Umhlahlandlela ophelele wokufaka amaphakheji e-DEB ne-RPM ngaphandle kwezinkinga

Uma uvela eWindows futhi usanda kufika ku-Linux, amafayela cishe azozwakala engajwayelekile kuwe. .deb y .rpmNgokubanzi, zilingana namafayela ajwayelekile e-Windows .exe noma i-.msi, kodwa zivumelaniswe ne-ecosystem ye-Linux kanye nomndeni ngamunye wokusabalalisa. Futhi yize amabhukwana amaningi ethembele ngqo ku-terminal kanye nemiyalo, kungenzeka futhi... Faka amaphakheji e-deb kanye ne-rpm ngaphandle kokuhlanya nge-console, ukuhlanganisa amathuluzi ezithombe kanye neminye imiqondo eyisisekelo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezimo ezithile ezibucayi kancane: isibonelo, uma ulanda ifayela elidala le-Microsoft Teams .deb ngaphandle kwemiyalelo ecacile, noma uma usebenzisa i-distro efana I-Arch Linux Bese uhlangana nefayela le-.deb noma le-.rpm, ngokombono, i-distro engalisebenzisi ngisho. Ake sibheke ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi uhlobo ngalunye lwephakheji luyini, ukuthi luphathwa kanjani emindenini ehlukene yokusabalalisa, nokuthi yiziphi izinketho onazo zokuzisingatha kalula ngangokunokwenzeka, ngemiyalo nangaphandle kwayo, kodwa njalo uqonde ukuthi wenzani.

Ayini amaphakheji e-.deb futhi kungani ebaluleke kangaka?

Ifomathi .deb Yaqala ngo-Debian, futhi igama layo livela ngqo ekufinyezweni kwegama lale distro. Lawa mafayela ayisistimu yokupakisha ejwayelekile ku-Debian kanye nakho konke ukusatshalaliswa okusekelwe kuyo, njengokuthi Ubuntu, i-Linux Mint, nezinye izinhlobo eziningiUma uvela ku-Windows, ungacabanga ngamafayela e-.deb afana nabafaki be-.exe, kodwa anesakhiwo sangaphakathi esilawulwa kakhulu nesijwayelekile.

Iphakheji ye-.deb akuyona nje ifayela eliqukethe uhlelo, kodwa isitsha esihlanganisa wonke amafayela azokopishwa ohlelweni kanye nochungechunge lwezikripthi kanye nemethadatha ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukufakwa kanye nokucushwa kwenziwa ngendlela ehlelekile. Lokhu kuvumela uhlelo lokuphatha iphakheji ukwazi ukuthi yini oyifakile, ukuthi yiziphi izinto ezidingwa yisofthiwe, ukuthi ungayibuyekeza kanjani, nokuthi ungayikhipha kanjani ngemva kwalokho.

Ngaphakathi, iphakheji ye-.deb iqukethe okungenani amafayela amathathu ayisihluthulelo aphatha ulwazi lwephakheji kanye nedatha yalo. Eyokuqala yile i-debian- kanambambili, lapho kuboniswe khona inguqulo yefomethi yephakheji (inguqulo yakamuva eqinile ingu-2.0 ezimweni eziningi). Owesibili ngu control.tar.gz, ifayela elicindezelwe eliqukethe yonke imethadatha yephakheji: igama, inguqulo, ukuncika, izikripthi zokufaka, njll. Futhi okwesithathu yi idatha.tar (noma izinhlobo ezicindezelwe njenge-.gz, .bz2, .lzma), equkethe wonke amafayela azofakwa ohlelweni lwakho.

Ngaphezu kwalezi zingxenye eziyisisekelo, isigaba sokulawula sivame ukuqukatha amafayela afana nalawa ama-md5sumslapho kugcinwa khona amasheke ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amafayela awonakalisiwe, noma ama-confileLokhu kubhala amafayela okucushwa okungafanele abhalwe phansi ngesikhathi sokubuyekeza. Kukhona futhi nezikripthi eziningana ezibalulekile: preinst, postinst, prerm kanye ne-postrmezisetshenziswa ngaphambi noma ngemva kokufaka noma ukususa iphakheji, kanye neskripthi esingaba khona config ephatha ukucushwa okusebenzisanayo.

Konke lokhu kwenza i-.deb ibe yifomethi enamandla impela, kodwa ingaphelele. Umkhawulo ovame kakhulu ukuthi Azihlali zihlanganisa zonke izinto ezixhomeke kuzo Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze uhlelo lusebenze. Iphakheji ye-.deb ingadinga ukuthi imitapo yolwazi noma izingxenye ezithile sezifakiwe kakade ohlelweni lwakho; uma zingekho, ukufakwa kuzohluleka noma uhlelo ngeke lusebenze kahle. Kulezi zimo, kuzodingeka ufake lezi zixhomekeko ngokwehlukana, kungaba ngomphathi wephakheji noma, ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngesandla.

Ukusatshalaliswa okufana Debian, Ubuntu, Kubuntu, Lubuntu, Linux Mint kanye nabanye abaningi ngokusekelwe kubo, basebenzisa i-.deb njengefomethi yabo ezenzakalelayo. Ngisho nezinhlelo ezibonakala zingafani ezifana iOSEzweni le-Apple, bathembele kufomethi yephakheji efanayo kakhulu ukuphatha izinhlelo zabo zokusebenza, yize isakhiwo sangaphakathi singafani ncamashi nesamaphakheji e-Linux.

Indlela yokufaka amafayela e-.deb ku-Linux ngemiyalo nangaphandle kwayo

Kunoma yikuphi ukusatshalaliswa okusekelwe ku-Debian, inhliziyo yokuphathwa kwephakheji ye-.deb iyithuluzi I-DPKGLolu hlelo luphatha ukufaka, ukubhalisa, kanye nokususa amaphakheji ohlangothini oluphansi. Ngaphezu kwe-DPKG, kusetshenziswa ezinye izendlalelo ezilula ukusebenziseka, njenge I-APT noma i-graphical interfacesokwenza kube lula kakhulu ukuphila kwabasebenzisi abangafuni ukuthembela ku-terminal kuzo zonke izinyathelo.

Ekusatshalalisweni okuningi, ikakhulukazi i-Ubuntu kanye nokunambitheka kwayo, unezixhumi ezibonakalayo ezitholakalayo njenge I-Synaptic, i-Gdebi, i-PackageKit, noma i-Software Center ka-UbuntuLezi zinhlelo zokusebenza zikuvumela ukuthi ufake amaphakheji e-.deb ngokuchofoza kabili ifayela elilandiwe, ngendlela ongayenza ngayo ngesifaki ku-Windows, ngaphandle kokuthayipha umugqa owodwa kukhonsoli.

Uma ufuna ukusebenzisa laba baphathi, ungazifaka kusuka ezindaweni zokugcina ezisemthethweni, ngokuvamile nge-APT. Isibonelo, kuvamile kakhulu ukuzisebenzisa Gdebi Ukuze uvule amafayela e-.deb alandiwe kuwebhu, iphatha ukuncika ngokuhlakanipha kakhulu kune-DPKG emsulwa. I-Synaptic kanye ne-PackageKit, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zinikeza umbono ophelele wesistimu, okukuvumela ukuthi useshe, ufake, futhi ususe amaphakheji ane-interface yesithombe.

Uma usulande ifayela le-.deb kuwebhusayithi yonjiniyela, i-GitHub, noma kunoma iyiphi indawo yokugcina yangaphandle, indlela yakudala yokuyifaka ngaphandle kokuhlanya imane nje Yivule ngomphathi wesofthiwe Kusukela ku-distro: chofoza kabili ifayela le-.deb, isifaki sezithombe sizovula, sibukeze ulwazi lwephakheji, bese sichofoza ukufaka. Uhlelo luzohlola ukuncika futhi, uma kukhona okungekho, luzokwazisa noma luzame ukulilanda ngokuzenzakalelayo kusuka ezindaweni zokugcina.

Uma ukufakwa kuphumelele, uhlelo luvela ohlwini lwezinhlelo zokusebenza zendawo yedeskithophu yakho: kumenyu yokuqala, isiqalisi, imiphumela yokusesha, njll. Uma ufaka, isibonelo, iphakheji ye-.deb yesiphequluli noma ama-Teams, kufanele ukwazi ukuyithola ngokusesha igama layo, njenganoma yiluphi olunye uhlelo lokusebenza olwakhelwe ohlelweni.

Ukufaka nokuphatha amafayela e-.deb kusuka ku-terminal: DPKG kanye ne-APT

Nakuba umgomo uwukugwema ukuthembela emiyalweni yakho konke, kuyasiza ukuqonda ukuthi i-terminal iyisingatha kanjani ngoba Iziqondiso eziningi kanye nemibhalo esemthethweni zikuthatha kalula.Eqinisweni, ngisho noma usebenzisa amathuluzi okuqopha, avame ukusebenzisa i-DPKG kanye ne-APT ngemuva ngaphandle kokuthi uqaphele.

Indlela eqondile kakhulu ukusebenzisa iphakheji ye-dpkg -i.debLo myalo ufaka iphakheji endaweni yakini ohlelweni. Ngokungafani ne-APT, lo myalo awukhathazeki kakhulu ngokufuna izinto ezixhomeke kuzo ezingekho: uma iphakheji idinga ezinye izingxenye ongenayo, izobonisa amaphutha futhi kuzodingeka uwaxazulule ngokwehlukana, ngokuvamile nge-APT noma omunye umphathi wephakheji yezithombe.

Ukuze uhlole ukuthi iphakheji ethile ifakiwe yini, ungabhala uhlu lwamaphakheji i-dpkg eyaziyo, ukuhlunga ngegama, usebenzisa umyalo ofana dpkg -l | grep 'igama'Kuyindlela esheshayo yokuhlola ukuthi uhlelo luyayibona yini iphakheji, ukuthi unaluphi uhlobo, nokuthi imakwe njengefakiwe noma isusiwe kodwa inamafayela okucushwa asekhona.

Uma ukhipha, i-DPKG ivumela izindlela ezimbili: ngenketho -r Ususa iphakheji kodwa ushiye amafayela okucushwa, kuyilapho usebenzisa -P (Ukuhlanza) kususa yonke iminonjana, okuhlanganisa namafayela okucushwa angase ahlale ku-/etc noma kwezinye izindlela zesistimu. Lo mehluko uwusizo uma uhlela ukufaka kabusha uhlelo ngenkathi ugcina izilungiselelo zakho noma uma ufuna ukwenza ukuhlanza okuphelele.

Isebenza ngaphezu kwe-dpkg I-APTI-APT, umphathi wephakheji owaziwayo osetshenziswa ku-Debian, Ubuntu, kanye nama-derivatives, iphatha ama-repository, ukuncika, kanye nezibuyekezo ngendlela ehlakaniphe kakhulu. Ngaphandle kokufaka izinhlelo ezivela kuma-repository asemthethweni, ingakwazi futhi faka amafayela endawo e-.deb onawo ku-hard drive yakho, okuxazulula ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuncika ezimweni eziningi.

Ukuze wenze lokhu, esikhundleni sokubiza i-dpkg ngqo, i-syntax enendlela ehlobene nefayela ivame ukusetshenziswa, isibonelo ukufaka i-sudo apt ./package.debIcebo elithi "./" litshela i-APT ukuthi ufaka ifayela lendawo hhayi iphakheji evela ezindaweni zokugcina. I-APT izobiza i-dpkg ngaphakathi, kodwa izongeza ukuqonda kwayo ukulanda nokufaka noma yikuphi ukuncika okungekho ezindaweni zokugcina ezilungisiwe.

Uma ufuna ukukhipha uhlelo olufakile kufayela lendawo le-.deb, awusadingi ukuba nefayela lokuqala. Ukwazi nje igama lephakheji nokusebenzisa sudo apt susa igama lephakheji ukuyikhipha ngenkathi kulondolozwa izilungiselelo, noma igama lephakheji le-sudo apt purge ukuze futhi ususe noma yimaphi amafayela okucushwa ashiywe uhlelo.

amaphakheji e-.rpm: ukuthi ayini nokuthi angena kanjani kule nkinga

Ifomathi .rpm (i-Red Hat Package Manager) iyindinganiso emndenini wokusabalalisa okusekelwe ku-Red Hat, njengokuthi I-Red Hat Enterprise Linux, i-Fedora, i-openSUSE nezinye izinhloboNjengamafayela e-.deb emhlabeni we-Debian, amafayela e-.rpm aqukethe amafayela ohlelo, izikripthi, kanye nemethadatha yokuphatha ukufakwa, izibuyekezo, kanye nokukhishwa ngaphakathi kwalezo zinhlinzeko.

Ekuqaleni, iphakheji ye-.rpm ayihambisani ne-Ubuntu, i-Debian, noma i-Linux Mint, ngoba umndeni ngamunye wokusabalalisa unesistimu yawo yamaphakheji namathuluzi. Kodwa-ke, empeleni, uzovame ukuhlangana nesofthiwe enikeza eyodwa kuphela .rpm ye-Linux hhayi i-.deb, ikakhulukazi kumaphrojekthi agxile ezindaweni zebhizinisi ezisekelwe ku-Red Hat.

Nakuba i-Ubuntu ne-Debian zingasebenzi ngamafayela e-.rpm avele avele, kungenzeka ukuthi guqula lawo maphakheji e-.rpm abe yi-.deb bese uzifaka sengathi zezomdabu. Lokhu kuguqulwa kwenziwa ngethuluzi elidala kodwa eliwusizo kakhulu elibizwa ngokuthi Alien, okuvumela ukukhiqiza amaphakheji e-.deb kusuka ku-.rpm (nakwezinye izinhlobo) noma ngisho nokufaka i-.rpm ngqo ezinhlelweni ezisekelwe ku-Debian.

Akufanele kukhohlwe ukuthi, nakuba okuqukethwe okusebenzayo kohlelo kungase kufane, ukuguqulwa phakathi kwamafomethi kungaletha lokho. ukuncika noma ukungahambisani komzilaNgakho-ke, kungcono ukusebenzisa le ndlela kuphela uma kungekho nguqulo yendabuko ye-distro yakho futhi ucabanga ukuthi kungase kube nezinye izinkinga zekhanda.

Ngombono ophambene, kungenzeka futhi ukuguqula i-.deb ku-.rpm Nge-Alien, lokhu kungaba wusizo ekusabalalisweni kwe-Red Hat uma uhlelo lusatshalaliswa kuphela ngefomethi ye-Debian. Futhi, ukuhambisana akuqinisekisiwe ngokuphelele, kodwa kuxazulula izimo eziningi lapho bekungadingeka ukuthi uhlanganise isofthiwe kusuka kukhodi yomthombo.

Indlela yokusebenzisa i-Alien ukuguqula nokufaka amaphakheji e-RPM ku-Ubuntu naku-Debian

Uma udinga ukufaka iphakheji ye-.rpm ku-distro esekelwe ku-Debian, isinyathelo sokuqala ngokuvamile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi unokufinyelela endaweni yokugcina. UniverseYilapho i-Alien igcinwa khona ezinhlelweni ezifana ne-Ubuntu. Le ndawo yokugcina idatha yandisa ukunikezwa kwesofthiwe ngale kwezisemthethweni kuphela, okuhlanganisa namathuluzi agcinwa ngumphakathi.

Uma usuyivulile leyo ndawo yokugcina futhi uhlu lwamaphakheji selubuyekeziwe, uzokwazi ukufaka Alien kusuka kumphathi wakho wephakheji ojwayelekile. Uma usuvele ohlelweni lwakho, i-Alien izoba ummese wakho we-Swiss Army wokuguqula i-.rpm ibe yi-.deb ngomyalo owodwa, ikushiye nefayela elifanayo le-.deb elilungele ukuphathwa nge-DPKG, i-APT, noma ngisho nomphathi wephakheji wezithombe njengo-Gdebi.

Indlela evame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu iqukethe: Guqula i-.rpm ibe yi-.deb Ngaphandle kokuyifaka ngqo, usebenzisa i-Alien kufayela le-.rpm, bese ikhiqiza iphakheji ye-.deb enegama elifanayo kufolda efanayo osebenza kuyo. Uma usefolda ehlukile kunefayela, kuzodingeka ucacise indlela ephelele eya kufayela le-.rpm ukuze i-Alien ilithole.

Uma usunefayela le-.deb elikhiqizwe, uliphatha njenganoma yiliphi elinye iphakheji le-Debian: ungalivula ngomphathi wesofthiwe yezithombe, ulifake nge dpkg ngi noma sebenzisa indlela eqinile kakhulu ye- ukufaka okufanelekile ./archivo.deb ukuyivumela ukuthi iphathe ukuncika. Ngale ndlela, uhlanganisa ohlelweni lwakho uhlelo olwaluhloselwe ukusatshalaliswa kwe-Red Hat kuphela ekuqaleni.

I-Alien iphinde inikeze inketho yokuthi faka ngqo i-.rpm Ngaphandle kokukhiqiza ifayela eliphakathi nendawo le-.deb, isebenzisa imodi lapho yenza khona ukuguqulwa kwayo bese iqala ukufakwa ngokushesha. Ngaphakathi, iyaqhubeka nokuguqula iphakheji, kodwa awuboni ifayela le-.deb eliphumayo; ubona uhlelo olufakiwe kuphela. Noma kunjalo, abasebenzisi abaningi bakhetha ukukhiqiza ifayela le-.deb elicacile kuqala ukuze babe nokulawula okwengeziwe futhi bakwazi ukuligcina uma bedinga ukulifaka kabusha kamuva.

Enye indlela yokuguqula i-RPM ibe yi-DEB kusuka ku-terminal

Ngaphandle kwenqubo ejwayelekile ku-Ubuntu nge-Alien, kunezimo lapho isetshenziswa khona ukufaneleka noma abanye abaphathi bephakheji ukufaka i-Alien, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho lowo mphathi ekhethwa khona kune-APT yakudala. Umphumela wokugcina uyafana: uma i-Alien isitholakala, iba ithuluzi eliyinhloko lokuhumusha phakathi kwamafomethi e-RPM kanye ne-DEB.

Inqubo evamile ihilela ukulanda ifayela kuqala .rpm Ukuze usebenzise iphakheji oyifunayo, yibeke endleleni yesistimu eyaziwayo bese usebenzisa i-Alien ngokumelene nayo. Ngemva kokuguqulwa, kudalwa ifayela le-.deb kufolda efanayo ephinda okuqukethwe kanye nemethadatha yoqobo ngangokunokwenzeka, ilungele ukuphathwa njengephakheji yendabuko ye-Debian.

Uma ifayela le-.deb selikhiqizwe, inqubo evamile ezinhlelweni ezingenaso isikhombikubona sezithombe ukulifaka usebenzisa i-dpkg -i iphakheji-igama.debLokhu kuncike ekutheni izidingo ezidingekayo sezivele zikhona noma ukuthi zingafakwa ngokwahlukana. Nokho, ezinhlelweni zedeskithophu, ngokuvamile kulula kakhulu ukuvula ifayela le-.deb elisanda kudalwa ngesikhungo sesofthiwe noma i-Gdebi, ukuze umsebenzisi angadingi ukukhumbula imiyalo noma izindlela.

Le ndlela yokuguqula kuqala bese uyifaka ivumela Phinda ukufakwa Ungayifaka kabusha kaningi ngangokunokwenzeka, njengoba ugcina iphakheji ye-.deb njenge-"local copy" evumelaniswe nomndeni wakho wokusabalalisa. Lokhu kuwusizo kakhulu uma usebenza nezinhlelo eziningana ezifanayo futhi ufuna ukufaka isofthiwe efanayo ngaphandle kokuthembela njalo kunguqulo yokuqala ye-.rpm.

Kuhle ukukhumbula, noma kunjalo, ukuthi uma usebenzisa i-Alien uphambuka kancane endleleni "esemthethweni", ngakho-ke kuyalulekwa ukuhlola imiyalezo yamaphutha bese uqinisekisa ukuthi uhlelo lusebenza kahle ngemva kokufakwa. Kwezinye izimo, amalabhulali angase angabi khona noma kungase kube nomehluko wezinguqulo uma kuqhathaniswa nokusatshalaliswa ifayela le-.rpm elaklanyelwa kona ekuqaleni.

I-Arch Linux: okufanele ukwenze ngamafayela e-.deb kanye ne-.rpm nokuthi yiziphi isoftware ezizosetshenziswa

Uma usebenzisa I-Arch Linux Futhi uma ulanda ifayela le-.deb noma le-.rpm, ukusabela kokuqala kuvame ukuba ukudideka, ngoba i-Arch ayisebenzisi noma iyiphi yalezo fomethi. Lapha, uhlelo lwephakheji lusekelwe kumphathi wephakheji. pacman kanye namaphakheji anesandiso se-.pkg.tar.zst esilungiselelwe ngqo i-Arch kanye nezinto ezitholakala kuyo njenge-Manjaro.

Ukufaka ifayela le-.deb noma le-.rpm ngqo ku-Arch akuyona inketho enconywayo, ngoba Ifilosofi ye-distro ihlukile Futhi izindlela, imitapo yolwazi, kanye nezinguqulo azifani ngaso sonke isikhathi neze-Debian noma i-Red Hat. Inkambo ehlakaniphile kakhulu yesenzo njalo ukuhlola ukuthi isofthiwe oyithandayo iyatholakala yini ezindaweni zokugcina ezisemthethweni ze-Arch noma ezindaweni zokugcina ezidumile [zezindawo zokugcina/zezindawo zokugcina]. I-AUR (Indawo Yokugcina Yabasebenzisi Bengobo Yomlando), lapho umphakathi ugcina khona izindlela zokupheka zokuhlanganisa (ama-PKGBUILD) zezinhlelo eziningi.

Kukhona amathuluzi nezikripthi ezingaguqula amafayela e-.deb noma e-.rpm abe amaphakheji e-Arch, noma ziwafake ngenkani, kodwa lena akuyona indlela eqinile kakhulu, futhi akuyona leyo enconywe abanakekeli bokusabalalisa. Ngokuvamile, kungcono... thola i-PKGBUILD ku-AUR yalolo hlelo, noma sebenzisa ezinye izindlela ezifakiwe njenge-Flatpak noma i-Snap uma udinga okuthile okungekho ezindaweni zokugcina ezisemthethweni.

Ngokuphathelene nezitolo zesofthiwe ezine-interface yesithombe, i-Arch kanye nezinhlobo zayo ezitholakalayo zinikeza izinketho eziningana. Enye yezindawo ezaziwa kakhulu yile Pamac (isetshenziswa kakhulu eManjaro), okukuvumela ukuthi uphathe amaphakheji kanye ne-AUR kusuka efasiteleni elifana kakhulu nezitolo zezinhlelo zokusebenza ku-Ubuntu. Kukhona futhi ama-frontend ezithombe ze-pacman njenge-Octopi namanye amathuluzi anikeza ulwazi lwesitolo sesofthiwe olusebenziseka kalula.

Ngenxa yalezi zixhumi, ungasesha, ufake, futhi ubuyekeze izinhlelo zokusebenza ngaphandle kokuthayipha imiyalo, konke kulawulwa nge-Arch ecosystem yendawo esikhundleni sokuthembela kumaphakheji e-.deb noma e-.rpm. Lokhu kuhambisana kangcono nefilosofi yokukhishwa kwe-distro futhi kunciphisa izinkinga zokuhambisana ezingavela lapho uzama ukufaka amaphakheji aklanyelwe eminye imindeni.

Lapho ungalanda khona amafayela e-.deb kanye ne-.rpm ngokuphephile

Uma ungakwazi ukuthola uhlelo olufunayo usebenzisa izinjini zokusesha ezivamile ze-distro yakho, ungazama njalo ezahlukene. imithombo yokulanda iphakheji ku-inthanethi. Kodwa-ke, kuyalulekwa ukukhetha kakhulu nokubeka phambili amasayithi athembekile ukuze kuncishiswe izingozi zokuphepha kanye nengozi yamaphakethe aguquliwe.

Indawo yokuqala okufanele uyibheke cishe njalo iwebhusayithi esemthethweni yonjiniyela yohlelo. Amaphrojekthi amaningi anikeza izixhumanisi zokulanda izinguqulo zakamuva kumawebhusayithi awo, kokubili kumafomethi e-.deb kanye ne-.rpm, kanye namanye amafomethi apakishiwe. Ngokuvamile afaka imiyalelo ethile yokusatshalaliswa ngakunye noma, okungenani, isigaba sokufaka esikuqondisa ukuthi yiliphi ifayela okufanele ulikhethe.

Uma usebenza ne-Debian noma ama-derivatives, ungaya futhi ku- ikhasi elisemthethweni lephakheji le-Debianenikeza usesho oluthuthukisiwe kukhathalogi enkulu yesofthiwe ngefomethi ye-.deb. Enye inzuzo lapha ukuthi okuqukethwe okuningi kuyatholakala ngesiSpanishi, okuwusizo kakhulu uma ungakhululekile kakhulu ngemibhalo yesiNgisi.

Kunezinjini zokusesha ezikhethekile kumaphakheji, njenge Ukufuna i-RPMNakuba inegama elithi "RPM" egameni layo, iphinde inikeze imiphumela ngefomethi ye-.deb. Ikuvumela ukuthi uhlunge ngokusabalalisa, ukwakheka, kanye nenguqulo, okwenza kube lula ukuthola iphakheji eliqondile olidingayo, futhi ezimweni eziningi, ikunikeze nezinkomba mayelana nokuncika okudingekayo ukuze isebenze.

Esinye isayithi lama-veteran yilesi Usesho lwe-RPM PBoneInikeza injini yokusesha ethuthuke kakhulu egxile kumaphakheji e-.rpm kodwa futhi ihlanganisa kakhulu amaphakheji e-.deb. Inani layo elengeziwe lisekusizeni ukuthi ubone ukuthi yimaphi amalabhulali noma amaphakheji engeziwe angadingeka, okuwusizo kakhulu uma ulungisa izinkinga zokuxhomekeka.

Ezweni lomthombo ovulekile, amapulatifomu afana I-GitHub noma i-GitLab Futhi bangumgodi wegolide. Abathuthukisi abaningi balayisha abafaki be-.deb kanye ne-.rpm ngqo esigabeni esithi "Ukukhishwa" kwamaphrojekthi abo, ngezinguqulo ezibhalwe izakhiwo ezahlukene (amd64, arm64, njll.). Ukusuka lapho, ungalanda iphakheji ehambisanayo bese uyivula nomphathi wakho wesofthiwe ojwayelekile ngaphandle kwezinkinga ezengeziwe.

Izinguqulo ezizinzile, ezingazinzile, nezivivinyayo: kusho ukuthini ngama-DEB akho

Uma ufinyelela amasayithi asemthethweni njengekhasi lamaphakheji e-Debian, kuvame ukuba namagatsha angaphezu kwelilodwa atholakalayo: okuzinzile, okungazinzile, kanye nokuhlolwaInguqulo ezinzile inconywa kubasebenzisi abaningi, njengoba ibeka phambili ukuthembeka nokuphepha kunokuhlala unenguqulo yakamuva yohlelo ngalunye.

Izinguqulo ukungazinzile noma ukuhlolwa Ziyakhanga kakhulu uma uthanda ukuba phambili futhi uzame izici ezintsha ngaphambi kokuba zifinyelele wonke umuntu. Kodwa-ke, zinobunzima bokuthi amaphakheji angafaka phakathi amaphutha, ukuziphatha okungapholishiwe, noma ngisho nokungabi nezibuyekezo ezizenzakalelayo, okudinga ukunakwa okwengeziwe ekulungisweni ngesandla.

Ukusebenzisa amaphakheji e-.deb avela kumagatsha angazinzile kungakunika ukufinyelela ku- izici azikatholakali okwamanje egatsheni elizinzile, kodwa lokhu kusho nokuthi, kwezinye izimo, iphakheji ingase yehluleke ukufaka noma ibangele izinkinga zesikhathi sokusebenza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingxabano zokuncika zingase zenzeke uma uxuba amaphakheji amaningi okuhlola nesistimu eyenzelwe ukuzinza.

Uma unquma ukusebenzisa la magatsha, kungcono ukwenza kanjalo ngokuqapha futhi, uma kungenzeka, ezindaweni zokuhlola noma emishinini lapho ungabhekani khona nedatha ebalulekile. Ngale ndlela, ungajabulela izici ezintsha ngaphandle kwephutha elilodwa elikushiya uvaleleke endaweni yokukhiqiza noma yomsebenzi wansuku zonke.

Kunoma ikuphi, uma ulanda ifayela le-.deb ezindaweni zokugcina ezinikeza amagatsha amaningi, qaphela kakhulu iyiphi inguqulo ye-distro eyenzelwe yonaukuthi isetshenziswa kuliphi igatsha nokuthi ngabe kukhona yini izixwayiso zezinkinga zokusebenza noma zokuphepha ezihambisana naleyo phakheji ethile.

Indlela yokubuyekeza izinhlelo ezifakiwe kusuka kumaphakheji e-.deb

Indlela yokubuyekeza uhlelo olufakiwe kusuka kufayela le-.deb ingahluka kakhulu kuye ngokuthi unjiniyela ulupakishe kanjani. Kunezinhlelo zokusebenza, njenge I-Google Chrome noma i-DiscordUma sezifakiwe, ziyahlanganiswa ezindaweni zakho zokugcina noma zinendlela yazo yokuvuselela ngokuzenzakalela, ngakho akudingeki ukhathazeke ngokulanda amafayela amasha e-.deb ngesandla.

Kulezi zimo, uma nje une-inthanethi futhi indawo yokugcina ehambisanayo isebenza, izinguqulo ezintsha zifika ngohlelo lwakho olujwayelekile lokubuyekeza, kungaba nge-APT, ithuluzi lesithombe le-distro yakho, noma izindlela zangaphakathi zohlelo lokusebenza. Kuyindlela elula kakhulu yokuhlala usesikhathini ngaphandle kokuqaphela inqubo.

Noma kunjalo, kunezinye izinhlelo eziningi ezifakwe ku-.deb ezifakiwe ku-.deb. Abanazo izibuyekezo ezizenzakalelayo Futhi abafaki indawo yabo yokugcina idatha ohlelweni. Kulezi zimo, okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuvuselela isofthiwe ukubuyela ekhasini lokulanda lephrojekthi lapho kukhishwa inguqulo entsha, ulande ifayela elisha le-.deb, bese ulifaka njengoba nje wenzile okokuqala.

Ngokuvamile, uma ufaka i-.deb entsha kunenguqulo endala, uhlelo Shintsha inguqulo endala nge entsha ngaphandle kokushiya amakhophi aphindaphindiwe, yize kuhlale kungumqondo omuhle ukuhlola ukuthi umphathi wephakheji uyichaza kahle. Ekusatshalalisweni okuningi, ngeke kudingeke ukuthi ukhiphe inguqulo yangaphambilini kuqala: ukufaka iphakheji ebuyekeziwe kuvame ukwanele.

Le nqubo esetshenziswa ngesandla isho ukuthi ulawula ishejuli yokubuyekeza, ngakho-ke akufanele ukhohlwe ukuhlola njalo izinguqulo ezintsha, ikakhulukazi uma kukhulunywa ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ezingase zithinteke yi- amaphutha ezokuphepha noma okusebenzisa nsuku zonke emisebenzini ebalulekile njengokuphequlula iwebhu noma ukuxhumana.

Ezinye izindlela zesimanje esikhundleni samaphakheji e-DEB kanye ne-RPM ku-Linux

Nakuba amafomethi .deb kanye ne-.rpm Nakuba zisalokhu ziyindinganiso engxenyeni enkulu ye-Linux ecosystem, ezinye izindlela zokupakisha izinhlelo zokusebenza ziye zanda eminyakeni yamuva. Lezi zindlela ezihlukile zihlose ukuxazulula izinkinga zakudala, njengokuphathwa kokuxhomekeka kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza, ngokunikeza amaphakheji azimele futhi okulula ukuwanakekela.

Enye yezindlela ezisetshenziswa isikhathi eside ukugcina imininingwane. .tar.gzEzimweni eziningi, ulanda ikhodi yomthombo yohlelo ukuze uyihlanganisele wena. Le ndlela inikeza ukulawula okuhle kakhulu ngalokho okufakayo, kodwa idinga ulwazi oluthe xaxa nesikhathi, yingakho ngokuvamile kungeyona inketho ekhethwayo kubasebenzisi abakhetha izindlela ezilula nezisheshayo.

Emkhakheni wezindlela zesimanje, zivele zihlanganiswe njenge Thwebula futhi FlatpakLawa maphakheji afaka uhlelo kanye nazo zonke (noma cishe zonke) izinto ezincike kulo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isofthiwe ivame ukusebenza ngendlela efanayo kuzo zonke izabelo ezahlukene uma nje isekela lawa mafomethi, okunciphisa amaphutha avamile abangelwa imitapo yolwazi engekho noma izinguqulo ezingahambisani.

Amaphakethe snap Ama-Snaps athuthukiswe yi-Canonical, inkampani esekela i-Ubuntu, ngomqondo wokuba uhlobo lomlandeli we-.deb. I-Snap ngokuyisisekelo iyisitsha sohlelo lokusebenza esinakho konke esikudingayo ukuze sisebenze, okunciphisa izinkinga zokuxhomekeka okuphukile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isebenza endaweni ehlukanisiwe kakhulu nohlelo lonke, okuthuthukisa ukuphepha futhi kuyivimbele ekuphazamiseni kakhulu ezinye izinhlelo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, I-Flatpak Baphakamisa into efana kakhulu, kodwa ngendlela evulekile kakhulu futhi engagxilile kakhulu kune-Snap, okubenze bathandwa kakhulu ekusakazweni okuningi. Njenge-Snap, basebenza ngaphakathi kwebhokisi lesanti futhi banikeza ukuphatheka okuhle phakathi kokusabalalisa inqobo nje uma besebenzisa i-Flatpak, nezitolo zezithombe ezifana ne-Flathub ezinikeza ikhathalogi ekhula njalo.

Ngisho naphezu kwazo zonke lezi zinketho, uhlelo lwe izindawo zokugcina zakudala ezine-APT, i-pacman noma i-yum/dnf Kuhlala kuyinto eyisisekelo: kuyindlela eyinhloko yokusesha, ukulanda, nokufaka isofthiwe ekusakazweni okuningi, kanye nokuyigcina ivuselelwa njalo ngohlelo lonke. I-Snap ne-Flatpak zihambisana nalesi sisekelo, hhayi ukusithatha indawo ngokuphelele.

Lesi simo sonke sishiya i-.deb kanye ne-.rpm zisabalulekile kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ekuhlanganisweni kwesistimu ejulile kanye nesofthiwe yendabuko, kodwa futhi kuvula umnyango wamafomethi aguquguqukayo futhi angangeni moya okwenza kube lula ukusabalalisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ngaphandle kokungqubuzana okukhulu phakathi kwemindeni ehlukene ye-Linux.

Ngakho konke esikubonile, kusobala ukuthi amaphakheji .deb kanye ne-.rpm Ziwumgogodla wokusatshalaliswa kwesofthiwe engxenyeni enkulu ye-Linux ecosystem, kodwa kukhona namathuluzi, njenge I-Alien, i-APT, abaphathi bezithombe kanye nezinhlelo ezihlukile ezifana ne-Snap noma i-Flatpakokukuvumela ukuthi uwafake futhi uwaphathe ngaphandle kokubhekana nobunzima njalo nge-terminal; ukuqonda okungenani ukuthi lawa mafomethi asebenza kanjani, ukuthi ungawalanda kuphi ngokuphephile, nokuthi imiphi imikhawulo anayo uma iqhathaniswa nezinketho ezintsha kukusiza ukuthi wenze izinqumo ezingcono lapho ufaka izinhlelo zokusebenza, kungaba ku-Ubuntu, Debian, Arch, noma kunoma iyiphi enye i-distro ongase ube nayo.