- Ukuphepha okungenawo amawashi kuhlobene nemiklamo ye-CPU engahambisani, lapho ukuncika ewashini lomhlaba wonke kuncishiswa noma kuqedwa khona.
- Amaprosesa anamuhla ahlanganisa ama-cache, ama-MMU, ukufana, kanye nemicu eminingi, okwenza kube nzima ukusebenza kanye nokuphepha.
- Imiklamo engenawo amawashi inganciphisa ukuhlaselwa kwesikhathi, kodwa idinga izindlela ezintsha zokuqapha nokuhlola. hardware.
- Ukwenziwa kwe-Virtualization, ama-vCPU, kanye nezisheshisi ezikhethekile zandisa indawo yokuhlasela, okwenza kube kubalulekile ukuhlanganisa ukuphepha kusukela ezingeni le-silicon.
Isisho Ukuphepha okungenawashi kuzwakala njengomqondo wesikhathi esizayo.Kodwa empeleni kuhlobene kakhulu nendlela amaprosesa nezinhlelo zamanje eziklanywe futhi zivikelwe ngayo. Ukuze sikuqonde kahle, sidinga ukuhlola ukuthi i-CPU isebenza kanjani ngaphakathi, ukuthi ukuqaliswa kwemiyalelo kuhlelwe kanjani, nokuthi iyiphi indima edlalwa yisignali yewashi edumile ekubekeni ijubane lohlelo lonke.
Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, abaprosesa bebesemncintiswaneni wokwandisa isivinini sabo. imvamisa yewashi, hlanganisa ama-transistors amaningi futhi wandise ukufana kwawoNgesikhathi esifanayo, kuye kwavela imiklamo ezama ukugqashula ekuthembeleni ewashini lomhlaba wonke, kungaba kulo lonke i-chip noma ezingxenyeni ezithile. Le ndawo, yemiklamo engahambisani noma engenawo iwashi, ivula amathuba athakazelisayo kakhulu maqondana nokusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nokushabalaliswa kokushisa… kanye nezinselele ezithile zokuphepha ezivame ukuhlanganiswa ngaphansi komqondo wokuphepha okungenawo iwashi.
I-CPU njengesikhungo sesistimu kanye nobudlelwano bayo newashi
Uma sikhuluma ngokuphepha okuhlobene namawashi, into yokuqala okufanele uyikhumbule ukuthi iyini ngempela i-CPU. Empeleni, i- Iyunithi yokucubungula ephakathi yingqondo yekhompyutha.: ingxenye echaza futhi isebenzise imiyalelo yohlelo, ixhumanisa inkumbulo, okokufaka/okukhiphayo kanye nama-coprocessor akhethekile afana nama-GPU.
Ngaphakathi kwe-CPU yesimanje, sithola amabhlogo amaningana ahlukene. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona iyunithi ye-logic yezibalo (i-ALU)Iyunithi ye-arithmetic logic (ALU) inesibopho semisebenzi yezibalo neye-logical enezinombolo eziphelele. Bese kuba namarejista, okuyizinkumbulo ezincane, ezishesha kakhulu lapho kugcinwa khona idatha iprosesa esebenza ngayo njengamanje. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, kukhona iyunithi yokulawula enqumayo, umjikelezo ngomjikelezo, ukuthi yini okufanele yenziwe, ukuthi yini okufanele ifundwe kusuka kwimemori, nokuthi yini okufanele ibhalwe.
Amaprosesa amaningi anamuhla ayimiklamo ehambisanayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi wonke lawo mabhulokhi angaphakathi ahlanganiswa kusetshenziswa i- isignali yewashi ephindaphindwayouhlobo lwe-metronome ye-elekthronikhi ebeka ijubane lokusebenza. Ukuthikha ngakunye kwaleli washi kuqhubekela phambili isinyathelo esisodwa salokho okubizwa ngokuthi umjikelezo wemiyalelo: umyalelo uyalandwa, uhlelwe kabusha, usetshenziswe, imiphumela iyagcinwa, bese umjikelezo uqala futhi.
Kuprosesa yendabuko, iwashi likhiqizwa yi-oscillator yangaphandle ethumela izigidi noma izigidigidi zama-pulse ngomzuzwana. Imvamisa yalezi pulse, ezilinganiswa nge-hertz, i-megahertz, noma i-gigahertz, isitshela ukuthi zingaki "ama-tick" i-CPU enawo ngomzuzwana ngamunye ukuze ihambise idatha futhi yenze imisebenzi. Uma imvamisa yewashi iphakeme, kulapho umsebenzi ongaba khona ngomzuzwana uba mkhulu khona.uma nje yonke enye ingxenye yesakhiwo ihambisana nayo.
Ngakho-ke, ukusebenza akuxhomekile kuphela ewashini, kodwa futhi nokuthi zingaki imiyalelo ngomjikelezo ngamunye (IPC) Iyakwazi ukuqeda iprosesa. Umkhiqizo we-frequency-to-IPC usinika umbono wezigidi zemiyalelo ngomzuzwana ongayenza, yize izibalo zethiyori zivame ukuba nethemba kakhulu kunalokho okubonakala ngempela ezinhlelweni zangempela.
Kusukela kuzintambo eziqinile kuya kuma-microprocessor ahlanganisiwe
Ukuze kufakwe imiklamo engenawashi kumongo, kuyasiza ukubukeza ukuthi i-CPU ithuthuke kanjani. Amakhompyutha okuqala kagesi, njenge-ENIAC, ayenjalo. imishini yohlelo oluhleliwe olunezintamboUkuze kushintshwe imisebenzi, uhlelo kwadingeka luphinde luxhunywe ngogesi. Umqondo oguqukile kwakuyikhompyutha yohlelo olugciniwe, lapho imiyalelo ihlala khona enkumbulweni; iprosesa imane ifunde futhi iyisebenzise.
Lokho kwakhiwa kwezinhlelo ezigciniwe okuhlobene noJohn von Neumann kwagcina kuphumelele. Kuyo, Imiyalelo kanye nedatha zabelana ngesikhala sememori esifanayoNgokungafani nokwakhiwa kweHarvard, okuhlukanisa ngokoqobo izinhlobo zombili zolwazi, namuhla cishe wonke ama-CPU ajwayelekile alandela ukwakhiwa kwe-von Neumann, yize kusekhona amaprosesa amaningi ahlanzekile noma ahlanganisiwe eHarvard emhlabeni ohlanganisiwe.
Amaprosesa okuqala akhiwe ngama-relay noma amashubhu e-vacuum. Ayemakhulu, ehamba kancane, futhi ayene- ukuthembeka kunqunyelwe kakhulu. Ukugxumagxuma kuya ku-transistor yesimo esiqinile ngawo-50 kanye nawo-60 kwavumela khulisa kakhulu isivinini futhi unciphise ukusetshenziswa kanye nosayiziKusukela lapho, ushintsho lwenziwa kusukela kumasekethe ahlukene kuya kumasekethe ahlanganisiwe (ama-IC), kufakwa ama-transistors amaningi kwi-chip eyodwa.
Ngokufika kwesekethe ehlanganisiwe, okokuqala i-small-scale (SSI), bese kuba i-medium-scale (MSI), i-large-scale (LSI), bese kuthi ekugcineni i-very-large-scale (VLSI), i-CPU yacindezelwa yaze yangena. konke ku-chips eyodwa noma ezimbalwaLokhu kuhlanganiswa kwaphetha nge-microprocessor, lapho yonke iyunithi yokucubungula yenziwa khona nge-chip eyodwa ye-silicon.
El Intel 4004I-Intel 8080, eyakhishwa ngo-1971, yayingenye yama-microprocessor okuqala ezentengiselwano. Kwalandela imiklamo enamandla kakhulu, njenge-Intel 8080, eyaba yisisekelo samakhompyutha omuntu siqu. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, igama elithi CPU cishe lalisetshenziswa njalo ukubhekisela kula ma-microprocessor.
Izingxenye ezibalulekile zangaphakathi ze-CPU yesimanje
Ama-CPU anamuhla anikela ingxenye enkulu yobuso bawo be-silicon ezintweni ezisizayo ezenzelwe ukuze uthole okuningi kuyo yonke imijikelezo yewashiIsibonelo, cishe yonke iprosesa ifaka amazinga amaningana e-cache: izinkumbulo ezincane kodwa ezisheshayo kakhulu ezitholakala eduze kwama-cores agcina amakhophi edatha esetshenziswa kakhulu ukuze angadingi ukufinyelela i-RAM njalo.
Ngaphezu kwe-L1, L2, kanye ne-L3 cache ngokuvamile, i-CPU eyinkimbinkimbi ifaka phakathi iyunithi yokuphatha inkumbulo (i-MMU) ehumusha amakheli angokoqobo (lawo aphathwa uhlelo lokusebenza) abe amakheli angokoqobo ku-RAM, ilawula inkumbulo ebonakalayo futhi inikeza ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwezinqubo.
Endizeni yokubala sineziniyunithi eziningana ezikhethekile zokwenza: i-ALU yezinombolo eziphelele, i- iyunithi yephoyinti elintantayo (i-FPU) Kumisebenzi yedesimali, amayunithi okukhiqiza amakheli (ama-AGU) asetshenziselwa ukubala ngokushesha izindawo zememori, futhi kuzakhiwo eziningi, amayunithi evektha noma ama-SIMD asetshenziselwa ukusebenza kumaphoyinti amaningi wedatha ngasikhathi sinye.
Kukhona futhi iyunithi yokulawula, engaba yi-logic ehlanganisiwe noma esekelwe kuma-microcode, okungukuthi, uhlelo lwangaphakathi oluhumusha yonke imiyalelo yezinga eliphezulu ngokulandelana kwezimpawu zokulawula zangaphakathi. Kumaprosesa amaningi, le microcode ingabuyekezwa, okuvumela ukulungiswa kwamaphutha okuklama noma ukulungiswa kokuziphatha ngemva kweqiniso.
Okokugcina, kunenqwaba yamarejista angaphakathi: amarejista enhloso ejwayelekile, ama-accumulators, ama-program counters, amarejista esimo anamafulegi abonisa izinto njengokuthi umphumela womsebenzi u-zero, u-negative, noma ukhiqize ukugcwala, njll. Konke lokhu kuhlelwe ngokulandela i-classic loop. ukuthwebula, ukucacisa kanye nokufeza imiyalelo.
Indlela yokusebenzisa uhlelo isinyathelo ngesinyathelo
Ukusebenza okuyisisekelo kwanoma iyiphi i-CPU kuphelela ekulandeni imiyalelo kwimemori bese uyicubungula ngokulandelana. Lokhu kwenzeka ngezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko. Okokuqala, isigaba se bamba (ukulanda), lapho imiyalelo okukhulunywa ngayo yikhawunta yohlelo ifundwa ngekhanda.
Okulandelayo kuza isigaba sokubhala ikhodi. Imiyalelo esanda kubanjwa idlula ku-binary decoder ehlola ikhodi yayo yokusebenza (i-opcode) kanye ihumusha lelo phethini lebhithi libe amasignali aqinile okuvumela noma ukukhubaza izingxenye zeprosesa. Yilapho kunqunywa khona ukuthi ngabe kuyinto eyengeziwe, ukugxuma, umthwalo ovela kwimemori, njll., nokuthi yimaphi amarejista noma amakheli ahilelekile.
Ekugcineni, umsebenzi uyenziwa. I-ALU noma iyunithi ehambisanayo yenza ukubala noma ukunyakaza kwedatha, futhi umphumela uvame ukugcinwa kurejista noma kwimemori. Uma ukugeleza kohlelo kudinga ukuguqulwa, isibonelo ngokugxuma okunemibandela, ikhawunta yohlelo ibuyekezwa ngekheli elisha. Leyo sethi ye imiyalelo, idatha, kanye nokugxuma Yiyo egcina yakha ama-loop, imisebenzi, izimo kanye nayo yonke i-logic yezinhlelo zethu.
Kuma-processor alula, konke kwenzeka ngokulandelana nangokulandelana. Kodwa kuma-CPU anamuhla Eziningi zalezi zigaba zihambisana ngokusebenzisa amasu okufanisaUmgomo uwukuthi umjikelezo ngamunye wewashi wenze umsebenzi omningi ngangokunokwenzeka, nokuthi ihadiwe ingabi yinto engasebenzi.
Ukufana, ukuxhumanisa, kanye nokusebenza okungaphandle kokuhleleka
Ukuze bagweme ukuchitha iwashi, abaklami bethule imiyalelo yokuhlanganisa amapayipiIndlela yedatha ihlukaniswe ngezigaba eziningana, efana nomugqa wokuhlanganisa. Ngenkathi umyalo owodwa uhlelwa, olandelayo usuvele ulandwa kwimemori, kanti omunye ungase usebenze ku-ALU.
Inkinga ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi umyalelo owodwa udinga umphumela womunye ongakaqedi. Lokhu kudala ukuncika kwedatha futhi kuphoqe ukwethulwa kwamabhamuza noma ukulinda endleleni. Ukuze kuncishiswe lokhu kubambezeleka, amasu anjengokudlulisa i-operand, ukubikezela kwegatsha, kanye kamuva, ukwenziwa ngaphandle kwe-oda, lapho iprosesa ihlela kabusha imiyalelo ngaphakathi uma nje umphumela wokugcina wohlelo uhlonishwa.
Isinyathelo esilandelayo kwaba ukwakheka kwe-superscalar: ukuhlomisa iprosesa ngamayunithi amaningana okusebenza ohlobo olufanayo ukuze ikwazi ukwenza kanjalo khipha imiyalelo eminingi ngomjikelezo wewashi ngalinyeuma nje kungekho ukungqubuzana phakathi kwazo. Umthumeli wangaphakathi uhlaziya ukugeleza kwemiyalelo, athole ukuthi yini engenziwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, bese eyisabalalisa phakathi kwamayunithi ahlukene.
Zonke lezi tricks Zifakiwe ngaphakathi kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukuhambisana kokufundisa (i-ILP)Ukulinganiselwa okusebenzayo kwalezi zindlela kanye nobunzima obukhulayo bokukhulisa isivinini sewashi ngaphandle kokukhulisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwamandla nokushisa kusho ukuthi, ngesikhathi esithile, abakhiqizi nabo baqala ukutshala imali... ukuhambisana kwezinga lomsebenzi: imicu eminingi kanye nama-core amaningi nge-chip ngayinye (kanye nezindlela ezifana ne- indawo yokupaka yama-cores).
Yile ndlela abazalwa ngayo ama-multicore processors kanye nezakhiwo ezine-hardware multithreading, lapho umongo ngamunye ungagcina isimo semicu eminingana yokusebenza futhi ushintshe ngokushesha phakathi kwayo ukuze usebenzise kangcono izinsiza zangaphakathi kuyilapho eminye imicu ilinde idatha evela kwimemori.
Indima yemvamisa yewashi kanye nemikhawulo yayo engokomzimba
Uma sibuyela ewashini, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi isignali evumelanisa iprosesa, ekugcineni, i- isignali kagesi esakazeka nge-chipNjengoba amaza anda futhi inani lama-transistor likhula, ukugcina leso siginali siqondaniswe kahle kuyo yonke indawo kuba nzima kakhulu. Ukusatshalaliswa kwewashi, ukushintsha kwesigaba, kanye nezinkinga zobuqotho besiginali kuyavela.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuguquka kwewashi ngakunye kubangela ukuthi ama-transistors amaningi ashintshe isimo, noma ngabe indawo ethile yeprosesa ayenzi lutho oluwusizo ngaleso sikhathi. Lokhu kuhunyushwa ku- ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nokushabalaliswa kokushisa ukuze nje kugcinwe i-metronome isebenza. Ukuze kuncishiswe lokhu, kwaqalwa amasu anjengokugada iwashi, okuvala ngokukhetha isignali yewashi kumabhulokhi angasetshenziswanga, okunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla.
Kodwa-ke, ngale komkhawulo othile, ukwandisa imvamisa akusasebenzi kahle: izinkinga zokusetshenziswa, izinga lokushisa, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwewashi ziyanda. Leyo nkinga Lesi ngesinye sezizathu zokuthi kungani umqondo wokusabalalisa, ngokuphelele noma ngokwengxenye, ngewashi lomhlaba wonke uhlolisisiwe: yilapho imiklamo engahambisani noma "engenawo iwashi" iqala ukusebenza khona.
Ngomklamo ongahambisani nesikhathi, esikhundleni sokuba newashi elilodwa eliphawulayo el tiempo kuyo yonke i-chip, Yidatha kanye nezimpawu zokulawula ngokwazo ezivumelanisa imisebenziAmabhulokhi axhumana ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokucela nokuvuma (ukuxhawulana): uma idatha isilungile, umkhiqizi wazisa umthengi, futhi umthengi usabela ngaphandle kokulinda umkhawulo wewashi oqondile.
Zakhiwe amaprosesa angavumelani ngokugcwele Iyahambisana namasethi emiyalelo aziwayo, njengomndeni we-AMULET osuselwe ku-ARM noma amaphrojekthi asuselwe ku-MIPS. Kukhona futhi nemiklamo ehlanganisiwe, lapho amayunithi athile kuphela (isibonelo, i-ALU ethile) asebenza ngaphandle kwewashi lomhlaba wonke, kuyilapho yonke ingxenye yeprosesa ihlala ihambisana.
Sisho ukuthini ngokuphepha okungenawashi?
Uma kukhulunywa ngokuphepha okungenawashi, imibono emibili ixubene: ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwakheka okungenasilinganiselo njengoba indlela yokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa nokushisaNgakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona okushiwo ukulahla iwashi lapho kuhlaziywa, kubhekwa futhi kuvikelwa ukuziphatha kohlelo ekuhlaselweni noma ekuhlulekeni.
Ezinhlelweni ezihambisanayo, amathuluzi amaningi okuphepha nokuqapha ancike ekubeni khona kwe- isigqi sesikhathi esizinzile nesibikezelekayoKulula kakhulu ukubala imijikelezo, ukukala ukuthi ukuhlinzwa okuthile kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani, noma ukuzama ukuthola ukuziphatha okungajwayelekile ngokulinganisa ukushintshashintsha kwezikhathi okufanele kube njalo.
Kuhlelo olungenawo umjikelezo noma olungenawo iwashi kancane, lezi zinkomba zesikhathi eziqinile ziyancishiswa. Isikhathi sokusebenza singancika ekutholakaleni kwedatha yangempela, ukuminyana kwemizila ethile yangaphakathi, noma ukuhlukahluka okuncane ngokomzimba. Ngokombono womhlaseli, lokhu kungenza kunzima kakhulu ukufaka ukuhlaselwa kwesiteshi esiseceleni okusekelwe esikhathiningoba iwashi lomhlaba wonke elisebenza njengereferensi evamile liyanyamalala.
Kodwa-ke, lolu hlobo olufanayo oluguquguqukayo luphinde lwenze kube nzima kunoma ubani ofuna ukubuka nokuhlola uhlelo ngaphakathi. Ama-probe amaningi kanye nama-hardware counters aklanyelwe ukusebenza ngokusekelwe emijikelezweni yewashi; ngaphandle kwewashi lomhlaba elicacile, linganisa ukusebenza bese uthola imisebenzi esolisayo Kube sekudinga ezinye izindlela zokulinganisa kanye nezindlela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka okungenazo izinsiza, ngokukhululwa ewashini, kuvumela izindlela zedatha ukuthi zisebenze ngezikhathi ezihlukile kancane ekusebenzeni ngakunye, okungenzeka yenza ngokungahleliwe ukuvuza kwesikhashana Kodwa kungavula neminye iminyango, isibonelo ngesimo samaphethini okusetshenziswa kwamandla ahlukene futhi ayinkimbinkimbi angasetshenziswa ngokuhlaselwa kokuhlaziywa kwamandla.
Ukumelwa kwedatha, usayizi wamagama, kanye nokuphepha
Esinye isici esibalulekile esihlobene nokwakhiwa kwe-CPU ukuthi imelela futhi iphatha kanjani idatha. Cishe bonke abaprosesa besimanje basebenzisa ukumelwa okubili, ngamanani e-voltage ahambisana no-0 no-1. Usayizi wamagama (8, 16, 32, 64 bits…) unquma ububanzi bezinombolo eziphelele ezingaphathwa ngqo kanye nenani lememori ekwazi ukulungiselelwa.
Ngokombono wokuphepha, usayizi wamagama uthinta isikhala sekheli kanye namathuba okuba ukushayisana, ukugcwala ngokweqile, kanye namaphutha okukhombaUhlelo lwe-32-bit olunamakheli angaba ngu-2^32 lunemikhawulo ecacile kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nohlelo lwe-64-bit. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlela eziningi zokuvikela zesimanje, njengezandiso ezithile zememori ezivikelwe, zithembele ekubeni nesikhala esikhulu sekheli.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-MMU kanye nokuhumusha ikheli nakho kwethula ungqimba olwengeziwe phakathi kohlelo kanye nenkumbulo ebonakalayo, into ebalulekile ku- izinqubo zokuhlukanisaSebenzisa inkumbulo ebonakalayo futhi uvikele i-kernel. Ezimweni ezingahambisani, ukuhlanganiswa phakathi kwalezi zinguqulo kanye nezimpawu zesandla phakathi kwamabhulokhi angenawo amawashi kumele kuklanywe kahle kakhulu ukuze kugwenywe ukudala izimbobo zokuphepha noma izimo zomjaho.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izandiso ze-vector (SIMD) kanye namayunithi e-floating-point avumela ukusebenza ngedatha enkulu ngesikhathi esifanayo. Lena inkemba esika nhlangothi zombili: ngakolunye uhlangothi, Isheshisa ama-algorithms e-cryptographic kanye nemisebenzi yokuhlaziya.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma isetshenziswa kabi, inikeza amandla amakhulu okusebenzisa ikhompyutha ukuze iphule ama-cipher abuthakathaka noma iqalise ukuhlasela ngamandla amakhulu.
Esimweni esingenawashi noma esingahambisani kahle, indlela lawa mayunithi ekhompyutha ahambisanayo ahlelwe futhi avikelwe ngayo kumele acabangele lokho Amaphethini okusebenza nokusetshenziswa awasalandeli isigqi esinqunyiwe esinqunywa yiwashi.kodwa izosabela ekuguqukeni kwangempela kwedatha, okuphinde kuthonye ukwakheka kwezinyathelo zokulwa neziteshi eziseceleni.
Ukulingana okukhulu, ukuhlanganisa izintambo eziningi, kanye nama-vector: umthelela ekuphepheni okungenawashi
Amaprosesa esimanje ahlose ukwandisa ukusebenza hhayi nje ngokukhulisa isivinini sewashi, kodwa nangokusebenzisa umsebenzi omningi ngesikhathi esifanayo. Lokhu kuhilela ama-cores amaningi, i-hardware multithreading, kanye amayunithi e-vector akwazi ukucubungula amaphuzu amaningi edatha ngomyalo ngamunyeNgaphezu kwakho konke lokhu ukwanda kwezisheshisi ezithile ezifana nama-GPU, ama-DSP, noma ama-TPU.
Ngokombono wokuphepha, ibhulokhi ngayinye entsha yokwenza kanye nezinga ngalinye elisha lokufana kuyindawo eyengeziwe yokuvikela. Ukuhlanganisa kuyadingeka. ukungaguquguquki kwe-cache, ukuphathwa kwememori okwabiwe, izindlela zokuhlukanisa abantu futhi ugweme izimo zobuhlanga kanye nokuvuza kolwazi phakathi kwezintambo noma izinqubo ezihambisanayo.
Ezindaweni ezingenawo iwashi noma ezixubile, lokhu kuhlanganiswa kuncike kakhulu ezimisweni zokuxhumana phakathi kwamabhulokhi kunemijikelezo yewashi yomhlaba wonke. Isibonelo, i-kernel ingasebenzisa izimpawu zesicelo nokuqashelwa ukufinyelela inkumbulo noma umthombo owabiwe, futhi ukubambezeleka okusebenzayo kuzoncika kuthrafikhi yangempela ngaleso sikhathi, hhayi enanini elinqunyiwe lemijikelezo.
Lokhu kuziphatha, uma kubhekwa ngaphandle, kwenza kube nzima ukuhlasela okuthile okuncike ekulinganisweni kwesikhathi okunembile kakhulu ngokusekelwe enanini lemijikelezo yewashi. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, abaklami bezokuphepha kufanele badlule ekubaleni imijikelezo futhi bathembele... izibali zemicimbi, ukulinganisa ithrafikhi, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nezinye izimpawu zokuthola ukuziphatha okusolisayo.
Yingakho abakhiqizi abaningi behlanganisa ama-hardware performance counters, avumela ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela izinto ezifana nokungatholakali kwe-cache, izibikezelo zegatsha ezihlulekile, ukufinyelela imemori ethile, njll. Uma zisetshenziswa kahle, lezi zibalo ziyithuluzi elinamandla lokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kanye... thola amaphethini angajwayelekile isici se I-malware noma ukuxhashazwa okuthuthukile, ngisho nasezindaweni zokwakha ezingahambisani kahle.
Ukwenziwa kwe-Virtualization, i-vCPU kanye nokuhlukaniswa ezindaweni zesimanje
Esinye isithako esibalulekile esimweni sanamuhla i-virtualization. Efwini, sisebenza njalo Ama-CPU abonakalayo (i-vCPU), okuyizingcezu ezinengqondo zamandla okucubungula anikezwe imishini engokoqobo noma izitsha phezu kwehadiwe ehlanganyelwe ebonakalayo.
I-vCPU ngayinye empeleni iyiqoqo lemicu noma izikhathi zokusebenzisa ezihlelwa yi-hypervisor kuma-core angokoqobo. Ukuze lokhu kusebenze kahle, i-CPU ebonakalayo inikeza izindlela ezikhethekile ezinelungelo ezivumela ama-hypervisor ukuthi adale futhi ahlukanise imishini engokoqobo, bavimbele imiyalelo ethile ebucayi futhi baphathe inkumbulo yesivakashi ngasinye ngaphandle kokuba bakwazi ukuphazamisana noma ukuhlolana.
Kulo mongo, ukuphepha okungenawashi kusho ukuthi ukwabiwa kwesikhathi se-CPU phakathi kwemishini ebonakalayo akuxhomekile kuphela ewashini elifanayo, kodwa futhi naku izindlela zokuhlela eziguquguqukayo kakhulu isekelwa yihadiwe. I-hypervisor isabona imijikelezo yewashi, kodwa indlela leyo mijikelezo eguqulwa ngayo ibe umsebenzi ophumelelayo ku-core ngayinye ingashintshwa ngamabhulokhi angaphakathi angavumelani.
Ngokombono wokuphepha, lokhu kudinga ukwakheka kwamathuluzi okuqapha angagcini nje ngokubala ama-ticks, kodwa futhi angachaza izibalo zokusebenza, izibalo zokusetshenziswa, kanye nemicimbi esezingeni eliphansi. thola ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezinsizakusebenza, ukuphunyuka komshini obonakalayo, noma amaphethini angajwayelekile lokho kukhomba ukungena ngaphakathi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezindaweni ezisebenzisa kakhulu ukubala, lapho amayunithi e-vector, ama-GPU, kanye nezinye izisheshisi zisetshenziswa ngokugcwele, abaphathi bezokuphepha kumele bacabangele ukuthi la mabhulokhi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ahambisanayo noma awahambisani, angaba amathuluzi okusebenzisa ukusheshisa ukuhlaselwa kwe-crypto, ukumba ama-cryptocurrencies ngemuva komhlane womsebenzisi noma ukuhlaziya inani elikhulu ledatha eyebiwe.
Ukusebenza kahle, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, kanye nokusetshenziswa ngokweqile uma kuqhathaniswa nomklamo ongenawo iwashi
Okokugcina, kumele sicabangele ubudlelwano phakathi kokusebenza kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla. Ukwandisa imvamisa yewashi ngokusebenzisa i-overclocking (isibonelo, ngokwenza i-a Ukuhlolwa kokuzinza nge-OCCT) ivumela i-CPU yenza imisebenzi eminingi ngomzuzwanaKodwa-ke, lokhu kwandisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nokushisa. Eqinisweni, amaprosesa amaningi amanje asevele elungisa imvamisa yawo kanye ne-voltage ngokuguquguqukayo ngokusekelwe kumthwalo womsebenzi kanye nokushisa kwangaphakathi.
Imiklamo engahambisani inikeza enye indlela: esikhundleni sokusebenzisa iwashi elisheshayo kakhulu nokuzama ukugcina yonke into isesigabeni, Bavumela ibhulokhi ngalinye ukuthi lisebenze ngesivinini esinqunywa yidatha.Ngesikhathi somthwalo ophansi, izingxenye ezingasebenzi azishintshi isimo, okunciphisa ukusetshenziswa ngaphandle kwesidingo sezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuphatha amandla ezisekelwe ewashini.
Ngokombono wokuphepha, ukusetshenziswa okuncane nokushisa okuncane akuyona nje inkinga yezemvelo noma indaba yezindleko zikagesi. Kusho futhi ukuthi ukucindezeleka okuncane ezingxenyeni, amathuba amancane okwehluleka okubangelwa ukufuduka kwe-electro noma ukuvuza kwamanje, kanye nokuchayeka okuncane ekuhlaselweni okuzama ukuxhaphaza ukuziphatha kwesistimu ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa okukhulu noma ze-voltage.
Kodwa-ke, ukuklama uhlelo olungenazo zonke izindlela futhi oluphephile akuyona into encane. Kudinga ukuqinisekiswa okuqinile kwezinqubo zokuxhumana phakathi kwamabhulokhi, izimo zomjaho, kanye nezimo eziphakathi ukuze kuvinjelwe amaphutha. ukuziphatha okungekona okuqinisekile okungasetshenziswa umhlaseliUbunzima bomklamo, ukuntuleka kwamathuluzi avuthiwe, kanye nesidingo sokuhambisana nesofthiwe ekhona kusho ukuthi, okwamanje, iningi lamaprosesa ezentengiselwano lihlala lihambisana kakhulu neziqhingi ezincane ezingahambisani.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwazo zonke lezi zici—ukwakheka kwangaphakathi, ukuphathwa kwewashi, ukuhambisana, ukwenziwa kwe-virtualization, kanye namandla—kwenza ukuphepha ezindaweni ezingenawo iwashi lomhlaba wonke kube yibhalansi ebucayi. Imiklamo engahambisani inciphisa ukuhlaselwa okuthile okusekelwe esikhathini futhi ihlinzeke ngamasu okonga amandla acwengekile kakhulu, kodwa futhi iletha izinselele ezintsha zokuqapha, ukuhlola, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuziphatha kwehadiwe, ngakho-ke isihluthulelo sisekuhlanganisweni. izindlela zokubona eziqinile kanye nokuhlukanisa kusukela ku-silicon uqobo kuya kusofthiwe esezingeni eliphezulu.
Umbhali oshisekayo ngomhlaba wamabhayithi nobuchwepheshe ngokujwayelekile. Ngiyathanda ukwabelana ngolwazi lwami ngokubhala, futhi yilokho engizokwenza kule bhulogi, ngikubonise zonke izinto ezithakazelisayo kakhulu ngamagajethi, isofthiwe, ihadiwe, izitayela zobuchwepheshe, nokuningi. Inhloso yami ukukusiza ukuthi uzulazule emhlabeni wedijithali ngendlela elula nejabulisayo.