iphaneli yezibani njengento ephumayo futhi yabonisa okuthile okwenzeka ngaleso sikhathi: kwakuyi- umshini owenzelwe ukudlalaIngase iqalise kokubili izinguqulo ezivamile nezihlanekezelwe zegeyimu, futhi iqinise isixhumanisi phakathi kwekhompyutha nokudlala.
Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, ngo-1952, u-Alexander S. Douglas wahlela OXO (Noughts and Crosses) ku-Cambridge EDSAC. Kuphawulwa njengomdlalo wokuqala wekhompyutha ukusebenzisa i-a isibonisi sesithombe sedijithali futhi yayilawulwa ngokudayela kocingo okujikelezayo. Kulabo ababeka kuqala “isiginali yevidiyo” kanye “nesikrini” encazelweni yabo, OXO Ugqama njengomuntu ozimisele kakhulu.
Ngo-1958, isazi sesayensi yemvelo uWilliam Higinbotham sahlangana Ithenisi kwababili ukuhlalisa indlu evulekile ye-Brookhaven National Laboratory. Ngekhompyutha ye-analog nesibonisi se-oscilloscope's vector, abadlali ababili balungise amafindo futhi bashaya "ibhola". Kwakuyi-a impumelelo yomphakathi Kwakushesha futhi kwabonisa ukuthi ukusebenzisa ikhompuyutha nakho kungaba mnandi. Abaningi bawubheka njengomdlalo wokuqala “wangempela” wevidiyo ngenxa yawo inhloso yokudlala ecacile.
Phakathi kuka-1959 no-1961, i-MIT yazala e-TX-0 ezinhlelweni ezifana Igundane ku-Maze futhi a I-Tic-Tac-Toe ngepeni elilula. Abasebenzisi bokuqala bavumele ukuthi babeke izindonga, "ushizi," noma izinkomishi (ngezinye izinhlobo), futhi bakhulule igundane elibonakalayo; okwesibili kuqhathanise umsebenzisi nomshini kugeyimu ye-tic-tac-toe esekelwe esikrinini. Lawa maphrojekthi, nakuba ayehlolwa, Bahlola ukuxhumana okuqondile nokumelwa okubonakalayo okuphayona.
I-Spacewar!, i-catalyst enkulu kanye nokugxumela emidlalweni ye-arcade esetshenziswa uhlamvu lwemali
Ngo-1961, uMartin Graetz, uSteve Russell noWayne Wiitanen basungula I-Spacewar! ku-DEC PDP-1 enezithombe ze-vector. Ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi “umdubuli” wokuqala emlandwenifuthi ukuthandwa kwayo kwasakazekela ezikhungweni ezihlukahlukene ezinamakhompiyutha amancane. Ochwepheshe be-DEC baze bayisebenzisa njenge ukuhlolwa kokucindezeleka ngoba kwajuluka wonke umuntu hardware etholakalayo.
Ithonya le-Spacewar! bekunonya: kwagqugquzela isizukulwane sabahleli bohlelo ukuthi babhale ezabo imidlalo siquIsinyathelo esilandelayo kungaba ukufaka izinhlamvu zemali. Ngo-1971, uBill Pitts noHugh Tuck bafaka i- Umdlalo weGalaxy (PDP-11/20), umdlalo wokuqala wekhompyutha esebenza ngezinhlamvu zemaliNgawo lowo nyaka, uNolan Bushnell noTed Dabney bakhululwa Isikhala sekhompyuthaumdlalo wevidiyo wokuqala wokuhweba onomshini wemali kanye ne okokuqala kutholakala kabanziBaguqule umoya we-Spacewar! kodwa usebenzisa a umabonakude wangempela ngaphakathi kwekhabhinethi.
Ngo-1972 wafika I-Pong, ngu-Atari (Bushnell noDabney), ukuzijabulisa kwe-elektroniki kwe-ping-pong ebimele hit yokuqala enkuluI-Pong yaphawula ukuqala kwemboni njengoba siwazi, ishayela ukuzalwa kwe ama-consoles asekhaya kanye nokwanda kwama-arcade emhlabeni jikelele.
Ngaleso sikhathi, ngo-1966 uRalph Baer wavuselela umbono wakhe wango-1951 wokudlala imidlalo kumabonakude. Ngo-1967, kwase kukhona ama-prototypes angakwazi ukwenza lokho. shintsha ngokuqondile isignali yevidiyo (i-raster sweep). I-"Brown Box" yakhe ifinyelele umvuthwandaba IMagnavox Odyssey Kusukela ngo-1972, kubhekwa ikhonsoli yokuqala yegeyimu yevidiyo yasekhaya. Lapha sikhuluma "ngevidiyo" ngomqondo wezomthetho-wezobuchwepheshe okuzoxoxwa ngawo ezinkantolo.
Ngawo-1970, ama-arcades abhekana nawo inkathi yegolide. izihloko ezifana Abahlaseli basemkhathini (1978) y U-Pac-Man (1980) Bashanele imakethe ngemishini elula neluthayo. Kwasethwa irekhodi: imishini yayigcina amaphuzu aphezulukubhebhezela ukuncintisana kanye nokubangisana nabangani. Kwabe sekufika imidlalo ekhuthazayo ukuncintisana okuqondile phakathi kwabadlali (ezemidlalo, ukushayela nokulwa), eqinisa isimo senhlalo sehholo lokungcebeleka.
Kusuka kuma-clone e-Pong kuye kuma-consoles kanye nencazelo esemthethweni "yegeyimu yevidiyo"
Umthelela wePong ulethe igagasi lezinhlelo ze-homebrew kanye nokuhluka. E-Europe, amaqembu athanda I-VideoSport MK2, nge-elekthronikhi ye-analog elula kakhulu (amasekethe amabili ahlanganisiwe kanye iminyango emine NAND), enikeza ithenisi, ibhola likanobhutshuzwayo, "nembobo odongeni" enezithombe ezisekelwe kulayini. Awekho amayunithi amaningi emodeli yokuqala akhiqizwa, kodwa abonisa ukwanda okusheshayo komqondo.
EJalimane, wagqama Ividiyo ye-Interton 2001, ithuthuke ngokumangalisayo: yahlanganisa 14 CMOS chips ukudweba izinto eziyisisekelo futhi ukhiqize imiphumela yomsindo, ngemidlalo efana Umjaho Wezimoto o Impi YasolwandlePhilips, ngakolunye uhlangothi, wethula uhlelo lwe-Pong ekupheleni kuka-1975 nge amakhadibhodii-semi-analog kanye namasekethe amaningana ahlanganisiwe e-CMOS; waze waqunga isibindi ama-potentiometers aqondile kuzilawuli.
Yonke le ecosystem yaba khona kanye nenduduzo yokuqala ka-Baer: Odyssey Kwavula umnyango wemidlalo yasekhaya. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izingxabano zelungelo lobunikazi zaqubuka phakathi kuka-1970 no-1980, ekugcineni zichaza uhlaka lomthetho: ukuze kuthathwe ngokuthi "umdlalo wevidiyo," idivayisi kwadingeka phatha isignali yevidiyo yesistimu yokuskena (ithelevishini, imonitha). Ngaleso simiso, imidlalo eminingi yangaphambili yekhompyutha basala ngaphandle yelebula esemthethweni yangaleso sikhathi, nakuba kusukela kumlando wamanje awakhishiwe ekulandiseni.
Nakule nkathi kwaqanjwa amagama nezinsumansumane. U-Ralph H. Baer Waziwa kabanzi ngokuthi "ubaba wemidlalo yevidiyo" ngokuletha ukuzijabulisa okusebenzisanayo kumabonakude wasekhaya. UNolan bushnellNge-Atari, wafakazela ukuthi i-arcade ingaba a ibhizinisi elikhuluFuthi emakhempasi, Spacewar! yayibonise ukuthi ukuzijabulisa kwedijithali kungaba into yamasiko.
Emuva namanje, ezinye izingcezu ze-puzzle zivela ngezikhathi ezithile. Ngo-1950, uJosef Kates wahlangana UBertie the BrainUmdlalo omkhulu, odlalekayo we-tic-tac-toe wemibukiso, abanye abawucaphuna njengomdlalo wevidiyo wokuqala, nakuba ungahambisani kahle nencazelo yesikrini sevidiyo "sakudala". Kukhona futhi izinkomba Ukudlala i-Chess (1949) futhi ngisho Fox and Hounds (1966) ezindabeni ezithile ezishiwo nguRalph Baer, u-Albert "Maricon" noTed Dabney; kuhle ukuwathatha njenge isizinda okuxoxiwe ngaso ngaphakathi kwe-mosaic yezinguqulo zokuqala.
Amakhonsoli, ama-arcade nokwanda komhlaba wonke: ukusuka ku-Nintendo ne-SEGA kuya ku-3D
Ukugxumela kuzithameli ezijwayelekile kuqiniswe amabhrendi. U-Atari udume ngemidlalo yasekhaya Ikhaya Pong nezinye izinhlelo, ngenkathi Nintendo Yangena emakethe ngo-1977 ngeColor TV-Game yayo. Lokho kufunda kwaholela ekutheni Umdlalo & Ukubuka, amadivayisi amalaptop yomdlalo owodwa oshiye uphawu. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-70s nangawo wonke ama-80s, ama-arcade asha ngempumelelo eduze kwemakethe yasekhaya Yaqhubeka ikhula.
Ngocingo isizukulwane sesithathu (maphakathi nawo-80s), uNintendo kanye ne-SEGA bamise isifundo I-Famicom/NES y Uhlelo OlukhuluUkuthuthukiswa kombala nomsindo, nokuzalwa kwama-franchise adumile afana Super Mario Bros, Inganekwane kaZelda, Sonic o Fantasy Final Baqinisa isiko lemidlalo yevidiyo yesimanje. Ama-arcades ayesaphila, nge imbongolo kong, I-Galagakanye nalowozamcolo we izikolo okwakukhuthaza ukuzithuthukisa okuqhubekayo.
Ekuqaleni kwawo-90, impi ye- 16 izingcezu (Mega Drive, Super Nintendo, PC Engine/TurboGrafx, CPS Changer) iphakamise ibha yobuchwepheshe futhi yaletha I-CD-ROM engxoxweni. I-SNK imangaze wonke umuntu I-NeoGeoAmandla e-arcade egumbini lokuphumula ngentengo enqatshelwe. Ngokuhambisanayo, ama-PC aqala ukwamukela izindawo ze-3D: kusukela ku-“2D” ye Inhlekelele a 4D Boxing kanye ne-3D ivuliwe ingemuva elinikezwe ngaphambilini de Uwedwa EbumnyameniNgisho nasezinhlelweni ze-16-bit bekukhona iziqophamlando zobuchwepheshe ezifana ne ihluzo ezinikezwe ngaphambilini de I-Donkey Kong Country o I-Killer InstinctFuthi ku-Mega Drive, impumelelo ye-polygonal ye Umjaho we-Virtua.
Ngokushesha, i-3D yathatha imakethe ngama-consoles we 32 izingcezu (PlayStation, USega saturn) no- 64 izingcezu (I-Nintendo 64, U-Atari Jaguar), ngenkathi ku-PC bavele Ama-accelerator e-3DI-PlayStation ifike ngemuva kokwehluleka kwephrojekthi ye-SNES-CD: UNintendo wenqabile umbono futhi Sony Waqhubeka yedwa, washintsha umlando. Amasaluni, kancane kancane, aqala ukungathandwa njengoba imishini yasekhaya yayithuthuka.
Kumalaptop, Game Boy Wabusa ngesibhakela sensimbi nakuba izimbangi zakhe zinjalo I-Game Gear, i-lynx o I-Neo Geo PocketNgasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-90s, i-PlayStation yabusa kakhulu Fantasy Final VII, Owakhile omubi, Ukunqoba Eleven 4, I-Gran Turismo o igiya lensimbi eliqinileKu-PC, i-FPS (Ukuzamazama, Unreal, Ukuphila okungaphelele) kanye ne-RTS (Yala futhi unqobe, I-StarCraftBabephethe izihloko zezindaba. I-inthanethi ithuthukise i- yabadlali abaningi kanye ne I-MMORPG njengoba Ultima Online. Ku-1998, I-Dreamcast Ingenise isizukulwane esibizwa nge-"128-bit".
Izingxabano zaphakade: ubani "owokuqala" futhi ubani "ubaba"?
"Imuphi umdlalo wevidiyo wokuqala?" akanayo impendulo eyodwa ngoba izinguquko nencazeloUma sibeka phambili inhloso yokudlala kanye nabadlali ababili ngesikhathi sangempela, Ithenisi yababili (1958) Kungenzeka. Uma sifuna isikrini sedijithali nesiginali yevidiyo, I-OXO (1952) Ibekwe ngaphambili. Ngendlela esemthethweni yokukhohlisa okungalungile, ibhalansi ivuna amasistimu asekhaya. OdysseyFuthi uma sibheka umthelela wezohwebo, I-Pong (1972) Uyena oshintsha konke.
Isiteketiso sokuthi "ubaba we imidlalo yevidiyo"ngokuvamile iyawela U-Ralph H. Baer ngokuletha umdlalo ku-TV yegumbi lokuphumula. Eduze kwakhe, UNolan bushnell Uthathwa njengephayona elibalulekile ekwenzeni ama-arcade enze izimboni futhi awenze into yomhlaba wonke. Ngemuva kwezigcawu, amaqembu afana naleli elisuka MIT namaphrojekthi afana I-Spacewar! Banikeze inhlansi yokudala eyakhuthaza sonke isizukulwane.
Kukhona futhi amakhandidethi avelayo kuye ngokuthi ingilazi sikhulisi: the I-CRT ka-1947 “njengokusebenzisana okubonakalayo kokuqala”; UNimrod (1951) “njengekhompyutha yokuqala yokudlala”; I-Galaxy Game (1971) ngokuthi “uhlamvu lwemali lwekhompiyutha lokuqala”; I-Computer Space (1971) njengokuthi “uhlamvu lwemali lokuqala lwemakethe enkulu”; noma leyo mihlangano yaseYurophu kusukela maphakathi nawo-70s eyanda I-Pong fever ngaphesheya kwengxenye yeYurophu. Konke kuhlangana emugqeni wesikhathi.
Kusukela lapho kuze kube manje: amakhompyutha aphathekayo, izinzwa ezinyakazayo, ukuchuma kwe-inthanethi nezomnotho
Ngemuva kokukhula kweminyaka yama-80s nama-90s, inkulungwane entsha yengeza izendlalelo ezinqumayo: yabadlali abaningi online ngezinga elikhulu kanye nemiphakathi yomhlaba wonke emidlalweni efana I-Counter-Strike, World of Warcraft, Call of Duty 4: Impi Yesimanje o League of LegendsKwabe sekufika i smartphone, the Ukusakaza, lo iqiniso langempela kanye nezinkonzo zamafu. Ukulawulwa kokunyakaza (okuneziphakamiso eziyimpikiswano ezifana I-Wii) kubonise ukuthi umklamo ungashintsha ukuthi sidlala kanjani.
Ezibalweni, lo mkhakha usukhule wafinyelela emazingeni obungacabangeki emashumini eminyaka edlule. Izilinganiso zakamuva zibeka imali engenayo yomhlaba wonke endaweni amakhulu ezigidigidi ngonyaka. Izihloko ezinjengalezi Minecraft Ziqongelela amakhulu ezigidi zamakhophi, namafomethi afana nalokhu I-Tetris Bangeza izibalo ezimangalisayo kuzo zonke izinguqulo zabo. Ngaleso sikhathi, ama-sagas omhlaba ovulekile kanye nokuzizwisa kwe-indie kuhlangene ku-ecosystem ezahlukene kakhulu kunakuqala.
Endleleni, umsebenzi wokuzilibazisa waba mkhulu futhi wanda. Ama-arcades abe yisithonjana samasiko, kodwa umoya wokuncintisana uhlala endaweni ama-esportsFuthi nakuba kuvame ukukhohlwa, ngisho nasezinkundleni zemidlalo zakuqala kwakuyiyona izinga lamaphuzu lokho kwaqubula inhlansi yomphakathi. Lokho komela intuthuko nokwabelana ngothando kuvela, ngokwezwi nezwi, kusukela ku- I-prehistory ephakathi.
Amakhandidethi nabadlali ababalulekile, ngamunye ngamunye
- Idivayisi ye-CRT (1947): i-analog missile simulator ene-oscilloscope nokumbondelana; ezibukwayo nezisebenzisanayo, kodwa hhayi ezedijithali.
- UNimrod (1951): ikhompuyutha yokuqala eyenzelwe ukudlala; iphaneli ekhanyayo kanye nokuphatha komdlalo we-NIM (izinguqulo ezivamile nezihlanekezelwe).
- I-OXO (1952): Tic-tac-toe ka-Alexander S. Douglas kwa-EDSAC; isibonisi sokuqala sesithombe sedijithali kumdlalo wekhompyutha.
- Ithenisi yababili (1958): abadlali ababili ngesikhathi sangempela ku-oscilloscope; inhloso yokudlala ecacile kanye nempumelelo yomphakathi.
- I-TX-0 (1959-1961)Igundane ku-Maze kanye ne-Tic-Tac-Toe nge-stylus; ukusebenzisana okuqondile kanye nokuhlola okuyingcaca.
- I-Spacewar! (1961)Ukulwa kwesikhala ku-PDP-1; i-seminal shooter ekhuthaze abahleli bezinhlelo futhi yasebenza njenge ukuhlolwa kwehadiwe.
- I-Galaxy Game (1971) y I-Computer Space (1971): ukuqala kwe-coin-op, okokugcina kuyinkundla yemidlalo yezohwebo yokuqala etholakala kabanzi.
- I-Pong (1972): ukuqhuma okukhulu kwezohwebo; amandla okushayela ama-consoles asekhaya okuqala kanye ne-arcade boom.
- U-Odyssey (1972): ikhonsoli yasekhaya yokuqala; isisekelo sobuchwepheshe sencazelo esemthethweni "yegeyimu yevidiyo" njengokukhohlisa kwesignali yevidiyo.
- Ama-clones aseYurophu kanye nokuhluka (maphakathi nawo-70): VideoSport MK2, Interton Video 2001, Philips cartridge systems, njll.
Iphuzu lokugcina: imibhalo eminingi edumile "ithweswe umqhele" I-Pong ngokuthi “owokuqala”, kuyilapho empeleni kwakunguye owaqala Kwanqoba umphakathi jikeleleEmbuzweni owawungowokuqala emlandweni, impendulo ethembekile ine-nuanced: kuncike ekutheni uyawazisa yini inhloso yokudlalauma ufuna isikrini sevidiyo, uma ucabangela i ukumaketha noma uma uncike ku incazelo yomthetho yenkathi ethile. Noma ngabe kunjalo, wonke la maphayona avula indlela yemboni elokhu iqhubeka nokukhula.
Ngemva kokubona zonke izingcezu, kuyacaca ukuthi imvelaphi yemidlalo yevidiyo iyisiphambano phakathi kwama-laboratories, ama-arcade, namahholo: kusuka. oscilloscope kuya ku I-TV yegumbi lokuhlala, kusukela ekukhanyeni kwe Nimrod kumapholigoni we Umjaho we-Virtua, kusukela ku-stylus ye TX-0 kuzinzwa ze I-Wii, kusukela kunselelo ye I-Spacewar! ezilinganisweni ze-Elo ze- MMOOkwaqala njengama-test kanye ne-curiosities ekugcineni kwaba yi- ukuzijabulisa okusebenzisanayo okubusayo yesikhathi sethu, futhi impikiswano mayelana "newokuqala", empeleni, izaba ezingcono kakhulu zokujabulela lonke uhambo.
Umbhali oshisekayo ngomhlaba wamabhayithi nobuchwepheshe ngokujwayelekile. Ngiyathanda ukwabelana ngolwazi lwami ngokubhala, futhi yilokho engizokwenza kule bhulogi, ngikubonise zonke izinto ezithakazelisayo kakhulu ngamagajethi, isofthiwe, ihadiwe, izitayela zobuchwepheshe, nokuningi. Inhloso yami ukukusiza ukuthi uzulazule emhlabeni wedijithali ngendlela elula nejabulisayo.