Umlando wamagciwane ekhompyutha: kusuka elukulukuni kuya ebugebengwini be-inthanethi

Umlando wamagciwane ekhompyutha uyamangalisa njengoba uphazamisa, ugcwele ubuhlakani, izinselele zobuchwepheshe, nokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqhubekayo. Ukuhlolisisa umsuka nokuthuthuka kwawo ukuhlola ukuzalwa kwekhompuyutha yesimanje, ubuciko bengqondo ekhaliphile, futhi, kunjalo, impi yaphakade phakathi kokuhlasela kwedijithali nokuzivikela. Kusukela ezimfundisweni zakuqala, ngokusebenzisa imigilingwane engenabungozi nokuhlola, kuya ezinsongweni eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingakhubaza amabhizinisi nohulumeni, uhambo lwalezi zinhlelo ezinonya lusifundisa okuningi mayelana nobudlelwano bethu nobuchwepheshe.

Ukuqonda indlela yamagciwane ekhompyutha akuyona nje indaba yelukuluku lobuchwepheshe, kodwa futhi nokuphepha nokuvimbela noma ubani osebenzisa amadivaysi axhunyiwe. Kulesi sihloko, uzothola ukuthi zavela kanjani, ngubani owayengemuva kwezehlakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu, ukuthi izindlela zabo zokusabalalisa nokuhlasela zivele kanjani, nokuthi ziwuthinte kanjani umphakathi uwonke.

Umsuka: Theory Behind Computer Viruss

Ukuze sikhulume ngomlando wamagciwane ekhompyutha, kumelwe sibuyele emuva kudala ngaphambi kokuba amakhompyutha omuntu siqu abe khona njengoba siwazi namuhla. Indlela yokuqala ebucayi yomqondo wohlelo oluziphindaphindayo lwenzeka esikhungweni semfundo ephakeme ngeminyaka yawo-1940, sibonga isazi sezibalo nesazi sefiziksi u-John von Neumann. Akazange akhulume “ngamagciwane” njengalokhu, kodwa wabeka isisekelo, emsebenzini wakhe othi, “Theory of the Self-Reproducing Automaton” (1966), mayelana nokuthi inhlangano eyimishini—noma ucezu lwekhodi—ayikwazi kanjani ukuziphindaphinda, kodwa futhi yasakazeka futhi ibangele nomonakalo kwezinye izinhlelo.

Umbono kaNeumann wawungaphambi kwesikhathi sawo kangangokuthi ingqalasizinda yokuwusebenzisa yayingekho. Lokhu kuhlolwa komcabango kwasikisela ukuthi, njengegciwane lebhayoloji, uhlelo lwekhompiyutha lungaphindaphinda futhi luthelele ezinye izinhlelo, ludale uhlobo oluthile lwempilo yokwenziwa. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, le miqondo ibonakale njengoba amakhompiyutha ethuthuka futhi exhumene kakhulu, evula indlela yokuhlolwa kwangempela kokuqala.

Ukuzalwa kwegciwane lokuqala lekhompyutha: i-Creeper

Ukweqa kusuka kuthiyori kuya ekusebenzeni akuzange kuthathe isikhathi eside ukufika. Ngo-1971, u-Bob Thomas, isisebenzi se-BBN Technologies, wasungula igciwane lekhompyutha lokuqala emlandweni: i-Creeper. Lolu hlelo lwalungeyona neze ingozi enonya; Kwacatshangwa njengobufakazi bomqondo. Inhloso eyinhloko kwakuwukukhombisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukudala isofthiwe ekwazi ukuhamba phakathi kwamakhompiyutha ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi ye-ARPANET, eyandulela i-Inthanethi futhi, ngaleso sikhathi, inethiwekhi encane elawulwa ngokuyinhloko nguMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-United States.

I-Creeper ayizange ichithe ulwazi noma yebe idatha. Elakwenza kwakuwukuziphindaphinda nje, ligxume lisuka kwelinye Isikhumulo komunye bese ekhombisa umyalezo othi: “NGIYIMNA. (“NginguCreeper, ngibambe uma ukwazi!”). Nakuba kungase kubonakale kungenangozi kithi namuhla, ngaleso sikhathi kwakuguquguqukayo, njengoba kwaphawula ukuqala kwe-viral computing.

Iqiniso elimangalisayo ukuthi ukumisa uCreeper, uRay Tomlinson — odume ngokusungula i-imeyili — udale i-antivirus yokuqala emlandweni, ebizwa ngokuthi iReaper. Lolu hlelo lunikezelwe ukuskena inethiwekhi, ukuthola amakhompyutha angenwe yi-Creeper futhi ayiqede, ngaleyo ndlela kusungulwe umdlalo waphakade wekati negundane phakathi kokuhlaselwa kwekhompyutha nokuzivikela.

Ukuhlolwa kokuqala kanye nemigilingwane yegciwane

Phakathi neminyaka yawo-70 nasekuqaleni kwawo-80, amagciwane ekhompyutha ahlala eyindaba yelukuluku nokuhlola, kunomonakalo wangempela. Isibonelo esidumile kwakuyigciwane likaRabbit (noma i-Wabbit), elavela ngo-1974. Ngokungafani ne-Creeper, i-Rabbit yayiklanyelwe izinjongo ezinonya: lapho ihlasela ikhompiyutha, yayiphindaphinda kakhulu, igcwalise uhlelo ngamakhophi ayo futhi ikhubaze ukusebenza kuze kube yilapho ingasetshenziswa.

Esinye isibonelo esibalulekile kule minyaka eyishumi igciwane le-Elk Cloner, eladalwa ngo-1982 nguRich Skrenta, osemusha oneminyaka engu-15 ubudala. Leli gciwane lisabalale ngamadiski e-floppy kuma-Apple II futhi laba nomthelela owawucasula kakhulu kunokulimaza: ngemuva kwenani elithile lokuqala, libonise inkondlo esikrinini. Nakuba kwakuhloswe ukuthi kube inkohliso, u-Elk Cloner waba igciwane lokuqala ukuzungeza “ngaphandle kwelebhu,” elithinta abasebenzisi basekhaya futhi lisakaza umqondo wezinhlelo ezisakazeka ngaphandle kwemvume.

Ngo-1983, usosayensi uFred Cohen waqamba ngokomthetho igama elithi “igciwane le-computer.” Ukuhlolwa kwakhe kwezemfundo kwabonisa ukuthi ucezu oluncane lwekhodi lungafakwa kanjani ngokucashile futhi luphindaphindwe kwezinye izinhlelo, ikakhulukazi ngokusekelwe encazelweni yokutheleleka. Lesi sigameko esiyingqopha-mlando besiwukhiye kumphakathi wesayensi ukuthi uqale ukubhekana nenkinga ngombono wangempela wokuphepha wekhompyutha, hhayi nje njengelukuluku.

Ukunyuka Kwamagciwane E-PC: I-Brain ne-Vienna

Isinyathelo esikhulu esilandelayo emlandweni wamagciwane ekhompyutha senzeka ngo-1986, ngokubonakala kwegciwane lokuqala le-IBM PC: Brain. Idalwe abafowethu u-Basit kanye no-Amjad Farooq Alvi ePakistan, i-Brain yakhelwe ukuvikela isofthiwe yabo ebugebengwini. Yathelela imikhakha ye ibhuthini yama-floppy disks, ebonisa imilayezo evela kubabhali ngokwabo futhi inciphisa ukusebenza kwesistimu, nakuba ayizange ichithe amafayela.

Okwenza i-Brain ibaluleke kakhulu ukuthi kwakuyigciwane lokuqala lamazwe ngamazwe ngempela: ukusabalala kwalo kwakushesha kangangokuthi abadali balo bathola izingcingo ezivela kuwo wonke umhlaba kubantu abathintekile becela usizo lokuqeda leli gciwane. Nakuba ingacekeli phansi, yabeka isibonelo sokusebenzisa amagciwane ukufuna amalungelo noma ukuhlukumeza, futhi yabonisa ukuthi isofthiwe enonya ingahamba kalula kanjani kuma-floppy disk.

Ngemva kweminyaka embalwa, kwavela elinye igciwane eliyisakhiwo sodumo elibizwa ngokuthi iVienna. Leli gciwane, ngokungafani ne-Brain, laklanyelwe ukudala umonakalo, licekela phansi amafayela kumakhompyutha we-MS-DOS ngaphandle kwesizathu esibonakalayo. I-Vienna yayiyigciwane lokuqala elachithwa yi-antivirus ethile, eyakhiwe yi-Brend Fix, futhi yaphawula ukuqala kokuthuthukiswa kwemboni ye-antivirus kanye nokukhuphuka kokuqwashisa komphakathi mayelana nesidingo sokuvikela izinhlelo zekhompiyutha.

Ukusuka elukulukuni olulula kuye ebugebengwini be-inthanethi: ngeminyaka yawo-80 nawo-90

Ngasekupheleni kwawo-80 nasekuqaleni kwawo-90 wabona ukuguqulwa kwamagciwane ekhompyutha abe izinsongo zangempela kubo bonke abasebenzisi. Ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zamagciwane kwaqala ukubonakala ngokuvela kwe-malware, Trojans, worms, nokuningi. Ngo-1989, i-ransomware yokuqala eyaziwayo yavela: i-AIDS Trojan, eyakhiwe nguJoseph Popp. Lolu hlelo lufihle amafayela kumsebenzisi ngemva kwenombolo ethile yokuqaliswa kabusha futhi lufune inkokhelo “yesihlengo” ukuze kubuyiselwe idatha.

Ngawo-90s, impumelelo enkulu kwaba ukuvela kwama-macroviruses. La magciwane ayegcinwe emibhalweni ye Microsoft Word noma i-Excel futhi yaqala ukusabalala ngamafayela, ikakhulukazi nge-imeyili. Ukuqhuma kwekhompiyutha yasekhaya neyamahhovisi kusize ukusabalala kwamagciwane afana ne-Concept, athelele amadokhumenti ngemizuzwana nje futhi weqa imingcele ngokungalawuleki.

Esinye sezikhathi ezigqame kakhulu safika ngo-1992 noMichelangelo, okwabangela ukwethuka emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yekhono layo lokusebenza ngedethi ethile futhi licekele phansi yonke idatha kukhompyutha enegciwane. Yize isibalo sabantu abathintekile besingephezulu ngendlela ebesatshwa ngayo, uMichelangelo uvuse umphakathi ngesidingo sokuvikelwa okusebenzayo futhi wanikeza umfutho oqinisekile embonini yokulwa namagciwane.

Isimo se-imeyili nobunjiniyela bezenhlalo

Ukusabalala kwe-imeyili emhlabeni wonke kunikeze indawo yokuzalanisa ephelele yokuvela kobunjiniyela bezenhlalo kumagciwane ekhompyutha. Ngo-1999, uMelissa waba ukuhlasela kokuqala okukhulu okwasakazwa nge-imeyili kusetshenziswa amasu okukhohlisa: umsebenzisi wathola umlayezo onokunamathiselwe, futhi lapho ewuvula, igciwane ladluliselwa ngokuzenzakalelayo kubo bonke abathintwayo abasebenzisi abathintekile, lisakazeka kakhulu.

Le ndlela yapheleliswa ngokufika kwe-ILOVEYOU edumile ngoMeyi 2000. Isuka ePhilippines, lesi sikelemu sethulwe njengesinamathiselwe ku-imeyili enesihloko esithi “Ngiyakuthanda.” Lapho ifayela libulawa, leli gciwane labhala phezu kwamafayela amaningi futhi laphinde lathumela umlayezo kulo lonke uhlu lwabathintwayo, lathelela izinkulungwane zamakhompyutha ngamahora ambalwa nje futhi labangela ukulahlekelwa kwezigidi. Umthelela wawo wawunjengoba ngokokuqala ngqa umphakathi womhlaba wonke waqonda ukuthi usongo lungavela kumuntu omethembayo, okuphoqelela ukuqapha okukhulu. Ama-imeyili okungalindelekile kanye nokukhuphuka kobunjiniyela bezenhlalakahle njengendlela yokuhlasela.

Ukubaluleka kwalezi zinsongo ukuthi zibonisa ukuthi ubungozi obukhulu banoma iyiphi isistimu kuhlala kungumsebenzisi uqobo. Ubunkimbinkimbi bobuchwepheshe begciwane bebungabalulekile njengekhono lalo lokukhohlisa izisulu ukuthi zichofoze izixhumanisi ezisolisayo noma zivule amafayela asolisayo.

Amagciwane, izikelemu kanye Trojans: a evolution njalo

Ukuqala kwenkulungwane entsha kuletha ukuhlukahluka nobunkimbinkimbi bohlelo olungayilungele ikhompuyutha yesimanje. Amagciwane, izikelemu (ezikwazi ukusabalalisa ngaphandle kokungenelela komuntu) kanye namaTrojan (ezifihla njengezinhlelo ezisemthethweni) aqala ukuhlalisana futhi aguquke ngokushesha. Isibonelo esimangalisayo yi-Code Red worm, okwathi ngo-2001 yasebenzisa ubungozi kumaseva e-inthanethi ye-Microsoft futhi yabangela umonakalo emhlabeni wonke, kusetshenziswa amakhompyutha angenwe yileli gciwane ukuqalisa ukuhlasela okuhlangene kumawebhusayithi afana nalawo e-White House.

Amanye amagama adumile i-Mydoom (2004), ekwazile ukuthelela ama-imeyili afika ku-25% emhlabeni, kanye ne-Conficker (2008), esasebenza ngokuhlukahluka okusha futhi okwakunzima kakhulu ukuqeda ngenxa yekhono layo lokukhubaza izinyathelo zokuphepha nokuzibuyekeza. Lawa magciwane agqamisa ukuphuthuma kokugcinwa izinhlelo ezisebenzayo kanye nezinhlelo zokuphepha ezihlala zisesikhathini samanje, kanye nokubaluleka kokuba nesu eliphelele lokuphepha.

Izinsongo Zanamuhla: I-Ransomware, ama-Botnets, kanye Nokukhubazeka Okubalulekile

Ukuvela kohlelo olungayilungele ikhompuyutha kwaqhubeka ngeminyaka yawo-2000. Kusukela ngo-2005, i-ransomware nama-botnets aba abalingiswa begagasi elisha lezinsongo. I-Ransomware iwuhlobo lwegciwane olubethela noma olukhiye ulwazi lomsebenzisi futhi lufune inkokhelo (imvamisa ukungena cryptocurrencies) ukumkhulula. Amacala ayingqophamlando afana ne-AIDS Trojan ngeminyaka yawo-80s ancishiswa yi-WannaCry ngo-2017, eyathinta izibhedlela, amabhizinisi, nezinhlangano zomphakathi emhlabeni jikelele, ibhala ngekhodi idatha yazo futhi ivimba izinsizakalo ezibalulekile kuze kube kukhokhwa isihlengo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-botnet angamanethiwekhi emishini ethelelekile (amakhompyutha, omakhalekhukhwini, ngisho nezinto zikagesi ezixhunyiwe) alawulwa ukude ukuze athumele ugaxekile, asakaze uhlelo olungayilungele ikhompuyutha, noma enze ukuhlasela kwe-distributed denial-of-service (DDoS). Lokhu kuhlasela kungakhubaza izinsizakalo ezibucayi futhi kwenze ubugebengu bamakhompuyutha baba imboni enenzuzo enkulu futhi eyingozi.

Esinye isahluko esibalulekile emlandweni wakamuva ukuvela kokukhubazeka okubucayi okufana ne-Heartbleed ngo-2014. I-Heartbleed bekungelona igciwane ngokwayo, kodwa iphutha lokuvikeleka kumtapo wolwazi we-cryptographic we-OpenSSL, osetshenziswa kumaseva amaningi emhlabeni jikelele. Ivumele abahlaseli ukuthi bakhiphe ulwazi olubucayi kumemori yeseva, okuhlanganisa amagama ayimfihlo nokhiye bokubethela, okubonisa ukuthi izingozi aziveli kuphela ezinhlelweni ezinonya kodwa futhi nezimbungulu zesofthiwe esemthethweni.

Ukwehlukahlukana kwezinsongo: izinhlobo zamagciwane ekhompyutha amanje

Namuhla, amagciwane ekhompyutha awamane aphindaphinde imodeli yabangaphambi kwawo. Kunezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezinsongo ezisebenzisa amasu akhethekile. Lokhu kubandakanya:

• I-Adware: ibonisa ukukhangisa okungafunwa noma okudukisayo, kuvimbele ulwazi lomsebenzisi.
• I-spyware: iqoqa ulwazi lomuntu siqu kanye nemikhuba yokuphequlula ngaphandle kwemvume.
• Izikelemu: Zisakazeka phakathi kwamakhompyutha namanethiwekhi, zigcwalisa izinsiza futhi zivumele ukungena kolunye uhlelo olungayilungele ikhompuyutha.
• I-Rhlengware: ithumba idatha ukuze ikhokhe.
• I-Trojans: Bazenza izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisemthethweni zokunikeza ukufinyelela okukude kubahlaseli.
• Ukuphishingana: ukhohlisa izisulu ukuthi zifake izinhlelo ezinonya ngama-imeyili noma imiyalezo mbumbulu.

Ubunkimbinkimbi bamanje buhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwe ukuhlakanipha okufakelwayo ukuze udale ukuhlasela okusebenza kahle kakhulu nangokwezifiso, ukuhlola amandla okuvikela kokubili abasebenzisi nezinkampani ezinkulu. Ukuze uqonde ukuthi ungazivikela kanjani kulezi zingozi, sincoma ukuthi uxhumane nezinsiza ezikhethekile izinhlobo zamagciwane ekhompyutha.

Indima yokuzivikela: ochwepheshe be-antivirus kanye ne-cybersecurity

Njengoba amagciwane ekhompiyutha eguquguquka, amathuluzi namasu athuthukisiwe ukuze amelane nawo. Isofthiwe ye-antivirus, eqale njengezinhlelo ezilula ezikwazi ukubona nokususa izinsongo ezaziwayo, isithuthuke kakhulu ukuze ihlanganise ukuhlaziya ukuziphatha, ubuhlakani bokwenziwa, kanye nezibuyekezo zesikhathi sangempela ukuze kukhonjwe izinhlobo ezintsha zohlelo olungayilungele ikhompuyutha.

Nokho, asikho isixazululo sobuchwepheshe esingenangqondo ngaphandle kwemikhuba emihle yokuphepha. Isici somuntu sihlala siyisixhumanisi esibuthakathaka, ngakho ukuqeqeshwa nokuqwashisa kubalulekile. Emkhakheni webhizinisi, ukuba nochwepheshe ku ukuphepha kwe-cyber ezingaqapha, zibone futhi zixazulule izikhala noma ubuthakathaka kubalulekile. Esimeni sasekhaya, ukugcina amadivayisi asesikhathini samanje, ukugwema ukuvula ama-imeyili asolisayo, nokuvikela ulwazi lomuntu siqu kuyizivikelo ezingcono kakhulu ezimelene nezinsongo ezikhulayo.

Umthelela wamanethiwekhi nesiko ledijithali

Ngokufika kwenkundla yezokuxhumana kanye nokuxhumana komhlaba wonke nge-inthanethi, uhlelo olungayilungele ikhompuyutha zithole indlela eshesha kakhulu nesebenza ngempumelelo yokusabalalisa. Izinkundla zemiyalezo esheshayo, izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula, kanye nezindawo ezihlanganyelwayo zenze kwaba lula ukusabalala kwamagciwane nama-Trojan ngesivinini ebesingenakucatshangwa emashumini eminyaka edlule. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiko ledijithali lanamuhla senze kwaba yinto evamile ukushintshana kolwazi, okwandisa amathuba okuthi uhlelo olungayilungele ikhompuyutha lungene lungabonakali.

Lo mongo usiphoqa ukuthi siqhubeke sicabanga kabusha ngamasu okuvikela futhi sicabange ukuthi impi phakathi kwabadali bohlelo olungayilungele ikhompuyutha kanye nochwepheshe be-cybersecurity ingumjaho webanga elide, lapho ukusungula izinto ezintsha nokuzivumelanisa nezimo kubalulekile.

Siyaphi? Ikusasa lamagciwane ekhompyutha

Ukubheka ikusasa lamagciwane ekhompyutha kusho ukwamukela ukuthi uguquko luwukuphela kwento engaguquki. Okwaqala njengokucekela phansi kwe-inthanethi manje sekuphenduke ubugebengu be-inthanethi obunezisusa zezomnotho, zezombusazwe, noma zomuntu siqu.

Izizukulwane ezintsha zohlelo olungayilungele ikhompuyutha zifaka ama-Trojan okufinyelela kude acishe angabonakali, izinsongo eziklanyelwe ngokukhethekile Amadivayisi eselula noma I-inthanethi Yezinto (IoT), nokuhlasela okusebenzisa ubungozi ezindaweni ezithengiswayo noma engqalasizinda ebalulekile. Yonke into ibonisa ukuthi abahlaseli bazoqhubeka nokubheka izindlela zokugwema ukuzivikela kwendabuko, besebenzisa amasu afana ne-polymorphism (ikhodi eshintsha isimo sayo ukuze igweme ukutholwa), ukuhlasela okuqondiswe kakhulu komuntu siqu kanye nokusetshenziswa IA ukuze uthuthukise imikhankaso yakho.

Kulo mjaho, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, ukusebenzisana phakathi kochwepheshe, nokuqwashisa umphakathi kuzoba ukhiye wokunciphisa umthelela wezinsongo ezizayo. Umlando wamagciwane ekhompyutha uyaqhubeka ukubhalwa nsuku zonke, futhi kuwumthwalo wawo wonke umuntu ukuzilungiselela izinselele ezintsha ezilethwa inkathi yedijithali.

Ukuvela kwamagciwane ekhompiyutha kukhombisa ngokwethembeka inqubekelaphambili yobuchwepheshe nokudala komuntu, kokubili kokuhle nokubi. Kusukela ekuhlolweni kwezemfundo kuya ebugebengu be-inthanethi obuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, lezi zinhlelo ziguqule indlela esisebenzisa ngayo nesivikela ngayo izinto zethu. Isikhali esingcono kakhulu esinaso sihlala sinolwazi nokuvimbela. Hlala unolwazi, vikela amasistimu akho, futhi ungabukeli phansi ubuhlakani babo bobabili abahlaseli nalabo abavikela i-inthanethi.