- I-UEFI ithatha indawo enkulu I-BIOS Ifa kanye MBR, ukuhlinzeka a ibhuthini Kuyashesha, kuphephile futhi kuyaguquguquka ngenxa yokusebenzisa ukwahlukanisa uhlelo lwe-GPT kanye ne-EFI.
- Inqubo yokuqalisa ye-UEFI iyaqala hardware, ithola i-ESP, isebenzisa umphathi wokuqalisa we-EFI bese ilayisha i-kernel yesistimu yokusebenza ngokusekelwa kwe-multi-boot kanye ne-Secure Boot.
- I-GPT inqoba imikhawulo ye-MBR ngokuvumela ama-partition amaningi, amadiski amakhulu kakhulu, kanye nokuthembeka okukhulu ngamakhophi angafuneki kanye nama-CRC checksum.
- Imodi ye-BIOS yakudala isadingeka ezinhlelweni ezindala noma ezindaweni ezithile zenethiwekhi, kodwa noma nini lapho kungenzeka, kunconywa ukusebenzisa i-UEFI yasendaweni namadiski e-GPT.
Uma ujabulela ukushintsha amakhompyutha nokuqonda okwenzekayo kusukela ngesikhathi ucindezela inkinobho yokuvula kuze kube yilapho ubona ideskithophuNgokushesha uzohlangana namagama amabili ayisihluthulelo: i-BIOS kanye ne- UEFIZizwakala ngendlela efanayo, kodwa ngemuva kwazo kukhona ushintsho olubonakalayo endleleni i-PC yakho eqala futhi ivikelwe ngayo.
Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje sisuke ku-firmware elinganiselwe kakhulu saya endaweni ephelele kakhulu, ekwazi ukuphatha amadiski amakhulu, ukuqala ngokushesha, nokulayisha amaningi izinhlelo ezisebenzayo futhi usebenzise izindlela zokuphepha ezithuthukisiwe ezifana I-Boot evikelekileKonke lokhu kugxile kuzinga le-UEFI nokuthi (ikakhulukazi) lithathe indawo ye-Legacy BIOS endala kanye nohlelo lokuhlukanisa lwe-MBR lwakudala.
I-BIOS, i-MBR, i-UEFI kanye ne-GPT: ukuletha ukuhleleka emiqondweni
Ngaphambi kokuchaza kabanzi mayelana nokugeleza kokuqalisa kwe-UEFI, kufanelekile ukucacisa ukuthi ingxenye ngayinye iyini, ngoba i-BIOS, i-UEFI, i-MBR, ne-GPT zivame ukuxutshwa futhi zisetshenziswe ngokushintshana, kanti empeleni zinjalo. izinto ezahlukene ezisebenza ndawonye ngesikhathi sokuqalisa.
El I-BIOS yefa Uhlelo Lokufaka/Lokukhipha Oluyisisekelo (i-BIOS) luyi-firmware yakudala esetshenziswa ama-motherboard e-x86 kusukela ngawo-80. Luhlala ku-ROM noma ku-flash chip ku-motherboard futhi luyinto yokuqala i-CPU eyenzayo lapho iqala ukusebenza, kudala ngaphambi kokuba uhlelo lokusebenza luqale ukusebenza. Inhloso yalo ukuqalisa ihadiwe eyisisekelo kanye nokulawula ngesandla ikhodi encane yokuqalisa etholakala kudiski, ngokwesiko emkhakheni wokuqalisa. Irekhodi Lokuqalisa Eliyinhloko (MBR).
El MBR Kungumkhakha wokuqala wezinto ezibonakalayo weyunithi ye isitoreji (ama-byte angu-512 adumile). Ngaphakathi kwalowo mkhakha, kunezinto ezimbili ezibalulekile: ingxenye encane yekhodi yokuqalisa (umphathi wokuqala wokuqalisa) kanye nethebula lokuhlukanisa ngefomethi ye-MBR. Le khodi yilokho i-BIOS ekulayisha kumemori futhi ikwenze, futhi kusukela lapho, abaphathi be-boot besigaba sesibili bahlanganiswa ndawonye, njengokuthi I-BOOTMGR, i-GRUB, i-LILO noma i-Syslinux.
Inhlanganisela ye-BIOS + MBR yayanele iminyaka eminingi, kodwa yayinemikhawulo emikhulu: ubuningi bezingxenye ezine eziyinhloko, umkhawulo osebenzayo ongaba ngu-2,2 TB ngediski ngayinye, kanye nokungabikho kwezindlela zanamuhla zokuqinisekisa ukuphepha nobuqotho. Njengoba amadiski ekhula futhi ukuphathwa kwe-boot kuba nzima kakhulu, le mikhawulo yaba yinkinga. kokubili abasebenzisi basekhaya kanye nezindawo zobungcweti.
Ukuze kunqotshwe lezi zithiyo, kwavela izindlela ezintsha I-UEFI ne-GPTI-UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) akuyona nje "i-BIOS entsha", kodwa iwuhlobo lwe-firmware yesimanje, eklanywe yiqembu labakhiqizi (IntelI-AMD, iMicrosoft, i-HP, nabanye) ukuze inikeze indawo eguquguqukayo, enwebekayo, nephephile. I-GPT (GUID Partition Table), okwamanje, iyisistimu yokuhlukanisa ehambisana ne-UEFI futhi ishiya kude imikhawulo ye-MBR.
Iyini i-UEFI futhi ihlobene kanjani ne-firmware?
I-UEFI iyincazelo echaza ukuxhumana phakathi kwe- i-firmware yebhodi lomama kanye nesistimu yokusebenzaAyisho ukuthi yonke i-firmware kufanele isetshenziswe kanjani ngaphakathi, kodwa ichaza ukuthi yiziphi izinsizakalo okufanele iziveze nokuthi zixhumana kanjani nesistimu yokusebenza kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-EFI.
Empeleni, lapho abantu bekhuluma "ngokungena kwi-BIOS" kwi-PC yesimanje, cishe njalo bangena endaweni ye-UEFI, yize abakhiqizi besayibiza ngokuthi yi-BIOS ngenxa yomkhuba futhi ukuze bagweme ukudida umsebenzisi. Le ndawo ye-UEFI igcinwa ku-chip ebhodini lomama futhi isebenza kwimemori engaguquki, evame ukusekelwa yi- ibhethri le-button cell kanye ne-NVRAM ezigcina ukucushwa ngisho noma imishini ivaliwe.
I-UEFI isebenza njengesendlalelo esincane sesistimu yokusebenza: inikeza izinsizakalo zokuqalisa, izinsizakalo zesikhathi sokusebenza, abashayeli bayo bamadivayisi athile, kanye nekhono lokufunda ezinye izinhlelo zamafayela, ikakhulukazi I-FAT ku-EFI System Partition (ESP)Ngenxa yalokhu, akusaxhomekeki kuphela ku-MBR futhi akudingi ikhodi yokuqalisa ukuze kuphile emkhakheni wama-byte angu-512.
Kuhle ukucacisa ukuthi i-UEFI "ayiyisusi" ngokuphelele i-BIOS ngomqondo wendabuko: imininingwane igxile ku-interface, hhayi ku-firmware yonke. Kodwa empeleni, amakhompyutha anamuhla athengiswa nge Ama-firmware e-UEFI aphinde asebenzise izindlela zokuhambisana ukuqhubeka nokusekela i-Legacy boot uma kudingeka.
Yingakho sivame ukukhuluma I-UEFI-BIOS noma i-BIOS: i-firmware eveza isikhombimsebenzisi sesimanje se-UEFI, kodwa igcina izinketho zokuziphatha njenge-Legacy BIOS nge-CSM (Compatibility Support Module) edumile.
I-GPT: uhlelo lokuhlukanisa oluhambisana ne-UEFI
Omunye umlenze omkhulu wetafula ngu I-GPT (GUID Partition Table)Nakuba i-MBR ivumela kuphela ukwahlukaniswa okuyinhloko okune futhi inomkhawulo ongaba ngu-2,2 TB, i-GPT isebenzisa izihlonzi ezihlukile emhlabeni wonke (ama-GUID) kwekwahlukaniswa ngakunye futhi igcina ulwazi lokwahlukaniswa ngamakheli e-LBA angu-64-bit.
Nge-GPT, ungachaza ama-partition amaningi (ngokuvamile afinyelela ku-128 okufakiwe ngokuzenzakalelayo, anganwetshwa kuye ngethuluzi), ngaphandle kwesidingo sokudala ama-partition anwetshiwe noma anengqondo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, usayizi wediski ofanele ukubhekelelwa ukhuphuka ngokwesayensi uye emazingeni e-zettabyte, udlula kakhulu izidingo zamanje, kodwa kuqinisekisa ukuthi Ngeke sihluleke esikhathini esifushane noma esiphakathi.
Omunye umehluko obalulekile ukuthi i-GPT Igcina amakhophi angafuneki e-header yayo kanye ne-partition table yayo. ekuqaleni nasekupheleni kwediski, kanye nama-CRC checksum. Lokhu kuvumela ukutholakala kokonakala, futhi ezimweni eziningi, ukululama. Ku-MBR, uma leyo mboni yama-byte angu-512 yonakele, ungalahlekelwa kalula ukufinyelela kuyo yonke idiski.
Ngamafuphi, i-UEFI ne-GPT zakha i-tandem enikeza umthamo omkhulu, ukuhlukaniswa okwengeziwe, ukuphindaphinda, kanye nokuqinisekiswa kobuqotho, into eyisisekelo emibhalweni yanamuhla, I-NVMe SSD ukusebenza okuphezulu kanye nezinhlelo ezinezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi.
Incazelo yenqubo yokuqalisa ezinhlelweni ze-UEFI
Manje njengoba imiqondo isicacile, ake sifinyelele emnyombweni wendaba: yini ngempela eyenziwa yikhompyutha ene-UEFI kusukela ngesikhathi uyivula kuze kube yilapho kuvela isikrini sokungena? Ukuhamba komsebenzi kuhlukile kumodeli yakudala ye-BIOS + MBR, yize ekuqaleni umsebenzisi ebona kuphela ukuthi iyaqala ukusebenza. ngokushesha futhi kunezindaba ezimbalwa ezingavamile.
1. Ukuvula nokuqalisa i-firmware
Uma ucindezela inkinobho yokuvula, i-CPU ibheka ikhodi ye-firmware ekhelini lememori elihleliwe bese iqala ukusebenzisa imvelo ye-UEFI egcinwe lapho. I-NVRAM noma i-flash memory yebhodi lomamaNgokungafani ne-Legacy BIOS, i-UEFI ingasebenza ngama-bits angu-32 noma angu-64 kusukela ekuqaleni, okuvumela ukuthi isebenzise imemori eyengeziwe futhi isebenze nezakhiwo zedatha eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
Kulesi sigaba, kwenziwa i-POST (Power-On Self-Test). I-UEFI ihlola izingxenye ezibalulekile njenge-CPU, i-RAM, i-GPU, isitoreji, kanye nama-port. USBamafeni namanye amadivayisi abalulekile. Uma kukhona okwehlulekayo, imishini ngokuvamile izokhipha amaphutha ayakhala noma amakhodi okubonisa esikrinini ngaphambi kokuqhubekela phambili.
2. Ukulayisha Abashayeli Nezinsizakalo ze-UEFI
Uma ukuhlola okuyisisekelo sekuqediwe, i-firmware ye-UEFI ilayisha abashayeli bayo bamadivayisi athile (isibonelo, abanye abalawuli benethiwekhi noma besitoreji) futhi ibavumele. izinsizakalo zokuqalisa kanye nesikhathi sokusebenzaLezi zinsizakalo zizofinyeleleka kokubili kumphathi we-boot kanye ne-kernel yesistimu yokusebenza ngesikhathi sezigaba zokuqala.
Ukucushwa okugcinwe ku-NVRAM kusebenza nalapha: i-boot bootIzinketho zokuphepha ezifana ne-Secure Boot, uhlu lwezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-EFI ezigunyaziwe, njll. Izinguquko ezifana nokukhetha ukuthi uzosebenzisa imodi ye-UEFI noma imodi ye-Legacy/CSM, noma ukuvula noma ukukhubaza i-Secure Boot, zigcinwa ngqo kule nkumbulo engashintshi.
3. Indawo ye-EFI System Partition (ESP)
Kuhlelo olujwayelekile lwe-UEFI, esikhundleni sokuya ngqo ku-MBR, i-firmware ibheka kumadivayisi okugcina isitoreji nge-GUID ethile ephawula ukuthi I-EFI System Partition (ESP)Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kuvame ukufomethwa nge-FAT futhi kuqukethe ama-executable e-EFI (amafayela e-.efi) abaphathi be-boot kanye nezinsiza.
Ngaphakathi kwe-ESP, kuchazwa indlela yokuqalisa ezenzakalelayo, ngokuvamile /EFI/Boot/bootx64.efi kumasistimu angu-64-bit. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-NVRAM igcina okufakiwe okwengeziwe kokuqalisa: isibonelo, okufakiwe kwe- I-Windows Boot Manager, enye ye-GRUB ku-distro Linux, enye yamathuluzi okuxilonga, njll. Umphathi wokuqalisa we-UEFI wangaphakathi angakubonisa lezi zinketho kumenyu noma alandele i-oda elilungiselelwe kusengaphambili.
4. Ukwenziwa komphathi we-boot we-EFI
Uma idivayisi kanye nokufakwa kwe-boot sekukhethiwe (kungaba ngokucushwa noma ngokukhetha komsebenzisi), i-firmware ilayisha uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-EFI oluhambisanayo kwimemori, isibonelo. umphathi we-boot we Windows noma i-GRUB kumodi ye-UEFIfuthi udlulisela ukulawula kuye.
Umehluko omkhulu uma uqhathaniswa nemodeli ye-MBR ukuthi asisakhawulelwe kuma-byte angu-512 ekhodi yokuqala noma ithebula elilodwa eliqinile lokuhlukanisa. Umphathi we-boot we-EFI angafunda ngqo ithebula le-GPT, afinyelele izinhlelo ezahlukene zamafayela ku-ESP, futhi anikeze imenyu ekhangayo nelungisekayo. i-multibootKonke lokhu kusekelwa yizinsizakalo ezinikezwa yi-UEFI.
5. Ukulayisha i-kernel yesistimu yokusebenza
Umphathi we-boot unesibopho sokuthola i-kernel yesistimu yokusebenza (futhi, uma kusebenza, i-initrd noma i-initramfs ezinhlelweni ezifana ne- Unix), yilayishe kwimemori bese uyidlulisela kumapharamitha okuqalisa kanye nolwazi lwehadiwe. Kulesi sigaba, isengathembela kumasevisi e-UEFI ukuze ifunde amadiski, ibheke amatafula e-ACPI, njll.
Uma i-kernel isithathe izintambo, iqala ukuqaliswa kwedivayisi okuthuthuke kakhulu, ilayisha abashayeli abathile, ifake izinhlelo zamafayela abasebenzisi, futhi iqalise izinsizakalo zesistimu. Okokugcina, indawo yesithombe noma yekhonsoli oyisebenzisa nsuku zonke iyaqaliswa futhi iboniswe. isikrini sokungena noma ideskithophu.
I-BIOS Legacy vs UEFI: Umehluko Wokusebenza Nokusetshenziswa
Kwethula ukuthuthukiswa okuqondile kakhulu Lo mehluko udlula nje ukushintsha igama: ngaphandle, kokubili "kwenza into efanayo": ukuqalisa ihadiwe nokuqalisa kabusha uhlelo lokusebenza. Kodwa i-UEFI yethula ukuthuthukiswa okuqondile kakhulu okushintsha kakhulu isimo sendawo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-UEFI ivumela phatha amadiski amakhulu kuno-2 TB Isono tricksLokhu kubalulekile kuma-PC anamuhla, ezindaweni zokusebenza, kanye namaseva. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhombikubona asisesona isikrini esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma esimnyama esilawulwa yikhibhodi kuphela, kodwa kunalokho indawo enemifanekiso elula ukuyisebenzisa, ngokuvamile ene- ukwesekwa kwegundane kanye nokuzulazula kwesitayela semenyu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-UEFI ifaka izindlela ezifana ne-Secure Boot, ezisebenzisa i- Qinisekisa isiginesha sezingxenye zokuqalisa Ukugwema I-malware Ingena ngokunyenya phakathi naleso sigaba sokuqala ngaphambi kokuba kuqale i-antivirus noma i-firewall. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-BIOS yendabuko yayisengozini kakhulu kulokhu futhi yashiya inqubo yokuqalisa ivulekele kakhulu Ama-bootkits e-UEFI kanye nezinye izihlaselo ezisezingeni eliphansi.
Elinye iphuzu elibalulekile ukuguquguquka kokuqalisa okuningi. Nge-BIOS + MBR, abaphathi be-boot kwadingeka baphathe i-MBR, i-partition esebenzayo, kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-boot. Nge-UEFI + GPT, uhlelo ngalunye lungaba nefayela lalo le-.efi ku-ESP, futhi i-firmware ngokwayo iyazi ukuthi ingalisingatha kanjani. ukufakwa kwebhuthi okuningana okuhlanzekile nokuhlelekile kahle.
Ngakho-ke, uma ihadiwe yakho ivuma, isincomo esijwayelekile ukuthi usebenzise imodi ye-UEFI yendabuko njalo esikhundleni semodi ye-BIOS yendabuko. Uzothola amandla, ukusebenza, ukuphepha, kanye nokulula kokusebenzisa lapho uphatha izinhlelo zokusebenza.
Qala ngqo kumodi ye-UEFI noma ye-BIOS bese ulawula i-WinPE
Uma usebenzisa i-Windows PE noma abafaki be-Windows abangokwezifiso, unganquma ukuthi iyiphi imodi ofuna amakhompyutha akho aqalise kuyo. Uma ufinyelela imenyu yokuqalisa ye-firmware, uzobona okufakiwe okuphindwe kabili kwedivayisi efanayo: isibonelo, "I-UEFI: Idrayivu ye-USB" kanye nethi "I-BIOS: Idrayivu ye-USB"Ukukhetha eyodwa noma enye kunquma imodi ye-firmware lapho i-WinPE noma isifaki sizosebenza khona.
Amanye amadivayisi asekela eyodwa kuphela yalezi zindlela ezimbili. Amanye avumela zombili, kodwa uma ufuna ukuphoqa isithombe ukuthi siqale kwimodi eyodwa kuphela, ungazama ukususa amafayela athile kumidiya: susa ifayela imvu kusuka empandeni ukuphoqa i-UEFI boot, noma ukususa ifolda efi ukuze iqale ukusebenza ku-BIOS kuphela.
Enye indlela esetshenziswa ekusetshenzisweni kwezinkampani ukulungisa ama-disk drive kusengaphambili ngefomethi efanele: I-GPT ye-UEFI ne-MBR ye-BIOSUma uzama ukufaka iWindows kudiski ye-GPT ngokuqala kabusha kwimodi ye-BIOS, ukufakwa kuzohluleka, futhi lokhu kusebenza "njengokuphepha" kokugwema ukuxuba izindlela.
Ku-WinPE, ngaphezu kwenani lokubhalisa le-PEFirmwareType, ungasebenzisa umyalo wpeutil UpdateBootInfo kanye nezikripthi ze-batch ezihlaziya umphumela wombuzo we-reg ukuze zenze izinqumo ezenzakalelayo, njengokuqalisa ukugeleza kokuhlukanisa noma okunye kuye ngemodi yamanje; ungathembela futhi kumathuluzi okusebenzisa Hlaziya ukuqalisa kweWindows usebenzisa i-BootTrace futhi uthuthukise izinyathelo ezithile.
Konke lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu uma ufuna ukwenza ukusetshenziswa [okulandelayo] kube okujwayelekile kuwo wonke amaqembu akho. I-UEFI + GPT ene-Secure Bootokuyinhlanganisela okwamanje enconywe yiMicrosoft kanye nabakhiqizi abaningi ukuze basebenzise ngokugcwele amakhono okuphepha kwehadiwe nokuphatha.
Umbhali oshisekayo ngomhlaba wamabhayithi nobuchwepheshe ngokujwayelekile. Ngiyathanda ukwabelana ngolwazi lwami ngokubhala, futhi yilokho engizokwenza kule bhulogi, ngikubonise zonke izinto ezithakazelisayo kakhulu ngamagajethi, isofthiwe, ihadiwe, izitayela zobuchwepheshe, nokuningi. Inhloso yami ukukusiza ukuthi uzulazule emhlabeni wedijithali ngendlela elula nejabulisayo.