Imidwebo ye-UML | Lokho Eziyikho, Izinhlobo, Ukusetshenziswa nokuthi Zenziwa Kanjani

UML kuyindlela yokubona ngeso lengqondo uhlelo lwesofthiwe usebenzisa iqoqo lemidwebo. I-notation ivele emsebenzini ka-Grady Booch, u-James Rumbaugh, u-Ivar Jacobson, kanye ne-Rational Software Corporation ukuze zisetshenziswe ekwakhiweni okugxile entweni.

Kodwa kusukela ngaleso sikhathi iye yanda ukuze ihlanganise izinhlobonhlobo ezibanzi zamaphrojekthi wobunjiniyela besoftware. Namuhla, i-Object Management Group (OMG) yamukela i-UML njengezinga lokuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe.

Isho ukuthini i-UML?

UML kusho Ulimi lokumodela oluhlanganisiwe (Ulimi Oluhlanganisiwe Lokumodela). I-UML 2.0 isize ukunweba ukucaciswa kwe-UML kwasekuqaleni ukumboza ingxenye ebanzi yemizamo yokuthuthukisa isofthiwe, okuhlanganisa nezinqubo ezishesha kakhulu.

• Ukuhlanganiswa okuthuthukisiwe phakathi kwamamodeli esakhiwo njengemidwebo yekilasi namamodeli okuziphatha njengemidwebo yemisebenzi.
• Kungezwe i- ikhono lokuchaza i-hierarchy futhi uhlukanise isistimu yesofthiwe ibe izingxenye kanye nezingxenye ezincane.
• I-UML yasekuqaleni ibalule imidwebo eyisishiyagalolunye; I-UML 2.x ikhuphula leyo nombolo iye ku-13. Imidwebo emisha emine iqanjwe ngamagama: umdwebo wokuxhumana, umdwebo wesakhiwo esiyinhlanganisela, umdwebo wokubuka konke wokusebenzisana, kanye nomdwebo wesikhathi. Iphinde yaqamba kabusha imidwebo ye-statechart ukuze isho imidwebo yemishini, eyaziwa nangokuthi imidwebo yesifunda.

Uyini umdwebo wesakhiwo se-UML?

Ulimi Oluhlanganisiwe Lwemodeli (UML) ingakusiza ukumodela amasistimu ngezindlela eziningi. Enye yezinhlobo ezidume kakhulu ze-UML wumdwebo wesakhiwo. Okudumile phakathi konjiniyela bezinhlelo zokusebenza zokubhala ukwakheka kwesoftware, imidwebo yekilasi iwuhlobo lomdwebo wesakhiwo ngoba ichaza okufanele kube khona ohlelweni olumodelayo.

I-UML yasungulwa njengemodeli ejwayelekile ukuchaza indlela yokubhekana nayo uhlelo into ethambekele. Njengoba amakilasi engamabhulokhi wokwakha wezinto, imidwebo yekilasi iyibhulokhi yokwakha ye-UML. Izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zomdwebo wekilasi zingamelela amakilasi azohlelwa ngempela, izinto eziyinhloko, noma ukusebenzelana phakathi kwamakilasi nezinto.

Izinhlobo zemidwebo ye-UML

Izindinganiso zamanje ze-UML zidinga izinhlobo ezihlukene ezingu-13 zemidwebo: isigaba, umsebenzi, into, uhlobo lokusetshenziswa, ukulandelana, iphakheji, isimo, ingxenye, ukuxhumana, isakhiwo esiyinhlanganisela, ukubuka konke kokusebenzisana, isikhathi, kanye nokusetshenziswa.

Le midwebo ihlelwe yaba amaqembu amabili ahlukene: imidwebo yesakhiwo kanye nemidwebo yokuziphatha noma yokusebenzisana.

umdwebo wekilasi

Imidwebo yekilasi iwumgogodla wazo zonke izindlela ezigxile entweni, kuhlanganisa ne-UML. Bachaza isakhiwo esimile sesistimu.

Umdwebo wephakheji

Imidwebo yephakheji iyisethi engaphansi yemidwebo yekilasi, kodwa onjiniyela ngezinye izikhathi bayiphatha njengendlela ehlukile. Imidwebo yephakheji ihlela izici zesistimu zibe amaqembu ahlobene ukuze kuncishiswe ukuncika phakathi kwamaphakheji.

Umdwebo wento

Imidwebo yento ichaza isakhiwo esimile sesistimu ngesikhathi esithile. Angasetshenziswa ukuhlola ukunemba kwemidwebo yekilasi.

Umdwebo wesakhiwo esiyinhlanganisela

Imidwebo yesakhiwo esiyinhlanganisela ibonisa ingxenye yangaphakathi yekilasi.

Sebenzisa umdwebo wecala

Sebenzisa imidwebo eyisibonelo ukusebenza kwesistimu esebenzisa abalingisi kanye nezimo zokusebenzisa.

Umdwebo womsebenzi

Imidwebo yomsebenzi ibonisa imvelo eguquguqukayo yesistimu ngokwenza imodeli yokuhamba kokulawula ukusuka komunye umsebenzi kuya komunye. Umsebenzi umele umsebenzi esigabeni esithile sesistimu esiholela ekushintsheni esimweni sohlelo. Ngokuvamile, imidwebo yemisebenzi isetshenziselwa ukufanisa ukuhamba komsebenzi noma izinqubo zebhizinisi nokusebenza kwangaphakathi.

Umdwebo wokulandelanisa

Imidwebo elandelanayo ichaza ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamakilasi ngokuya ngokushintshana kwemilayezo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Umdwebo Uhlolojikelele Wokusebenzelana

Imidwebo yokubuka konke yokusebenzisana iyinhlanganisela yomsebenzi kanye nemidwebo elandelanayo. Zimodela ukulandelana kwezenzo futhi zikuvumela ukuthi uhlukanise ukusebenzelana okuyinkimbinkimbi kube imicimbi elawulekayo. Kufanele usebenzise ukuphawula okufanayo emidwebeni yokubuka konke yokusebenzisana ongayibona kumdwebo womsebenzi.

umdwebo wesikhathi

Umdwebo wesikhathi uwuhlobo lomdwebo we-UML wokuziphatha noma wokusebenzisana ogxile ezinqubweni ezenzeka phakathi nenkathi ethile yesikhathi. Ziyisibonelo esikhethekile somdwebo wokulandelana, ngaphandle kokuthi zikhonjisiwe el tiempo ikhuphuka ukusuka kwesokunxele kuye kwesokudla esikhundleni sokusuka phezulu kuye phansi.

Umdwebo wokuxhumana

Imidwebo yezokuxhumana imodeli yokusebenzisana phakathi kwezinto ngokulandelana. Zichaza kokubili ukwakheka okumile kanye nokuziphatha okuguquguqukayo kwesistimu. Ngezindlela eziningi, umdwebo wokuxhumana uyinguqulo eyenziwe lula yomdwebo wokuhlanganyela owethulwe ku-UML 2.0.

Isimo somdwebo

Imidwebo yesimo, manje eyaziwa ngokuthi imidwebo yemishini yesifunda, kanye nemidwebo yesimo ichaza ukuziphatha okuguquguqukayo kwesistimu ekuphenduleni izisusa zangaphandle. Imidwebo yesimo iwusizo ikakhulukazi ekufanekiseni izinto ezisebenzayo izimo zazo ezibangelwa izehlakalo ezithile.

Umdwebo wengxenye

Imidwebo yezingxenye ichaza ukuhlelwa kwezingxenye ezibonakalayo zesofthiwe, okuhlanganisa ikhodi yomthombo, ikhodi yesikhathi sokusebenza (inambambili), kanye nokusebenzisekayo.

Umdwebo wokuthunyelwa

Imidwebo yokusa imelela izinsiza ezibonakalayo zesistimu, okuhlanganisa amanodi, izingxenye, nokuxhumana.

Izinzuzo zemidwebo

Imidwebo ye-UML inikezela ngenani lezinzuzo kunoma iyiphi inhlangano. Sebenzisa lolu hlobo lwemidwebo ukuze:

• Bonisa amamodeli wedatha wezinhlelo zolwazi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi alula noma ayinkimbinkimbi.
• Qonda kangcono ukubuka konke kwe-schema sohlelo lokusebenza.
• Veza ngombono noma yiziphi izidingo ezithile zesistimu futhi usabalalise lolo lwazi kuyo yonke inkampani.
• Dala ihluzo ezinemininingwane egqamisa noma iyiphi ikhodi ethile edingekayo ukuze ihlelwe futhi isetshenziswe kuhlaka oluchaziwe.
• Nikeza incazelo encike ekusetshenzisweni yezinhlobo ezisetshenziswa kusistimu ezidluliswa phakathi kwezingxenye zayo.

Izingxenye eziyisisekelo zomdwebo

Umdwebo we-UML ojwayelekile wakhiwe izigaba ezintathu:

• Isigaba esiphezulu: iqukethe igama lekilasi. Lesi sigaba sihlala sidingeka, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlukanisa ngokwezigaba noma into.
• Isigaba esiphakathi: iqukethe izimfanelo. Sebenzisa lesi sigaba ukuchaza izimfanelo. Lokhu kuyadingeka kuphela uma uchaza isenzakalo esithile.
• Isigaba esingezansi: kuhlanganisa ukusebenza (izindlela). Kuboniswa ngefomethi yohlu, umsebenzi ngamunye uthatha umugqa wawo. Imisebenzi ichaza ukuthi idatha isebenzisana kanjani.

Izilungisi zokufinyelela kwamalungu

Wonke amakilasi anamazinga ahlukene okufinyelela kuye ngesilungisi sokufinyelela (ukubonakala). Nawa amaleveli okufinyelela nawo izimpawu okuhambisanayo:

• Esidlangalaleni (+)
• Okuyimfihlo (-)
• Kuvikelwe (#)
• Iphakheji (~)
• Kuthathwe (/)
• I-Static (kudwetshelwe)

Ububanzi Belungu

Kunemikhakha emibili yamalungu: abahlukanisi nezimo.

Abahlukanisayo bangamalungu amile, kuyilapho izimo kuyizimo ezithile zekilasi. Uma ujwayelene nethiyori ye-OO eyisisekelo, lokhu akuyona into edabukisayo.

Izingxenye Zomdwebo Wekilasi Ezengeziwe

Ngokuya ngomongo, umdwebo ungamela izinto ezibalulekile, ukusebenzisana kuhlelo lokusebenza, noma amakilasi azohlelwa. Ukuze uphendule umbuzo othi "Uyini umdwebo we-UML?" Kufanele uqale uqonde ukwakheka kwayo okuyisisekelo.

• Izifundo: isifanekiso sokudala izinto nokusebenzisa ukuziphatha ohlelweni. Ku-UML, ikilasi limelela into noma iqoqo lezinto ezabelana ngesakhiwo nokuziphatha okufanayo. Zimelelwa unxande ohlanganisa imigqa yegama lesigaba, izibaluli zalo, kanye nokusebenza kwalo. Uma udweba ikilasi kumdwebo wekilasi, udinga kuphela ukugcwalisa umugqa ophezulu; ezinye ziyinketho uma ufisa ukunikeza imininingwane eyengeziwe.
  • Inani: umugqa wokuqala efomini lekilasi.
  • Izimfanelo: umugqa wesibili esimweni sekilasi. Isibaluli ngasinye sekilasi siboniswa emugqeni ohlukile.
  • Izindlela: Okwaziwa nangokuthi imisebenzi, izindlela ziboniswa ngefomethi yohlu nomsebenzi ngamunye emugqeni wawo.
• Izimpawu: Izimpawu ezimelela indlela eyodwa yokuxhumana engavumelanisi phakathi kwezinto ezisebenzayo.
• Uhlobo lwedatha: abahlukanisi abachaza amanani edatha. Izinhlobo zedatha zingamodela zombili izinhlobo zakudala nokubala.
• Amaphakheji: izindlela eziklanyelwe ukuhlela abahlukanisa ngezigaba abahlobene emdwebeni. Zifanekiselwa umumo omkhulu kanxande onamathebhu.
• Izinsizakusebenza: iqoqo lamasiginesha okusebenza kanye/noma izincazelo zesibaluli ezichaza isethi ehlangene yokuziphatha. Izixhumi ezibonakalayo ziyafana namakilasi, ngaphandle kokuthi ikilasi lingaba nesibonelo esisodwa sohlobo lwalo futhi isixhumi esibonakalayo kufanele sibe nesigaba okungenani esisodwa sokusisebenzisa.
• Izibalo: izethulo zezinhlobo zedatha echazwe umsebenzisi. Ukubala kufaka phakathi amaqembu ezihlonzi ezimele amanani ekubalweni.
• Izinhloso: izimo zekilasi noma amakilasi. Izinto zingangezwa kumdwebo ukuze zimele izehlakalo ezibonakalayo noma ze-prototypical.
• Ubuciko: Amamodeli wezinto ezimele amabhizinisi aphathekayo ohlelweni lwesofthiwe, njengamadokhumenti, yolwazi, amafayela asebenzisekayo, izingxenye zesofthiwe, njll.

Ukusebenzisana: Igama elithi "ukusebenzelana" libhekisela ebudlelwaneni obuhlukahlukene nezixhumanisi ezingaba khona ekilasini kanye nemidwebo yento. Ezinye zezingxoxo ezivame kakhulu zihlanganisa:

• Ifa: Inqubo ingane noma i-subclass ethola ngayo ukusebenza komzali noma i-superclass, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-generalization. Ifanekiselwa umugqa oqondile oxhunywe nomcibisholo ovaliwe obheke ku-superclass.
• Ukuhlangana kwezindlela ezimbili: ubudlelwano obuzenzakalelayo phakathi kwezigaba ezimbili. Zombili izigaba ziyazana futhi zihlobene. Le nhlangano imelelwa umugqa oqondile phakathi kwezigaba ezimbili.
• Ukuhlangana kwendlela eyodwa: ubudlelwano obujwayelekile kancane kancane phakathi kwezigaba ezimbili. Ikilasi elilodwa liyalazi futhi lixhumana nelinye. Ukuhlotshaniswa kwendlela eyodwa kumodelwe ngomugqa oxhumayo oqondile okhomba ngekhanda lomcibisholo ovulekile ukusuka ekilasini lokwazi ukuya ekilasini elaziwayo.

Ungawenza kanjani umdwebo we-UML

Ukudala umdwebo wekilasi kusukela ekuqaleni kulula ngokumangalisayo, ikakhulukazi uma usebenzisa Lucidchart. Vele ulandele lezi zinyathelo:

• Vula idokhumenti engenalutho noma qala ngesifanekiso.
• Inika amandla umtapo wezincwadi we-UML. Ngakwesokunxele somhleli we-Lucidchart, chofoza okuthi “Shapes.” Uma ukuSiphathi Selabhulali Yomumo, khetha okuthi “UML” bese uchofoza okuthi “Londoloza.”
• Kusuka kumalabhulali asanda kwengezwa, khetha umumo owufunayo bese uwuhudule ukusuka kubhokisi lamathuluzi uye kukhanvasi.
• Yenza isibonelo sokugeleza kwenqubo ngokudweba imigqa phakathi komumo ngenkathi wengeza umbhalo.

Amagama wokugcina

I-Los Imidwebo ye-UML Benza imephu ngokucacile ukwakheka kwesistimu ethile ngokumodela amakilasi, izibaluli, ukusebenza, nobudlelwano phakathi kwezinto. Ngokusetshenziswa kwesofthiwe ethile ye-UML yokuklama, ukudala le midwebo akunzima njengoba kungase kubonakale.