Konke mayelana nokuxhumana kwe-quantum: ukuthi kusebenza kanjani nokuthi kungani kuyikusasa

Ukuxhumana kwe-Quantum kungenye yaleyo mpumelelo yesayensi engazwakali nje njengenganekwane yesayensi, kodwa ethembisa ukuguqula ngokuphelele indlela esidlulisela ngayo futhi sivikele ulwazi. Lolu phiko olusafufusa lwefiziksi nobuchwepheshe lusekelwe ezimisweni eziyisisekelo ze i-quantum mechanics ukunikeza izixazululo zokudlulisa idatha ezivikeleke kakhulu, ezisheshayo, futhi ezisebenza kahle kakhulu kunalokho esike sazi.

Kulesi sihloko, sizocubungula kahle ukuthi kuyini ukuxhumana kwe-quantum, ukuthi kusebenza kanjani, ubuchwepheshe obukwenza kwenzeke, ukusetshenziswa kwakho komhlaba wangempela namuhla, kanye nezinselele ezisele. Uma uke wezwa ngemibono efana ne-qubits, i-quantum entanglement, noma i-quantum key distribution (QKD), sizochaza yonke into ngokuningiliziwe lapha, kodwa ngolimi olufinyelelekayo noluhlobene.

Kuyini ukuxhumana kwe-quantum futhi kusebenza kanjani?

Ukuxhumana kwe-Quantum wuhlobo lokudlulisa ulwazi olusekelwe ezimisweni ze i-quantum mechanics, ezihluke kakhulu ezindleleni zakudala. Ngenkathi kumanethiwekhi endabuko asetshenziswa bits (okungaba nenani lika-0 noma 1), kuhlaka lwe-quantum asetshenziswayo qubits, okubonga ku i-quantum superposition kungaba womabili amanani ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Ngokungeziwe ku-superposition phenomenon, ukuxhumana kwe-quantum kuncike kwenye impahla ebalulekile: i i-quantum entanglement. Lesi simo senza kube nokwenzeka ukuba izinhlayiya ezimbili, ngisho noma zihlukaniswe amabanga amade, zigcine ukuxhumana lapho isimo sokunye sithinta khona leso somunye.

Ukuvikeleka kwalobu buchwepheshe kulele eqinisweni lokuthi noma yimuphi umzamo wokuvimba ulwazi ushintsha isimo se-quantum sedatha, siyenze ukuhlola akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokutholwa. Kulesi simo, i- ukuxhumana kwe-quantum Zethulwa njengesixazululo soguquko.

Izisekelo zobuchwepheshe: I-Quantum Computing kanye ne-cryptography

Lolu hlobo lokuxhumana alunakuqondwa ngaphandle kwezinkambu ezimbili ezihambisanayo: i-quantum computing futhi i i-quantum cryptography. Bobabili banesibopho sokufaka ikhodi, ukucubungula nokuvikela ulwazi kusetshenziswa ama-qubits.

Kukhompyutha yakudala, amakhompyutha acubungula ulwazi esebenzisa izingcezu. Kodwa-ke, amakhompuyutha e-quantum asebenza ngama-qubits akwazi ukumela izwe elingaphezu kwesisodwa ngesikhathi, okuvumela ukubalwa okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuthi kwenziwe ngesikhathi esincane kakhulu. Ngale ndlela, kwakhiwa isakhiwo esisha se-computational esisekelwe ku-quantum physics.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-quantum cryptography isebenzisa izakhiwo zezinhlayiya ze-quantum ukukhiqiza okhiye abangakwazi ukunqanda noma ukukopishwa ngaphandle kokuthi kubonakale ukungena. Kulokhu, kusetshenziswa i-protocol ebizwa I-QKD (Quantum Key Distribution), okuvumela ukhiye ovikelekile ukuthi wabelane ngawo phakathi kwezinhlangothi ezimbili ukuze noma yimuphi umzamo wokufinyelela wangaphandle utholwe ngokuzenzakalelayo.

Ngenxa yale nqubo, i ukugcinwa okuyimfihlo kolwazi kuhlala kunjalo, njengoba isimo se-quantum se-qubits asikwazi ukwenziwa. Lokhu kwenza i-QKD ibe enye yezindlela ezivikeleke kakhulu ezake zenzelwe ukudluliswa kwedatha.

Izakhi ezibalulekile kunethiwekhi yokuxhumana ye-quantum

Ukuze inethiwekhi ye-quantum isebenze kahle, idinga izingxenye ezimbalwa ezibalulekile ezisebenzisanayo. Lokhu kubandakanya:

• Izikhawulo: amayunithi ayisisekelo olwazi lwe-quantum, asetshenziswa kukho kokubili ikhompyutha nokudluliswa kwedatha.
• I-Quantum Key Distribution (QKD): umthetho olandelwayo wokukhiqiza okhiye be-cryptographic abavikelekile ngokusekelwe kusimo se-quantum sama-qubits.
• Amafothoni: izinhlayiya zokukhanya ezisetshenziselwa ukudlulisa ulwazi lwe-quantum ngezintambo ze-fiber optic noma enye imidiya.
• I-Quantum entanglement: into evumela ama-qubits amabili ukuthi abelane ngolwazi ngokushesha kungakhathaliseki ibanga.
• Abaphindayo be-Quantum: amadivayisi aklanyelwe ukunweba ibanga lamasiginali we-quantum ngaphandle kokuphula isimo sawo.
• Ikhodi ye-Quantum: indlela yombhalo wekhodi wedatha kuma-qubits usebenzisa izakhiwo ze-superposition kanye ne-entanglement.

Ngenxa yazo zonke lezi zici, amanethiwekhi avikeleke kakhulu angakhiwa akwazi ukwenza a I-Global Quantum Internet. Ngalo mqondo, intuthuko ibalulekile ekusaseni lokuxhumana kwe-quantum.

Izicelo eziphawuleka kakhulu zokuxhumana kwe-quantum

Lolu hlobo lokuxhumana alubalulekile kuphela ngokombono wezobuchwepheshe, kodwa futhi lunobukhulu obukhulu umthelela ongaba khona emikhakheni ebalulekile like:

• Ezezimali: Ukuvikeleka okukhulisiwe kumabhange kanye nasezimakethe zamasheya ngenxa yezivumelwano ezifana ne-QKD.
• Uhulumeni Nezokuvikela: ukuthumela ukuxhumana okuyimfihlo kakhulu ngaphandle kwengozi yokugetshengwa.
• Impilo: ukuvikelwa kwedatha yomtholampilo ngokusebenzisa ukubethela kwe-quantum.
• Logistics nengqalasizinda ebalulekile: ukuvikelwa kwamandla, ezokuthutha kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula ezokuxhumana.
• Izimoto ezizimele nama-drones: sungula ukuxhumana okuvikelekile ngisho nasezimeni eziphuthumayo noma ezindaweni ngaphandle kokufakwa kwendabuko.

Zonke lezi zicelo sezivele zisesigabeni sokuthuthukiswa noma sokuhlola emazweni ahlukene, okubonisa ukuthi Ukuxhumana kwe-Quantum akusona isithembiso esikude, kodwa iqiniso elizothatha uhambo. Ukuqanjwa kabusha emkhakheni we-innovation kugcwele.

I-QKD: I-Quantum Key Distribution

Obunye bobuchwepheshe obuvelele kakhulu okwenza ukuxhumana kwe-quantum kwenzeke yi I-Quantum Key Distribution, ngokuvamile eyaziwa ngokuthi i-QKD. Le phrothokholi ivumela okhiye be-cryptographic ukuthi basatshalaliswe phakathi kwezinhlangothi ezimbili ngezinga lokuphepha elingakaze libonwe.

Okhiye bathunyelwa kusimo se-quantum kusetshenziswa ama-photon nama-qubits, okubavimbela ukuthi bakopishwe noma babanjwe benganakiwe. Izivumelwano ezaziwa kakhulu njenge BB84 vumela noma yimuphi umzamo wokungena ukuthi utholwe ngesikhathi sangempela.

Into ethakazelisa kakhulu nge-QKD ukuthi noma ngabe idatha ebethelwe yathathwa, ayikwazanga ukukhishwa ngaphandle kokhiye, futhi Lo khiye awukwazi ukuntshontshwa ngaphandle kokushiya umkhondo. Ngakho-ke, leli zinga lokuvikeleka lidlula noma ibuphi ubuchwepheshe bamanje, libeka ukuxhumana kwe-quantum njengekusasa lokudluliswa kwedatha okuvikelekile.

Abaphindayo be-Quantum kanye nenselelo yebanga

Enye yezinkinga ezifanele kakhulu kumanethiwekhi we-quantum ukuthi ama-photon abola ngebanga, njengoba izinto zezintambo ziwadonsa. Ukuxazulula le nkinga, okuthiwa abaphindayo be-quantum.

Ngokungafani neziphindaphinda zenethiwekhi zasendulo ezimane zikhulise isignali, abaphindayo be-quantum kufanele benze kanjalo ngaphandle kokwephula isimo se-quantum sezinhlayiya. Ukwenza lokhu, basebenzisa ama-qubits amaphakathi noma iziteshi ze-way ezinama-quantum processors akhulisa futhi asabalalise kabusha okhiye ngaphandle kokudlula esimweni sakudala.

Lokhu kuvumela isihluthulelo ukuthi sihlale sisesimweni se-quantum kulo lonke uhambo, ngaleyo ndlela siqinisekise ukuphepha okuphezulu phakathi kwamabanga amade. Le mpumelelo ibalulekile ekwandiseni i-.

I-Quantum Teleportation: Ukuxhumana ngaphandle kwendawo ebonakalayo

Omunye wemiqondo ethakazelisa kakhulu kulo mkhakha yilowo we inani le-teleportation. Nakuba kungase kubonakale njengokuthile okuvela ku-movie, kungokoqobo ngokuphelele ngokombono wenyama: ngokusebenzisa i-quantum entanglement yama-photon amabili, kungenzeka ukudlulisa isimo sesinye sazo kwesinye ngaphandle kwesidingo sesignali ebonakalayo ukuze uwaxhume.

Inqubo iqukethe enye yama-photons asebenzisana ne-memori qubit (ulwazi okufanele ludluliselwe). Lokhu kusebenzisana kushintsha isimo se-quantum senye i-photon ebambezelekile, ngaleyo ndlela kudlulisa ulwazi. ngokushesha nangokuphepha ngokuphelele.

Le nqubo ithuthukiswa ukudala amanethiwekhi okuxhumana esikhathi esizayo angaqeda ngokoqobo izintambo, izithumeli, noma amashaneli avamile. Kodwa-ke, izinselele ezibalulekile zisekhona, njengesizukulwane esikhulu nesizinzile sama-photon abambene phakathi kwamabanga amade.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-quantum communication ne-blockchain?

Nakuba womabili la magama ehlobene nokuvikeleka, kunomehluko obalulekile. I blockchain (blockchain) isebenzisa i-algorithms yezibalo eyinkimbinkimbi ukuze ivikele ulwazi. Kunzima kakhulu ukuphula, kodwa ngokombono bangase babe sengozini phambi kwamakhompyutha we-quantum anamandla kakhulu.

Ngokuphambene nalokho, Ukuxhumana kwe-Quantum kusekelwe emithethweni yemvelo eyisisekelo hhayi izibalo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi nakuba i-blockchain ingase iqhekeke ngolunye usuku, i-quantum cryptography-inqobo nje uma izimiso ze-quantum zihlonishwa-ayinakuphulwa, okungenani ngokolwazi lwamanje lwe-physics.

Amaphrojekthi wangempela: IYurophu, iChina, i-United States, neSpain

Ukuthuthukiswa kwalobu buchwepheshe akuhlali elabhorethri. Ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe, izinyathelo eziqinile sezivele zithathwa ukuletha amanethiwekhi we-quantum emhlabeni wangempela.

China Isungule ukwakhiwa kwenethiwekhi ye-quantum ebanzi kakhulu emhlabeni, enamakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-4.600 wefiber optical phakathi kweXinlong neShanghai. Waze wakwazi ukwenza ikholi yevidiyo yokuqala ye-intercontinental quantum esebenzisa isathelayithi iMicius.

United States, nakuba ifike kamuva, isiqale amaphrojekthi afana ne-Quantum Xchange namanethiwekhi emanyuvesi afana ne-Harvard, efinyelela izixhumanisi ezingafika kumamayela angu-22 ngenethiwekhi yokuvimbela ama-hacker.

IYurophu, ngohlelo lwe-EuroQCI, ibheja kungqalasizinda yayo yokuxhumana ye-quantum. Amazwe anjengeJalimane, iSwitzerland, neSpain asevele enawo amaphrojekthi esigabeni sokusatshalaliswa.

En España, amabhizinisi afana ne-Quantum Research Group yase-Polytechnic University kanye nokuthuthuka kwe-QuantumCat e-Catalonia kuyagqama. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i- Uhlelo Lokuxhumana Lwe-Quantum Oluhambisanayo Iyingxenye yoHlelo Lokubuyisela, olutshalwe imali engaphezu kwama-euro ayizigidi ezingu-73.

Izinzuzo kanye nokubi kwamanethiwekhi we-quantum

Njenganoma ibuphi ubuchwepheshe obusafufusa, Amanethiwekhi e-Quantum anikeza izinzuzo eziningi kodwa futhi babhekana nezinselele ezinkulu.

Izinzuzo

• Ukuphepha okunganqamuki: Noma yimuphi umzamo wokugebenga uyabonakala futhi wenza ukhiye ube yize.
• Isivinini: Ngokuxhumanisa, ukudlulisa cishe ngokushesha kufinyelelwa.
• Ukwehluka: Ngokunganciki kwingqalasizinda evamile, ingakhula ngokuphumelelayo.
• Ulungele ikusasa: Azincikile kuma-algorithms angase aphelelwe yisikhathi.

nebubi

• Izindleko eziphezulu: Namuhla, amadivaysi e-quantum ayabiza futhi ayinkimbinkimbi.
• Ukungahlangani: Ama-Qubits antekenteke kakhulu futhi alahlekelwa isimo sawo kalula.
• Isilinganiso sebhithi esinomkhawulo: Asenensa kunamanethiwekhi omdabu ngokuya ngevolumu yedatha.
• Ingqalasizinda enomkhawulo: Akukho ukusabalala komhlaba wonke noma ukusatshalaliswa ngobuningi okwamanje.

Nokho, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuhlala njalo, futhi izithiyo ziyanqotshwa ngokushesha, okwenza kucace ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe buzomaka ngaphambi nangemuva komlando wezokuxhumana.

Ukuxhumana kwe-Quantum sekukulungele ukuchaza kabusha indlela esisebenzisana ngayo ngokwedijithali, kususe ubuthakathaka obuningi banamuhla futhi kuvule amathuba amaningi esisaqala ukuwaqonda. Nakuba kusekude phambili mayelana nentuthuko, izindleko, nokwandisa amanethiwekhi, izinyathelo eziqinile ezithathwe emazweni anjengeChina, i-United States, neSpain zibonisa ukuthi ikusasa seliqalile. Kusukela ezibhedlela eziphephile kuya emisebenzini yasebhange engathinteki, amathuba makhulu ngendlela ajabulisa ngayo.

I-athikili ehlobene:

I-China ifinyelela impumelelo ebalulekile kuma-quantum photonic chips

Isaka

Umbhali oshisekayo ngomhlaba wamabhayithi nobuchwepheshe ngokujwayelekile. Ngiyathanda ukwabelana ngolwazi lwami ngokubhala, futhi yilokho engizokwenza kule bhulogi, ngikubonise zonke izinto ezithakazelisayo kakhulu ngamagajethi, isofthiwe, ihadiwe, izitayela zobuchwepheshe, nokuningi. Inhloso yami ukukusiza ukuthi uzulazule emhlabeni wedijithali ngendlela elula nejabulisayo.