Umehluko phakathi kwezilimi zokuhlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu

Uma ubudlala ngombono wokufunda ukuhlela isikhashana, maduze nje uzohlangana inqwaba yezilimi ezahlukeneKungase kubonakale sengathi ilukuluku elilula, kodwa ukuqhathanisa indlela yokubhala ku-Python, JavaScript, Java, C, C++, Go, Swift, R, Ruby, Rust, VBA, C #, COBOL, ne-Fortran, kanye nokwehluka okuphawulekayo, kungaba iwindi eliphelele ezinhlobonhlobo zezwe elithuthukayo.

Izizukulwane ezihlukene zezilimi, ama-paradigms ahlukahlukene we uhlelo, amamodeli okubulala (ahlanganisiwe, ahunyushwa, aphakathi) nezinkambu zobungcweti ezihluke kakhulu...

Umlando omncane: kusuka ku-Ada Lovelace kuya ezilimini zamanje

Ukuze uqonde umehluko phakathi kwezinhlelo zanamuhla ze-"Hello World", kuhle ukukhumbula lokho Ukuhlela kwaqala kudala ngaphambi kokuba iPython noma iJava ibe khona.Ngo-1843, u-Ada Lovelace waklama lokho okubhekwa njenge-algorithm yokuqala yenjini yokuhlaziya kaCharles Babbage, waba umdidiyeli wokuqala emlandweni, nakuba lowo mshini ungakaze wakhiwe.

cunt el tiempo Izilimi ezidalwe ngokuhlonishwa kwakhe zizovela, njenge-Ada, lapho i-"Hello World" elula idinga isakhiwo esisemthethweni kunezilimi zanamuhla: ukumenyezelwa kwenqubo, ukusetshenziswa kwemitapo yolwazi yokufaka/yomphumela, kanye ne-syntax ephawulwe kakhuluLokho kuhluka kuyinkomba yokuthi izilimi zenziwe zaba lula kanjani phakathi namashumi eminyaka.

Njengoba ikhompyutha isithuthukisiwe, Izilimi eziklanyelwe izinhloso ezehlukene zavelaIkhompuyutha yesayensi, ukuphathwa kwebhizinisi, ukuhlela amasistimu, izinhlelo zokusebenza zewebhu, izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula imidlalo yevidiyoUkuhlaziywa kwedatha nokunye okuningi. Konke lokhu kubonakala namuhla ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokubhala umlayezo olula esikrinini.

Ekhulwini lama-21, sihlala nezilimi zakudala ezifana no-C, COBOL, noma i-Fortran kanye nezakamuva kakhulu ezifana ne-Go, Swift, Kotlin, noma Rust, ngayinye ifilosofi yayo yokuklama, i-ecosystem yayo, kanye nejika layo lokufunda.

Izinga eliphansi uma liqhathaniswa nezilimi ezisezingeni eliphezulu: yini ebonakalayo kokuthi "Sawubona Umhlaba"

Enye indlela yokuhlukanisa izilimi ngezinga lazo lokungafinyeleli: zifana kangakanani neziyalezo eziqondwa umshini uma kuqhathaniswa nokuthi zifana kangakanani nolimi lwabantu olufundekayo.

Ekugcineni eseduze hardware Sinolimi lomshini (amabhithi) nesihlanganisi, futhi uma ungathanda ukufunda okwengeziwe ungabona ukuthi kanjani Qala ukuhlela ku-RISC-V assemblerUhlelo oluthi "Sawubona Umhlaba" ngolimi lomhlangano we-DOS, ngokwesibonelo, ludinga nikeza inkumbulo yombhalo, layisha amarejista, ukuphazamiseka kwesistimu yezingcingo, futhi unqamule uhlelo mathuphaAkukho okufana nokujwayelekile print("Hola Mundo") IPython.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi izilimi ezisezingeni eliphezulu njengePython, Ruby, noma Visual Basic .NET, lapho umugqa owodwa noma emibili efundwa umuntu yanele futhi kuyafaneleka. Umhumushi noma umhlanganisi unesibopho sokuwahumushela kukhodi yomshini. ukuze iprosesa ikwazi ukuzisebenzisa.

Phakathi kukhona izilimi ezifana no-C no-C++, eziseduzane ne-hardware, kodwa sezivele zinikeza i-syntax ecacile. Uhlelo lwe-"Hello World" ku-C ludinga ukufakwa kwemitapo yolwazi ejwayelekile kanye nomsebenzi oyinhloko.Kodwa isahlangene ngendlela emangalisayo emandleni ewanikezayo.

Izizukulwane zezilimi zokuhlela

Olunye uhlobo lwakudala lwe ukuhlela isithombe Kungenxa yezizukulwane, lapho ukweqa ngakunye kwethula elinye izinga lokungafinyeleli noma ushintsho olukhulu endleleni yokuhlela:

• I-1GL (isizukulwane sokuqala): ulimi lomshini oluhlanzekile, konke ku- kanambambili, akufundeki kubantu.
• I-2GL (isizukulwane sesibili): i-assembler, enama-mnemonics njenge Mov o Yengeza esikhundleni sikaziro kanye nababodwa.
• I-3GL (isizukulwane sesithathu): izilimi ezisezingeni eliphezulu njenge C, C++, C#, Java, BASIC noma JavaScriptlapho esesiwahlonze amagama afana nesiNgisi.
• I-4GL (isizukulwane sesine): izilimi ezichazayo neziqondile, njenge SQL, PHP, Python, Ruby noma amagobolondo Unix, esetshenziswa kabanzi ku yolwazi kanye nokubhala.
• I-5GL (isizukulwane sesihlanu): kuqondiswe ekuxazululeni izinkinga ngezinga eliphezulu lokungafinyeleli futhi, ngokuvamile, ukwesekwa okubonakalayo, okufana I-Prolog, i-OPS5 noma i-Mercury.

Empeleni, zonke izilimi esizozibona uma sibhala "Sawubona Umhlaba" (Python, JS, Java, C, C++, Go, Swift, R, Ruby, Rust, VBA, C#, COBOL, neFortran) ngezalezi. izizukulwane ezisezingeni eliphezulu (3GL kanye ne-4GL)nakuba ifilosofi yabo ihluka kakhulu.

Izilimi ezihlanganisiwe, ezihunyushwayo neziphakathi

Elinye iphuzu elibalulekile elingabonakala nakuhlelo olulula kangaka ukuthi ikhodi yenziwa kanjani: kuhlanganiswe, kuhunyushwe noma ngendlela exubile.

• UkuhlanganisaI-C, C++, Go, Rust, Fortran, noma i-COBOL ziqale zihunyushwe ku- kanambambili yomdabu bese zisetshenziswa, okuvamise ukunikeza ukusebenza okuphezulu ngezindleko zesinyathelo esengeziwe sokuhlanganisa; ungakwazi Ukuhlanganiswa okuzenzakalelayo ne-Makefile.
• KuhunyushweI-Python, i-JavaScript, noma i-Ruby yenziwa ngomugqa ngomugqa kusetshenziswa umhumushi, okuthi Isiza ukulungisa iphutha kanye nentuthuko esheshayo. nakuba ijezisa kancane ukusebenza.
• LesisemkhatsiniI-Java noma i-C# ikhiqiza i-bytecode esebenza emshinini obonakalayo (JVM, CLR), kuhlanganiswe ukuphatheka nokwenza kahle ngokuhlanganiswa kwe-JIT; ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe, funda i- Umehluko phakathi kwe-Java nezilimi ezihunyushiwe.

Empeleni, ohlelweni lwe-"Hello World" akusho lutho, kodwa kumaphrojekthi amakhulu lowo mehluko unomthelela. ukuphatheka, isivinini, namathuluzi atholakalayofuthi uchaze ukuthi kungani izilimi ezithile zibusa ezinye izindawo hhayi ezinye.

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezilimi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu

Uma sibeka izilimi ozisho emugqeni wesikhathi, i Imephu icacile.:

• I-FORTRAN (1957)Idizayinelwe ukuhumusha amafomula ezibalo nesayensi, kwaba ulimi lokuqala olukhulu lwezinga eliphezulu.
• I-COBOL (1959): okugxile kwezamabhizinisi, okuklanyelwe ukusiza ukucutshungulwa kwedatha yebhizinisi nokuphatha.
• C (1972)Ithuthukiswe eBell Labs, yaba yisisekelo se izinhlelo ezisebenzayo nabadidiyeli abaningi.
• C++ (1983): isandiso esigxile entweni esingu-C esigcina amandla kodwa singeza izifinyezo zesimanje.
• I-Python (1991)Idalwe ngu-Guido van Rossum, ene-syntax ehlanzekile futhi igcizelela ekufundekeni.
• IJava (1991)Inikwe amandla yi-Sun, ngesithembiso esithi "yibhale kanye, iqhube noma yikuphi" sibonga i-JVM.
• I-JavaScript (1995)Idizayinwe nguBrendan Eich ezinsukwini ezimbalwa nje, ibe indinganiso yokwakheka kwewebhu eseceleni kweklayenti.
• U-Ruby (1995): Ulimi lokubhala olugxile entweni, lwaduma nguRuby on Rails.
• I-C# (2000s): Ulimi lwe-Microsoft lweplathifomu ye-NET, egqugquzelwe yi-C ne-Java.
• Hamba (2009): idalwe ngaphakathi -Google kumasistimu ahambisanayo nakalekayo, anokuhlanganiswa okushesha kakhulu.
• I-Swift (2014)Ukubheja kwe-Apple ukwenza intuthuko ibe yesimanje ku-ecosystem yayo phambi kwe-Objective-C.
• Rust (2010s)Uzalelwe eMozilla ngenhloso yokunikela ukuphepha kwenkumbulo nokusebenza okuphezulu.

Bonke banendlela yabo ethi "Sawubona Umhlaba", futhi lowo mehluko omncane we-syntax uvame ukudalula Iyiphi indawo ababedalelwe yona futhi imuphi umbono abayikhuthazayo?.

Ama-paradigm ohlelo: okubalulekile, okuqondiswe entweni, okumemezelayo, okusebenzayo...

Ngaphandle kwe-syntax, izilimi zihlanganiswa ngendlela ezibhekana ngayo nokuxazulula izinkinga, okubizwa ngokuthi ipharadigm yokuhlela.

Emhlabeni othi "Sawubona Umhlaba" sizohlangana ngaphezu kwakho konke no:

• OkubalulekileIkhombisa isinyathelo ngesinyathelo okufanele kwenziwe kanye nendlela yokushintsha isimo sohlelo. Izibonelo ezicacile yilezi C, Fortran noma Go.
• Ukumemezela: ichaza umphumela oyifunayo ngaphandle kokuchaza i-algorithm, njengoba kwenza SQL lapho uthintana nedatha, nakuba ingekho ohlwini lwethu lwe-"Hello World".
• Uhlelo olugxile entweni (OOP)Ihlela ikhodi ibe amakilasi kanye nezinto eziqoqa idatha nezindlela, njenge Java, C#, C++, Python, Ruby noma Swift.
• UkusebenzaIsekelwe emisebenzini ehlanzekile futhi igwema ukushintsha izimo zomhlaba, ibonakala kakhulu ezilimini ezifana ne-Haskell, nakuba izilimi eziningi zanamuhla (Python, Kotlin, JavaScript) hlanganisa ama-paradigms.
• I-Reagent: igxile ekugelezeni kwedatha nasemicimbini, exhumene kakhulu nemitapo yolwazi nezinhlaka (RxJS, Akka) kunezilimi ezithile.

Nakuba lokhu kungase kubonakale kungenamsebenzi ekunyatheliseni i-"Hello World", njengoba uhlelo lukhula kuyabonakala uma ulimi likuphusha ukuthi dala izinto, bhala imisebenzi emsulwa, noma imibuzo eyisimemezelo elandelanayo.

Ulimi ngalunye lungena kanjani emakethe yamanje

Ukubuka amavidiyo ahlukene e-"Hello World" kulungile, kodwa umbuzo abantu abavame ukuba nentshisekelo kuwo yilo: Iyini inhloso yeqiniso yolimi ngalunye namuhla, futhi iyini imiphumela yalo?

Uma sibheka amathrendi, izinkomba ezifana ne-TIOBE noma i-PYPL nezinhlolovo zonjiniyela, sithole amaphethini acacile:

• Python: iphumelela kakhulu kwisayensi yedatha, IAi-automation futhi isetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-backends ewebhu.
• I-JavaScript ne-TypeScript: kubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-frontend, futhi futhi kunamandla kakhulu ku-backend nge-Node.js.
• I-Java ne-C#: izinsika ezinhlelweni zamabhizinisi amakhulu, i-backend yezinkampani futhi, esimweni se-C #, nakumageyimu wevidiyo anobumbano.
• C no-C ++Ahlala eyisisekelo kumasistimu ashumekiwe, ama-kernels, izinjini zezithombe, nezinhlelo zokusebenza lapho ukusebenza kubaluleke kakhulu.
• Hamba futhi RustIzilimi zesimanje zengqalasizinda, amasistimu asebenza kahle kakhulu, nezinsiza ezingaka.
• Swift futhi KotlinIzinketho eziyinhloko ekuthuthukisweni kweselula kwendabuko iOS y Android, ngokulandelana.
• R: isetshenziswa kabanzi ekuhlaziyweni kwezibalo, ucwaningo kanye nemikhakha enomthwalo ophezulu wedatha.
• I-COBOL ne-Fortran: izilimi zakudala kodwa zisabalulekile ebhange, umshuwalense kanye nekhompyutha yesayensi.
• VBA: ikhona yonke indawo kuma-macros kanye ne-automation ngaphakathi kwe-ecosystem ye-Office.

Emsebenzini, lokhu kusho ukuthi izinkampani ngokuyinhloko zifuna amaphrofayili ukuqonda okuqinile kolimi olulodwa noma ezimbili eziyinhloko kanye nekhono lokufunda abanye ngokwezidingo zephrojekthi.

Iluphi ulimi ongalukhetha njengesinyathelo sokuqala

Ngemva kokubona izibonelo eziningi nezimo, kuvamile ukuzibuza: Iyiphi okumele ngiqale ngayo? Ayikho impendulo eyodwa, kodwa kuneziqondiso ezisebenzayo.

• Uma ufuna okuthile enobungane futhi enemisebenzi eminingiI-Python iyi-classic yesimanje: i-syntax ecacile, izinsiza eziningi kanye nemiphumela kudatha, iwebhu kanye ne-automation.
• Uma ukhangwa yi- webI-JavaScript iyadingeka, futhi maduze nje uzozuza ngokuyiqinisa nge-TypeScript.
• Uma unentshisekelo ku Izinhlelo zokusebenza omakhalekhukhwini bomdabuI-Swift (i-iOS) ne-Kotlin (i-Android) zingamahhashi okusebenza amanje.
• Uma bekubiza imidlalo yevidiyo noma ukuthuthukiswa kwenjiniI-C++ kanye ne-C# (ikakhulukazi ne-Unity) ziyizinkomba.
• Uma uthanda okuthile ukusebenza okuphezulu nezinhleloI-C, Rust noma i-Go yizinketho ezinamandla kakhulu, nakuba zidinga kakhulu ukuqala ngazo.

Okubalulekile okufanele ukuqonde ukuthi, uma usulwazi kahle ulimi lokuqala, Ukufunda abanye kulula kakhulungoba imiqondo yokuguquguquka, amaluphu, imisebenzi, izinto, nezakhiwo zokulawula ziphindaphindwa ngokuhluka okuncane.

Lonke lolu hambo, kusukela kuma-algorithms okuqala ka-Ada Lovelace kuya ezilimini zesimanje ezifana ne-Go, Swift, noma Rust, edlula ezakudala ezifana no-C, Java, COBOL, noma i-Fortran, ibonakala ngisho nasendleleni esibhala ngayo i-"Hello World" elula: I-syntax ngayinye ihlanganisa amashumi eminyaka okuziphendukela kwemvelo, amafilosofi edizayini ahlukile, kanye nezidingo zemboni eziqondile kakhulu.Ukuqonda lo mehluko akwanelisi nje ilukuluku, kodwa futhi kukusiza ukuthi ukhethe ukuthi yiluphi ulimi ozolufunda ngokwezinjongo zakho futhi wazise ukwehlukahlukana okukhulu okwenza umhlaba wezinhlelo ujabulise kakhulu.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Umehluko phakathi kwe-Java nezilimi ezihunyushiwe: umhlahlandlela ophelele

Isaka

Umbhali oshisekayo ngomhlaba wamabhayithi nobuchwepheshe ngokujwayelekile. Ngiyathanda ukwabelana ngolwazi lwami ngokubhala, futhi yilokho engizokwenza kule bhulogi, ngikubonise zonke izinto ezithakazelisayo kakhulu ngamagajethi, isofthiwe, ihadiwe, izitayela zobuchwepheshe, nokuningi. Inhloso yami ukukusiza ukuthi uzulazule emhlabeni wedijithali ngendlela elula nejabulisayo.