Ungayishintsha kanjani ngokuphephile inguqulo ye-Linux kernel ku-GRUB2

Ukukhetha ukuthi iyiphi inguqulo ye-kernel eqala ngokuzenzakalelayo ku-Linux Akuyona nje into engavamile yabaphathi abacophelelayo: ezimweni eziningi, umehluko phakathi kokuba nohlelo oluzinzile kanye nokuphahlazeka, ukungahambisani nabashayeli bezithombe, noma ukwehluleka kwehadiwe yakamuva. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ku-Ubuntu nakwezinye izabelo ezisekelwe ku-Debian, lapho amagatsha ajwayelekile, i-HWE, kanye nezinye izabelo zihlangana khona. izinguqulo zokuhlolaUkulawula i-GRUB2 cishe kuyimpoqo.

Uma ufaka ama-cores amaningi ngokulingana, I-GRUB2 ihlala izama ukuqalisa i-kernel yesimanje kakhulu etholakalayo.Kulungile lokho isikhathi esiningi, kodwa uma uphoqelekile ukubuyela enguqulweni yangaphambilini ngenxa yephutha noma umshayeli onephutha, kuzodingeka utshele i-GRUB ukuthi yikuphi ukungena okufanele ukusebenzise njengokuzenzakalelayo. Kulesi sihloko, sizobheka ngokuningiliziwe futhi ngaphandle kokushaya ihlombe ukuthi singakwenza kanjani lokhu ngokuphephile nangokuhlala njalo, yiziphi izinto ezincane okufanele uzazi ngamagatsha amasha e-HWE, nokuthi ungawahlanganisa kanjani namanye amaqhinga awusizo ahlobene ne-GRUB2.

Yiziphi izinguqulo ze-kernel Ubuntu ezisekelayo futhi kungani unesifiso sokuzishintsha?

Ubuntu bugcina imigqa eminingana ye-kernel ngokufanayakhelwe izimo ezahlukene. Ukuqonda lokho okufakile kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ngaphambi kokuthinta noma yini ku-GRUB2, ngoba kuzonquma ukuthi yikuphi okufakiwe okubonayo kumenyu yokuqalisa nokuthi yikuphi ofuna ukukusebenzisa njengokuzenzakalelayo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi kukhona igatsha lakudala i-linux-genericLena i-kernel evame ukufika ifakwe kusengaphambili kumaseva nezinhlelo lapho ukuzinza kubaluleke kakhulu. Lawa ama-kernel ahlala isikhathi eside, ahlolwe kahle, futhi ezinguqulweni ze-LTS ezifana ne-Ubuntu 22.04, ngokuvamile ahambisana nochungechunge olufana ne-5.15.x. Ifilosofi yabo icacile: ukumangala okumbalwa, ukuphazamiseka okumbalwa ngemva kokubuyekezwa.

Amakhompyutha edeskithophu e-Ubuntu nawo anikeza Ama-kernel e-HWE (Hardware Enablement)Lawa magatsha afakiwe, isibonelo, ngemiyalo efana sudo apt ukufaka i-linux-generic-hwe-22.04 futhi bahlose izinguqulo ezintsha ze-kernel, njengochungechunge lwe-6.5.x endabeni ye-Ubuntu 22.04 LTS, ngenhloso yokusekela ihadiwe yesimanje eyayingekho lapho kukhishwa i-LTS yokuqala.

Uma udinga ukuya phambili ngesinyathelo esisodwa, kukhona futhi uhlobo oluhlukile unqenqema lwe-hwe, yakhelwe njenge igatsha "le-vanguard" o ukopha onqenqemeniIfakwe ngemiyalo efana sudo apt ukufaka i-linux-generic-hwe-22.04-edge Ngokuvamile ifaka ngisho nama-kernel amasha (isibonelo, i-6.7.x ku-Ubuntu 22.04 uqobo). Inikeza ukwesekwa kwehadiwe yakamuva kakhulu, kodwa ngezindleko zokwandisa amathuba okubhekana namaphutha, ukungasebenzi kahle, noma ukuziphatha okungajwayelekile.

Nakuba uhlelo lusebenzisa i-kernel eyodwa ngesikhathi.Izithombe zemicu yasendulo zigcinwe e /boot Kufana nenqubomgomo yomshuwalense wokuphila. Uma isibuyekezo senza ikhompyutha yakho ingasebenzi, ukukwazi ukuqala kabusha kunguqulo endala kungasindisa usuku. Inkinga ukuthi uma usufake i-kernel entsha, i-Ubuntu izovame ukuqala kabusha kuyo njalo, futhi ukuyikhipha ngaphandle kokukwazi ukuqala kabusha kwenye i-kernel kungaba yinkinga enkulu.

Khetha okwesikhashana i-kernel ehlukile kumenyu ye-GRUB2

Ngaphambi kokuthi siqale ukuhlela amafayela, kubalulekile ukukhumbula lokho I-GRUB2 isivele ikuvumela ukuthi ukhethe enye i-kernel ngesandla lapho uqala.Uma unokufinyelela okungokoqobo kwikhompyutha kanye nekhibhodi exhunyiwe, ngokuvamile awudingi lutho olunye ukuze uzame inguqulo yokubuka kuqala.

Ku-Ubuntu, uma uvula umshini, Ungabonisa imenyu ye-GRUB2 ngokubamba phansi ukhiye we-Shift. ngesikhathi sesigaba sokuqala sokuqalisa. Ezinhlelweni ze-BIOS zendabuko kusebenza kahle; ku-UEFI ngokuvamile kwanele ukuthi i-GRUB ibonise imenyu ezenzakalelayo, kodwa umqondo uyafana: ukubona uhlu lwezinhlelo nezinketho.

Kuleyo menyu uzobona ngokuvamile okufakiwe kokuqala kohlobo Ubuntu, okuyiyona eqala i-kernel yokugcina efakiwe, ilandelwe yimenyu encane ebizwa ngokuthi Izinketho ezithuthukisiwe ze-Ubuntu (Izinketho Ezithuthukisiwe). Ngaphakathi kwale menyu engezansi kubhalwe zonke izinguqulo ze-kernel ezitholakalayo, ngayinye inemodi yayo evamile kanye nemodi yokutakula.

Uma unezinkinga nge-kernel yakamuva, Into evamile okufanele uyenze ukungena ku-"Izinketho Ezithuthukisiwe ze-Ubuntu" bese ukhetha inguqulo endala (isibonelo, Ubuntu, with Linux 5.15.0-94-generic) esikhundleni se-6.x yakamuva. Uma isiqalile ngempumelelo ngaleyo nguqulo, ungakhipha ama-kernel aphikisanayo bese uphinda uvuselele ukucushwa nge sudo update-grub.

Vele, lesi sixazululo sesandla sinokubamba: Kusebenza kuphela uma ukwazi ukuxhumana ne-GRUBKumaseva angenayo ikhibhodi, imishini ekude, noma izindawo lapho ungayiboni khona i-boot console, udinga indlela eqhubekayo etshela i-GRUB ukuthi yikuphi ukufaka okufanele kusetshenziswe njalo, ngaphandle kokukubuza kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza eziqalayo.

Bhala uhlu lwazo zonke izinhlamvu ezaziwa yi-GRUB2

Ukuze usethe ngokuthembekile i-kernel ezenzakalelayo, Okokuqala udinga ukwazi ukuthi yiziphi izingeniso zemenyu i-GRUB2 ezilungisile ngempelaAkwanele ukumane ubheke amaphakheji afakiwe, ngoba izikhundla kumenyu zingashintsha lapho kufakwa noma kususwa ama-kernel.

I-GRUB2 ikhiqiza imenyu yayo eyinhloko kufayela /boot/grub/grub.cfgNakuba kunganconywa ukuyihlela ngesandla (iyabhalwa kabusha uma uyisebenzisa buyekeza-grubYebo, ungayifunda ukuze uthole ulwazi. Umyalo owusizo kakhulu wokufaka ohlwini okufakiwe yilona:

grep -Ei 'submenu|menuentry' /boot/grub/grub.cfg | sed -re «s/(.? )'(+)'.*/\1 \2/»

Lo myalo Izobuyisa uhlu lwazo zonke izinto ezifakiwe namamenyu amancane. ezivela ekuqaleni, into efana nalokhu:

menuentry Ubuntu
submenu Advanced options for Ubuntu
menuentry Ubuntu, with Linux 6.7.0-15-generic
menuentry Ubuntu, with Linux 6.7.0-15-generic (recovery mode)
menuentry Ubuntu, with Linux 5.15.0-94-generic
menuentry Ubuntu, with Linux 5.15.0-94-generic (recovery mode)
menuentry Ubuntu, with Linux 5.15.0-92-generic
menuentry Ubuntu, with Linux 5.15.0-92-generic (recovery mode)
menuentry Memory test (memtest86+.elf)
menuentry Memory test (memtest86+.bin, serial console)
menuentry MS-DOS 5.x/6.x/Win3.1 (on /dev/sdf1)

Ukungena kokuqala kuvame ukuba "Ubuntu" nge-kernel yesimanje kakhuluFuthi ngaphakathi kwemenyu engezansi ethi "Izinketho Ezithuthukisiwe", zonke izinhlobo ezifakiwe ziyavela, zi-odwe kusukela kwezintsha kuya kwezindala. Esibonelweni sethu, uma ufuna ukuqala njalo nge Ubuntu, with Linux 5.15.0-94-genericLokho okufakiwe kuzoba kumenyu engezansi ethuthukisiwe, hhayi kumenyu eyinhloko.

Setha i-kernel ethile ngesikhundla kumenyu (izinkomba ze-GRUB_DEFAULT)

Uhlobo olujwayelekile lwe cacisa ukuthi iyiphi i-kernel GRUB2 efuna ukuqala ngokuzenzakalelayo Kuhilela ukukhombisa inkomba (indawo) yokungena, noma ngisho nenhlanganisela "yemenyu engaphansi > yokungena" lapho inguqulo oyifunayo ingaphakathi "kwezinketho ezithuthukisiwe ze-Ubuntu".

Ifayela elilawula lokhu yi- / njll / okuzenzakalelayo / grubNgaphambi kokwenza noma yiziphi izinguquko, kunconywa kakhulu ukuthi udale isipele esisheshayo uma kwenzeka udinga ukubuyela kalula esimweni sangaphambilini. Ungakwenza lokhu nge:

sudo cp / etc / default / grub /etc/default/grub.bak

Okulandelayo, hlela ngomhleli wakho owuthandayo, isibonelo nge-Nano:

Sudo nano / etc / default / grub

Ngaphakathi uzobona umugqa onjengalona GRUB_DEFAULT=0, okubonisa ukuthi kuzosetshenziswa okufakiwe kokuqala kumenyu enkulu (inkomba engu-zero). Uma i-kernel oyifunayo ingaphakathi kwemenyu engezansi ethi "Izinketho Ezithuthukisiwe"Ungatshela i-GRUB ukuthi ingene kuleyo menyu engezansi bese ukhetha indawo ethile usebenzisa inothi submenú>entrada.

Ukulandela isibonelo sangaphambilini, uma "Izinketho Ezithuthukisiwe ze-Ubuntu" bekuyinketho 1 kumenyu enkulu futhi ngaphakathi kwaleyo menyu engezansi ethi "Ubuntu, ene-Linux 5.15.0-94-generic" bekuyinketho yesithathu (ukubala kusukela ku-zero kanye nokweqa izindlela zokubuyisa), ungabhala into efana nale:

GRUB_DEFAULT="1>3"

I-logic ilula, kodwa kufanele unake izinkomba.Izinga lokuqala libhekisela endaweni yemenyu engaphansi kumenyu eyinhloko, kanti elesibili libhekisela endaweni yokungena ngaphakathi kwaleyo menyu engaphansi. Futhi, khumbula ukuthi okufakiwe "kwemodi yokutakula" kuvame ukuhlukaniswa, ngakho izinketho ezijwayelekile zisebenzisa izinombolo ezingajwayelekile kanti izinketho zokutakula zisebenzisa izinombolo ezilinganayo.

Uma usushintshile GRUB_DEFAULT, londoloza ifayela (ku-Nano, Ctrl + O bese Ctrl + X) futhi isebenzisa izinguquko ngokuvuselela ukucushwa kwe-GRUB nge:

sudo update-grub

Ngemuva kwalokhu, qala kabusha uhlelo nge ukuqala kabusha kwe-sudo futhi, uma isiqalile, ihlola ukuthi iyiphi i-kernel elayishwe ngayo:

hlanganisa -a

Umphumela kufanele ukubonise, isibonelo, Linux ... 5.15.0-94-generic ... okubonisa ukuthi manje usebenzisa inguqulo oyibekile usebenzisa ama-indexes ku GRUB_DEFAULT.

Sebenzisa igama lokufaka imenyu esikhundleni se-indexes ("imodi egciniwe")

Indlela yenkomba inenkinga enkulu: Izikhundla ziyashintsha uma ufaka noma ukhipha ama-kernelLokho kusho ukuthi isibuyekezo se-kernel singenza i- 1>3 Yeka ukukhomba i-kernel efanele, okuyikho kanye ofuna ukukugwema uma ufuna ukuzinza kwesikhathi eside.

I-GRUB2 inikeza enye indlela eqinile kakhulu: Sebenzisa igama eliqondile lokufakwa kwemenyu njengento ezenzakalelayoNgale ndlela, uma nje lokho kungena kukhona ku grub.cfgIzoqhubeka nokukhethwa ngisho noma kunezinguqulo ezintsha ezingeziwe ngenhla noma ngaphansi kwayo ohlwini.

Umqondo ojwayelekile yilo: okokuqala Uthola igama eliphelele lento yemenyu oyifunayo, njengoba kubonakala ku- /boot/grub/grub.cfg (ngokwesibonelo Ubuntu, with Linux 6.8.0-60-generic), bese ulungiselela i-GRUB ukuthi iyisebenzise njenge okufakiwe_okugciniwe okuzenzakalelayo.

Ukuze uthole igama eliqondile, ungavula ifayela lokucushwa ngomhleli noma umbukeli, isibonelo:

I-sudo nano /boot/grub/grub.cfg

Uma usungaphakathi, Sebenzisa u-Ctrl+W ku-Nano ukuze useshe umucu ohambisana nenguqulo ye-kernel okukuthakazelisayo (isibonelo, "6.8.0-60-generic"). Ngokuhambisana ne- menuentry Uzobona isihloko esiphelele, into efana nale:

menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 6.8.0-60-generic' ...

Manje, esikhundleni sokudlala ngama-indices, Ungatshela i-GRUB ukuthi isebenzise lelo gama njengokukhetha okulondoloziwe.Inqubo evamile ihilela ukwenza imiyalo efana nale elandelayo:

sudo grub-set-default «Ubuntu, nge-Linux 6.8.0-60-generic»

Lo myalo uchaza okufakiwe okucacisiwe njengalokho okufanele kubhekwe "njengokuzenzakalelayo okugciniwe". Ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi kusetshenziswe kahle, ungahlola ifayela lemvelo le-GRUB:

uhlu lwe-sudo grub-editenv

Kufanele ubone umugqa onjengalona:

saved_entry=Ubuntu, with Linux 6.8.0-60-generic

Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi, kuye ngokucushwa kwangaphambilini, inketho ethi GRUB_DEFAULT=saved iyasetshenziswa en /etc/default/grubokutshela i-GRUB ukuthi isebenzise okokugcina njalo okufakiwe_okugciniwe kusungulwe. Kunoma ikuphi, ngenkathi saved_entry Uma ifana ne-kernel oyifunayo, uzoqhubeka nokuqalisa leyo nguqulo ngokuzenzakalelayo.

Ngemva kokusebenzisa lezi zinguquko, phinda uvuselele ifayela lokucushwa nge sudo update-grubQala kabusha uhlelo bese uqinisekisa futhi nge hlanganisa -a ukuthi uqale ngenguqulo echazwe njengezenzakalelayo.

Ukushintsha i-kernel ku-Ubuntu ibe yinguqulo ethile (ukufaka nokwehlisa)

Ezimweni eziningi awufuni nje ukukhetha i-kernel efakwe ngaphambilini, kodwa shintsha kusuka enguqulweni yakho yamanje uye kwethileLokhu kungenxa yokuthi uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza ludinga lokho, ngoba umshayeli usekela uchungechunge oluthile kuphela, noma ngoba isibuyekezo sakamuva siphule ingxenye yesistimu yakho.

Isinyathelo sokuqala kufanele sibe njalo yazi ukuthi iyiphi i-kernel oyisebenzisayo njengamanjeUkuze wenze lokhu ungasebenzisa imiyalo efana nale:

uname -r

Kulungile:

hlanganisa -a

lokho kuzobuyisa into efana nale:

Linux web 6.8.0-85-generic #85~22.04.1-Ubuntu SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC ... x86_64 GNU/Linux

Uma usuwazi ukuthi ukuphi, isinyathelo esilandelayo bona ukuthi yimaphi ama-kernel atholakalayo ezindaweni zokugcina izintoEzindaweni ze-Ubuntu/Debian, lokhu kuvame ukwenziwa ngokubuza amaphakheji linux-image kusuka endaweni yokugcina, kuhlunga ngenguqulo oyithandayo. Uma usuyitholile inguqulo ethile, ungayifaka ngqo nge-apt noma uyihlanganise ngokwakho (bheka Ukucinga kanjani ukucupha kokuthi `make menuconfig`), njengoba uthanda.

Isibonelo, uma ufuna ukwehla usuka I-6.8.0-85-generic a I-6.8.0-60-genericUngafaka iphakheji ehambisanayo ngomyalo ofanele, uqinisekisa ngo-"S" uma kulungile Izokubuza ukuthi uyafisa yini ukuqhubeka nokufaka. Ngemva kokuthi inqubo isiphelile, Uzobe usunayo leyo nguqulo ye-kernel etholakalayo yokuqalisaNoma kunjalo, i-GRUB izoqhubeka nokukhetha entsha kuze kube yilapho ushintsha izilungiselelo njengoba kuchaziwe.

Ngemva kokufaka i-kernel oyifunayo, qala kabusha ikhompuyutha ukuze ukwazi ukuyinikeza njengokuzenzakalelayo usebenzisa enye yezindlela ezingenhla (ngenkomba noma ngegama), noma yikuphi okulula futhi okuqinile ecaleni lakho.

Setha i-kernel ethile kusuka kumenyu engezansi ethi "Izinketho Ezithuthukisiwe" njengokuzenzakalelayo

Ekusabalalisweni okufana no-Ubuntu 22 no-24, lapho kufakwa inguqulo ye-kernel ephansi kuneyamanje, Leyo nguqulo ayibekwanga njengokufakwa okuyinhloko.kodwa ingeziwe kumenyu engezansi Izinketho ezithuthukisiwe ze-UbuntuNgakho-ke, noma ngabe ufaka inguqulo 6.8.0-60 ngaphansi kwengu-6.8.0-85, uma uqala kabusha uzoqhubeka nokuqalisa ngenguqulo 85.

Ngakho lokho I-GRUB2 ikhetha ngokuzenzakalelayo inguqulo oyifunayo kumenyu engezansiUdinga ukwazi indawo yayo eqondile. Futhi, umyalo obala uhlu lwe- menuentry y submenu Kukusiza ukuthi ubone isakhiwo kanye nohlelo lwezinombolo oluzosetshenziswa yi-GRUB.

Cabanga ukuthi ngemva kokusebenzisa umyalo wohlu uthola ukuthi i-kernel yakho eqondiwe (isibonelo, "Ubuntu, ene-Linux 6.8.0-60-generic") ivela endaweni yesine yemenyu engaphansi ethi "Izinketho Ezithuthukisiwe", nokuthi le menyu engaphansi iyona yokuqala ngemva kokungena okuyinhloko. Kuleso simo, inhlanganisela yenkomba, eqala ku-zero, izoba yi- 1> 2 (imenyu engaphansi kwesikhundla 1, ukungena endaweni 2 ngaphakathi kwaleyo menyu engaphansi kwesikhundla).

Kufayela /etc/default/grubUzoshintsha umugqa:

GRUB_DEFAULT=0

ngu:

GRUB_DEFAULT="1>2"

Ngemva kokulondoloza izinguquko nokusebenza sudo update-grub, Ngesikhathi esilandelayo lapho uqala, leyo kernel ethile izokhethwa ngokuzenzakalelayo. ngaphakathi "kwezinketho ezithuthukisiwe", ngaphandle kwesidingo sokufaka ngesandla imenyu engezansi isikhathi ngasinye.

Ngemva kokuqala kabusha ungaqinisekisa ukuthi konke kuhambe kahle uname -r o hlanganisa -a, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inguqulo ye-kernel esebenzayo yileyo oyibekile GRUB_DEFAULT.

Khipha ama-HWE nama-edge kernels bese ubuyela egatsheni elizinzile

Uma usuzuzile qalisa uhlelo nge-kernel eqinile evela egatsheni le-linux-generic (isibonelo, uchungechunge lwe-5.15.x ku-Ubuntu 22.04 LTS), isinyathelo esilandelayo esinengqondo uma ama-HWE noma ama-edge kernels ekunike izinkinga ukuhlanza lawo magatsha esistimu.

Ukuze ukhiphe ama-metapackages e-HWE, ungasebenzisa ukuhlanza kahle ngekhadi lasendle elimboza lonke igatsha, into efana nale:

sudo apt purge linux-generic-hwe-22.04*

Ngemva kokususa lawo ma-metapackages, cishe uzofuna Susa futhi izithombe zezinhlayiya zesimanje ongasazidingi.Uma, isibonelo, ufuna ukususa wonke ama-kernel aphezulu kune-6.x esikhundleni sochungechunge lwe-5.x, ungasebenzisa umyalo onjengalona:

sudo apt purge linux-image-6*

Lolu hlobo lokuhlanza lususa amaphakheji esithombe se-kernel ogama lawo liqala ngo-"linux-image-6", ngakho-ke kuyalulekwa ukuthi ubuyekeze ngokucophelela lokho ozokukhipha ngaphambi kokuqinisekisa. Ungakhohlwa lokho. Kumelwe ugcine okungenani igatsha elilodwa elizinzile nelisebenzayo, imvamisa i-linux-genericngoba ngaphandle kwayo uhlelo lungaphelelwa ama-kernel aqalayo.

Ngemuva kwanoma yikuphi ukuhlanzwa kwe-kernel, kubalulekile Buyekeza ukucushwa kwe-GRUB ukuze uyeke ukubhekisela kokufakiwe okungasekho.Uma kungenjalo, ungase uhlangane nezinketho zemenyu ezikhomba kuma-kernel asusiwe. Ukuze uphinde uvuselele ifayela lokucushwa, sebenzisa:

sudo update-grub

Uma ufuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha elijwayelekile lihlala lifakiwe, ungaliphoqa ukuthi lifakwe nge:

sudo apt ukufaka i-linux-generic

Ezimweni eziningi izokutshela ukuthi isivele ifakiwe, kodwa ngale ndlela uqinisekisa ukuthi i-metapackage ikhona nokuthi uzoqhubeka nokuthola izibuyekezo zokuphepha kanye nokulungiswa kulolo chungechunge oluzinzile.

Njengesinyathelo sokugcina, uma ushintshile GRUB_DEFAULT ku-index noma igama elithile ukuze usinde ezinkingeni ze-HWE/edge, Ungayibuyisela enanini layo elizenzakalelayo (imvamisa 0) ukuhlela futhi /etc/default/grub:

Sudo nano / etc / default / grub

Futhi ukushiya umugqa njengo:

GRUB_DEFAULT="0"

Bese ulondoloza, sebenzisa sudo update-grub bese uqala kabusha nge ukuqala kabusha kwe-sudo ukuze uhlelo luqale ngokujwayelekile nge-kernel yakamuva evela egatsheni i-linux-generic ozifakile.

Ekugcineni, ukulawula ukuthi yimaphi amabhuzu e-kernel usebenzisa i-GRUB2 kuba ithuluzi eliyisisekelo kunoma yimuphi umsebenzisi we-Ubuntu, i-Debian, noma i-derivative ongafuni ukuba sengozini yesibuyekezo sakamuva. Ngokuhlanganisa ukufakwa kwezinguqulo ezithile, ukusetshenziswa kwe-"Izinketho Ezithuthukisiwe", ukukhetha ngenkomba noma ngegama lemenyu, kanye nokuhlanzwa kwamagatsha anenkingaUngazivumelanisa nomongo wesistimu nezidingo zakho zangempela: ukuzinza okuqinile kumaseva, ukuhambisana okuphezulu kwemishini yesimanje, noma ingxube ebaliwe yakho kokubili ezindaweni zedeskithophu lapho ungafuni ukufaka engozini ukusetshenziswa kwakho kwansuku zonke ku-kernel yokuhlola.