Amazwe avumela ukuvota ku-inthanethi: imephu, amamodeli kanye nezinkulumo mpikiswano

Ukuvota nge-elekthronikhi kwazalelwa lula ukubamba iqhaza futhi uvule izindlela ezintsha zalabo abangakwazi ukuya esiteshini sokuvota. Kuze kube manje, izifunda eziningi ziye zahlola izixazululo zedijithali njengenye indlela yokuvota nge-imeyili noma komuntu siqu, kodwa eyodwa kuphela. Ingcosana ivumela ukuvota nge-inthanethi ngobubanzi nangokuzinza.

Ngale kwelebula evamile, igama elithi "ukuvota ngogesi" lihlanganisa ubuchwepheshe nemithetho ehluke kakhulu. Amanye amazwe agxila kuwo imishini ezindaweni zokuvota (ngaphandle koxhumano lwenethiwekhi) nabanye bazilolonge ukuvota okukude ku-inthanethi. Isisusa esijwayelekile siwukunikeza “wonke amathuba” okusebenzisa ilungelo lokuvota, kodwa ukukhathazeka kusaqhubeka mayelana ukuphepha, ukuqinisekiswa, imfihlo kanye nokwethenjwa emiphumeleni.

Yini esiyiqondayo ngokuvota ngogesi nokuhluka kwakho?

Ukuvota nge-elekthronikhi kuvame ukuxoxwa ngakho konke, nakuba kukhona izindawo kanye nezidingo ezahlukene. Emkhakheni womphakathi, ukuvota “kokhetho” nge-elekthronikhi kusebenza ngomgomo wokuthi umuntu oyedwa, ivoti elilodwangokungaziwa okuqinisekisiwe, izilawuli zokuvimbela ukuvota okuphindwe kabili, nokwabiwa kwezihlalo ngemithetho efana nendlela ye-d'Hondt. Ngokuhambisanayo, emkhakheni wangasese nohlangene, ukuvota nge-elekthronikhi "kwenkampani" kuyavela, lapho amalungelo ukucabangelaIvoti ngeke lingaziwa (ngaphandle kokuhlukile okusemthethweni) futhi lingenzeka shintsha isiqondiso yevoti ngaphakathi komnqamulajuqu.

Ngokombono wezobuchwepheshe nenqubo, imindeni emibili emikhulu ihlukaniswa nayo izinselele ezahlukene:

• Kugadwe ukuvota komuntu mathuphaAmabhokisi/imishini yokuvota ezikhungweni ezisemthethweni; ihlanganisa i-DRE (ukubhaliswa okuqondile esikrinini) namasistimu ane ukuskena optical lamavoti ephepha.
• Ukuvota ukude nge-inthanethi (i-voting)Umvoti uhambisa ivoti lakhe kunoma iyiphi indawo; lokhu kuwusizo kubantu abane ukuhamba okuncishisiwe, izakhamuzi ezisezindaweni ezikude noma abaphuma kwamanye amazwe.

Ngale kwesigaba sokhetho, ukuvota kwezinkampani nge-elekthronikhi kuhlanganisa izindlela ezifana nalezi ukuvota kusenesikhathi futhi ngesikhathi sangempela ku-ajenda, i izithunywa neziyalezo kanye nokukhethwa kwezigungu ezibusayo kokubili kusengaphambili futhi kuphile.

Izinzuzo ezibalulekile kanye nezingozi zokuvota nge-inthanethi nezinye izinhlelo zokuvota nge-elekthronikhi

Abasekeli bakhomba izinzuzo ezicacile. Kungavumela vota noma yikuphi Ngokufinyelela ku-inthanethi, kunciphisa amavoti angavumelekile, kusheshise ukubala, futhi, ngokochwepheshe abahlukahlukene, kuzuzisa abantu ubunzima bokukhubazeka noma ukuhambaUma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela, ezinye izifundo zithi isiteshi esiku-inthanethi singaba eyongayo ivoti ngalinyeBaphinde baveze ukuthi ngisho nokuvota nge-imeyili kubandakanya ubungozi futhi sekusetshenziswe amashumi eminyaka.

Izinkathazo zibalulekile. Abacwaningi abavela ePhalamende laseYurophu baye baxwayisa mayelana indawo yokuhlasela (ukukhwabanisa, izigebengu ze-inthanethi) kanye nesidingo sokulawula okwedlulele kokhiye, ukucwaninga, ukuxhumeka, nabahlinzeki. Ukuvota okukude kwandisa ukuchayeka ekuphoqweni noma ekuthengeni wamavoti, futhi ngaphandle kwedokhumenti yomuntu ngamunye, ingalahleka ukufundeka uma uhlelo lungafaki ukuqinisekiswa okuzimele. Izinkinga ze usability ezithinta labo abanolwazi oluncane lwedijithali kakhulu.

Ekuvoteni i-i, ukuhlonza kungase kusekelwe Ikhadi le-ID ye-elekthronikhi noma i-SIM...njengakukuhlangenwe nakho kweselula lapho ukuhlonza kwenziwa kusebenze kumawebhusayithi asemthethweni. Kunoma ikuphi, ingxoxo eyisisekelo ayiyona nje yobuchwepheshe: ukwamukelwa kokuvota ku-inthanethi kuncike ekutheni ukwethenjwa kwezakhamiziokuvame ukuncika kancane kwezobuchwepheshe futhi kakhulu emibonweni yohulumeni neziphathimandla zokhetho.

Ungavota kuphi ku-inthanethi futhi imaphi amazwe asebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuvota nge-elekthronikhi

Ngezansi ukubuka konke okunemininingwane—ngokwesifunda—kwamazwe ane ukuqaliswa okubanziizivivinyo noma izifundo, kanye nalezo kwenqatshelwe noma imisiwe Lezi zixazululo zihlanganisa izinhlelo zokuvota nge-inthanethi, imishini yokuvota, nokuskena eziteshini zokuvota, kanye nentuthuko yezomthetho kanye nezinyathelo ezibalulekile. izinsuku, amaphesenti kanye nezici.

I-Europe: amaphayona, intuthuko kanye nezithiyo

EYurophu, amamodeli ahlukene ahlala ndawonye. Kuyagqama Estonia njengomholi womhlaba jikelele ekuvoteni ku-inthanethi, kuyilapho amazwe ethanda Belgium Bagcina imishini yokuvota ye-elekthronikhi enokuqinisekiswa kwephepha nokunye, okufana ESwitzerlandZishintshana phakathi kwenqubekelaphambili kanye nokumisa okwesikhashana ngenxa yezizathu zokuphepha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi kuneJalimane, i-Ireland, neNetherlands. uboshiwe Ukuthunyelwa kwayo kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngobuqotho nokwengamela.

Ukuqaliswa noma ukusetshenziswa okuhlanganisiwe

• BelgiumIphayona kusukela ngo-1989 elinamakhadi omugqa kazibuthe nemishini yokuvota kagesi. Kusukela ngo-2010, iye yathuthukisa amasistimu ayo izikrini zokuthinta ezinerisidi ephrintiwe ukuze kucwaningwe. Ngo-2014 kwasetshenziswa isistimu ezenzakalelayo futhi eqinisekiswa ngokugcwele; ukwehluleka okuthile kuphoqe ukukhanselwa kwayo 2.200 amavoti (0,06%)Ayisetshenziswa e-Wallonia, kuyilapho umphakathi okhuluma isiJalimane uye wayisebenzisa okhethweni lomasipala kusukela ngo-2015. Ngo-2019, imishini yakhipha i- ivoti elibethelwe iqinisekiseke ngaphambi kokuyibeka ebhokisini lokuvota.
• Estonia: izwe lokuqala elinokuvota kwe-inthanethi kuzwelonke ngo-2005 (ukhetho lwasekhaya; 9.317 amavoti aku-inthanethi). Ngo-2007, i- 3,13% yabavoti basebenzisa ukuvota okhethweni lukazwelonke; ngo-2008 bavumela ukuvota kweselula Kulandela izinguquko zomthetho; ngo-2009, 104.415 Basebenzise ukuvota kwe-i ePhalamende LaseYurophu (9,5%). Ngo-2011, 140.846 Ukuvota ngogesi (ama-96% avela ngaphakathi ezweni); ngo-2013 yavulwa ikhodi yomthomboNgo-2014, i-31% yabavoti abavotile bavotela okhethweni lwase-Europe; ngo-2015 bafinyelela 176.491 i-amavoti (30,5%); okhethweni lwasekhaya ngo-2017, ama-31,7% (186.034) avotele ngokunwetshwa Iminyaka engu-16-17 (7,4% wama-i-votes); ngo-2019, ama-44% (247.232) asebenzise isiteshi se-elekthronikhi okungenzeka ukuthi phinda uvote kanye nokuchitha ngevoti lebhokisi lokuvota; ngo-2023 bafinyelela 51,3% i-voto (313.514), evumela ukuvota ku-inthanethi kuze kufike usuku lokhetho ngokwalo. Konke lokhu kusekelwa ngu I-ID ye-elekthronikhi nephinikhodinge-prism ebethelwe ukuze kulondolozwe ukungaziwa kanye nokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwezokuphepha, ukuhlolela nokungafihli.
• GeorgiaOkhethweni lomthetho lwango-Okthoba 26, 2024, ubuchwepheshe busetshenziswe ekubhaliseni, ekuvoteni, ekubaleni nasekudluliseni. I-2.263 kusuka ku-3.031 Ezikhungweni zokuvota, kwasetshenziswa uhlelo lapho umvoti ephawula ngophawu, umshini ufunda ivoti, bese lifakwa ebhokisini lokuvota; kade bengu izikhalazo zokukhwabanisa.

Ngaphansi kokufunda noma ukusetshenziswa kancane

• EFrance: ngemva kwabashayeli bamabhanoyi (2000-2002) nokusetshenziswa kunhlolovo ka-2005, ngo-2007 Izigidi ezingu-1,5 Bakwazile ukuvota ngekhompyutha mathupha. Ngo-2012, abakwamanye amazwe bavotela iSishayamthetho Sikazwelonke nge-inthanethi (127.000 amavoti). Ngo-2017 uHulumeni kukhishwe isinqumo Ukuvota nge-elekhthronikhi okusemthethweni kwezakhamuzi zaphesheya ngenxa yezingozi ze-cybersecurity. Ngo-2020, inkundla yokhetho lwamanxusa yavunywa (yaqala ukusebenza ngo-2021) ukuhlolwa nokuqinisekisaNgo-2022 kube nezinkinga nge amakhodi okuqinisekisa lokho akuzange kufinyelele ingxenye yabavoti baphesheya kwezilwandle.
• ItaliaInhlolovo ka-2017 eLombardy naseVeneto, kusetshenziswa amaphilisi okuvota, yayihamba kancane futhi ibiza kakhulu, isusa impikiswano. ukubuyekezwaNgo-2019, isabelomali sagcinelwa izivivinyo eziqondiswe kumaNtaliyane aphesheya kanye nabavoti abangaphandle kwezindawo zabo zokuhlala ngomsebenzi/ukufunda/kwezempilo.
• Rusia: izitolo 2011 nge touch screen namakhadi; 2018 ifakiwe 12.000 amabhokisi okuvota eskena ngaphakathi 10.000 izikole (eziyizigidi ezingama-35 zinikwe amandla), eziningi zine QR kumaphrothokholi. Ngo-2021, ukuvota okukude kwe-elekthronikhi kwasetshenziswa izifunda eziyisikhombisa (kuhlanganise eMoscow); kade bengu izikhalo yasekhaya/yamazwe ngamazwe. Izimemezelo ezilandelayo zikhomba ukwanda kwabathile Izifunda eziyi-30 indlela entsha yedijithali yokuhlola.
• ESwitzerlandIzinhlelo zokuhlola zenziwa ngo-2003-2005 (Geneva, Neuchâtel, Zurich) futhi ngo-2008 nezakhamuzi zaphesheya. I-Geneva ifake ukuvota nge-e kuMthethosisekelo wayo ngo-2009. I-Zurich yamisa izivivinyo ngo-2011 ngenxa yezizathu zobuchwepheshe nezindleko. Ngo-2015, kulandela ukucwaninga kwamabhuku okuthole izindaba eziyimfihlo, kwaba njalo unqabile isiteshi esiku-inthanethi kuma-canton angu-9, asele 13.000 i-amavoti avela kwabakwamanye amazwe abayi-142.000. Ngo-2018, inhloso bekuwukuyenza isiteshi esijwayelekile nge ukukhishwa kwekhodiU-Zug uhlole i-blockchain okhethweni lukamasipala (30% yabavoti abangama-240). Ngo-2019, uhlelo lwe-Swiss Post lwamiswa ngenxa amaphutha abalulekile I-Geneva yashiya eyakhe ngenxa yezindleko, nokwaholela ekwehleni kokubamba iqhaza kwamanye amazwe. Ngo-2023, uhulumeni wanikeza ukukhanya okuluhlaza izivivinyo ezintsha ngohlelo “olubuyekeziwe” lwe-Swiss Post nge ukuqinisekiswa kwendawo yonke.

Kunqatshelwe noma kumisiwe

• AlemaniaYasebenzisa ukuvota ngogesi ngo-2005; ngo-2009 iNkantolo yoMthethosisekelo yamemezela lokho okuphambene nomthethosisekelo ukuvimbela izakhamuzi ezingenalo ulwazi lobuchwepheshe ekuqapheni inqubo.
• I-Netherlands: kunikwe amandla ukuvota ngogesi ngo-1965; ngemuva kokuveza amaphutha ezokuphepha ngo-2006, yabuyiselwa ngo-2008 papelNgo-2017, isibalo sedijithali siyekwa ngenxa yokuba sengozini, futhi ukuxhumana kwemiphumela kwasetshenziswa esikhundleni salokho. inombolo yocingo.
• IrelandNgemva kokuhlolwa ngo-2002 kanye nokubuyekezwa kokuphepha, uhulumeni wakumisa ukwethulwa kwawo ngo-2009; ngo-2012 yaphela 7.500 imishini ngenxa yokuswela ukuthembeka.
• ENorwayizinhlelo zokulinga ukuvota ngo-2011 (omasipala abayishumi) nango-2013; ngo-2014 uhulumeni wamemezela kuqediwe Izivivinyo zagxekwa ngenxa yezingxabano zezombusazwe kanye nokungabi nomthelela ekubambeni iqhaza.
• Finlandia: isivivinyo ngo-2008 sakhanselwa ngenxa yezinkinga zokusebenziseka; ngo-2016-2017 iqembu elisebenzayo linconyiwe ungasebenzisi ukuvota ngokujwayelekile ngenxa yokushoda kweziqinisekiso zokuqinisekiswa nokuba yimfihlo.
• United Kingdom: abashayeli bezindiza abangaphezu kuka-30 (2002-2007); ngo-2008 iKhomishana yoKhetho yahlulela ayanele iziqinisekiso futhi wavala umnyango ukuze aqhubeke.

I-America: Ukusuka ku-Mass Automation kuya kubashayeli bezindiza abanobubanzi obunomkhawulo

I-mosaic yaseMelika isuka ku- okuzenzakalelayo okugcwele kwezinye izinqubo ngisho nezinhlelo ezithile zokuhlola, ezinomkhuba wakamuva wokuqinisa amavoti aqinisekisiwe kanye nokucwaninga.

Ukuqaliswa noma ukusetshenziswa okuhlanganisiwe

• BrasilKusukela ngo-1996 isebenzise imishini yokuvota ngogesi; ngo-2002, u-100% wokuvota mathupha kwaba electronicYethula i-biometrics ngo-2008 (izigidi ezine ngo-2010; izigidi ezingu-23 ngo-2014). Ngo-2016 kwakukhona Izigidi ezingu-43,3 kokuqinisekiswa kwe-biometric (32,13%) komasipala abayi-1.541. Ngo-2018 iNkantolo Ephakeme isuswe Amavoti aphrintiwe enqatshwa ngenxa yokukhathazeka mayelana nemfihlo, ngokungafani nezicelo zezakhamizi zokulandela umkhondo osuselwa ephepheni.
• Venezuela: kusuka ku-optical scanning (1998-2003) kwahamba ngo-2004 kuya irekhodi eliqondile nerisidi ephrintiwe; ngo-2012, wonke umjikelezo wazenzekela (ukuqinisekiswa kwebhayomethrikhi, ukwenziwa kusebenze kwebhokisi lokuvota, ukubala, kanye nokwenza isamba). Kade bengu ukucwaningwa kwamabhuku kulandela izikhalo ngo-2013 kanye nezicelo zamazwe ngamazwe zokubuyekezwa ngo-2017.
• ParaguayImishini yokuqala yokuvota ye-elekthronikhi yasetshenziswa ngo-2003-2006; ukuvota kwamaphepha kwabuyiselwa ngo-2008 ngenxa yokuntuleka kokuvumelana. Kwasetshenziswa imishini okhethweni lomasipala lwango-2021 kanye nokhetho lukazwelonke lwango-2023; okulandelayo kwabikwa: ubunzima kubantu abadala kanye nezinsolo "zokuvota okusizwayo", kanye nezilinganiso ezinhle kumavoti wendawo.
• EE. UU.Ukwehlukahlukana okukhulu ngenxa yesifunda nesifunda. Umlando wemishini ye-lever (1892-1960) futhi, kusukela ngo-1980, izinhlelo ezinhlanu ezinkulu: i-lever, amakhadi ashaywayo, amavoti angenayo / ngaphandle ukuskena optical kanye ne-DRE. Ukulandela iFlorida 2000 kanye nomthetho we-HAVA (2002), izwe lifudukela ephepheni lezimpawu zokuthengisa ngokuskena futhi linciphise I-DRE engenaphephaNgo-2008, ezinye izifunda zahlola ukuvota ngogesi kwamasosha aphesheya kwezilwandle; ngo-2012, ama-56% avotele ngephepha lokuvota (elinesithwebuli noma ngaphandle kwalo) kanye nama-39% yi-DRE; kube nezinkinga zobuchwepheshe ezifundazweni ezimbalwa ngo-2016 nango-2018. I-West Virginia ihlole uhlelo lokusebenza ngo-2018 nge blockchain kwabakwamanye amazwe kanye nabantu abakhubazekile, kodwa ngo-2020 yakulahla ngenxa yokukhathazeka mayelana ubumfihlo nobuqothoI-Utah iphakamise izivivinyo zokuvota ku-inthanethi.

Ngaphansi kokufunda noma ukusetshenziswa kancane

• ArgentinaIzifundazwe eziyisishiyagalombili zenze umthetho ngesipiliyoni se-elekthronikhi esihlukene kusukela ngo-2003, okuhlanganisa I-Electronic Single Balot (BUE) e-Salta (2011, bese kuba ngu-100% weziteshi zokuvota ngo-2013). Izinkinga ngemishini, ukushintshwa, nokufaneleka ngo-2015. Ngo-2016, umthetho kazwelonke we-BUE akazange aphumelele eSenate. Ngo-2017, i-CONICET yancoma ngokumelene nokuqhubekela phambili esikhathini esifushane/esimaphakathi. Ngemuva kwezigameko zango-2023, iBuenos Aires kukhishwe isinqumo uhlelo jikelele.
• Canada: izinga lombuso liyagcina papelKukhona ukuvota ngogesi kamasipala (Markham, Ontario kusukela ngo-2003; e-Ottawa enokuskena okubonakalayo). I-Quebec yayimisa okwesikhashana ngemva kwezinkinga ngo-2005. Izifundazwe eziyisithupha zivumela izindlela ze-elekthronikhi, kodwa ngo-2017 uhulumeni wobumbano akazange acabangele ukuvota kwe-i, futhi ngo-2020 Ukhetho lwaseCanada lwaphinde lwasho ukuthi aluzange luhlele ukulwethula ngenxa yokuntuleka kwesikhathi sokuqinisekisa ukwethembeka kwalo. imfihlo, imfihlo kanye nobuqotho.
• ColombiaAbashayeli bezindiza ngo-2007; ngo-2009, ukubonisana kwephathi nesikrini esithintwayo; ngo-2011, yaqaliswa i-biometrics kuya ku-10% wokubalwa kwabantu.
• EcuadorNgo-2004, amabhokisi okuvota aseBrazil asemthethweni asetshenziswa. Ngo-2013, ubuchwepheshe obuthathu (irisidi ephrintiwe, i-chip, nokubhaliswa okuqondile) kwahlolwa ezifundazweni ezintathu. Ngo-2014, ukuvota nge-elekthronikhi kwaqaliswa. ukubopha eSanto Domingo nase-Azuay. Ngo-2023, amazwe aphesheya kwezilwandle avotela i-CPCCS kanye nereferendamu 19.000 amavoti avela kubavoti abafanelekile abayizi-97.000; ngo-August, i-CNE ichithiwe ukuvota phesheya kwezilwandle ngenxa yokwehluleka kwesistimu.
• El SalvadorI-Supreme Electoral Tribunal (TSE) isebenzise ukuvota nge-elekthronikhi Salvadorans phesheya okhethweni lukamongameli nolwezomthetho lwango-2024.
• GuatemalaNgo-2002, yasebenzisa ikhiphedi/isikrini sezinombolo okhethweni lomasipala. Ngo-2019, ukuvota kwe-i kwamenyezelwa izakhamuzi zase-US, kodwa i-TSE (Supreme Electoral Tribunal) ngeke ikusebenzise ngo-2023. echithiwe ezweni naphesheya.
• I-MéxicoIzivivinyo e-Coahuila (2005) namabhokisi okuvota ngo-2008; isipiliyoni eMexico City (2003, 2006, 2009) kanye noJalisco (2009, 2012). I-IFE iqalise ukuvota kwe-i kubavoti baphesheya kwezilwandle ngo-2012 nge inzuzo encaneNgo-2017, i-INE (i-National Electoral Institute) yakhipha isinqumo sokuvotela i-i ngo-2018 ngenxa yesabelomali/ukukhathazeka okuqinisekile. Ngo-2021-2022, ukuvota kwe-i kwavunyelwa eziteshini zokuvota zendawo; ngo-2021, uCoahuila noJalisco bayisebenzisa. amabhokisi okuvota kagesi (50 esifundeni ngasinye). Ngo-2023, i-INE yanikeza i-SIVEI yabakwa-diaspora ababhalisiwe.
• ePanamaumshayeli wendiza wezi-2014 enabavoti abayizi-4.859; Icala lika-2015 ku-Bar Association (1.900 kwabangu-3.000). Ukuvota nge-elekthronikhi kwakuhlelelwe iziteshi zokuvota ezingama-20 ngo-2024 (kufika ku 10.000 abantu).
• PeruUmthetho ka-2005 ugunyaze ukuthunyelwa okuqhubekayo. Okuhlangenwe nakho okubophezelayo e-Pacarán ngo-2011; izinhlelo zikamasipala/zezifunda ezifundeni eziyisikhombisa ngowezi-2014; futhi i-VEP ifinyelele [izinga elithile lokuqalisa/ukuqaliswa] ngo-2016. 743.169 abavoti (3%). I-ONPE yakha isixazululo sayo; kube nenqubekelaphambili ngemiphumela Imizuzu ye-30 ezinhlelweni zokulinga nokunwetshwa ezifundeni ezingama-39 ngowezi-2018.

I-Asia ne-Oceania: kusukela ekusetshenzisweni ngobuningi eNdiya kuya kubashayeli bezindiza be-blockchain

Icala laseNdiya liyindawo enkulu kunazo zonke ezisatshalaliswa emhlabeni jikelele imishini yokurekhoda eqondile ngaphandle koxhumano lwe-inthanethi, kuyilapho amanye amazwe ehlole i-blockchain noma amasistimu ahoxisiwe ngenxa yezindleko kanye nokusetshenziswa okulinganiselwe.

• India: waqala kancane kancane ngo-1989; kusukela ngo-2003 amavoti angu-100%. electronic endlunkulu. Ngo-2004, kwasetshenziswa imishini eyisigidi enabavoti abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-670 emasontweni amathathu; ngo-2006, kwahlanganiswa okuningi. -brailleNgo-2010, ochwepheshe bacela ukuvikeleka okukhulu, ukuqinisekiswa, nokungafihli lutho; kusukela ngo-2014, i-VVPAT (umkhondo wephepha) isifakiwe, futhi ngo-2019 iKhomishana yafuna ukuhlanganisa 100% wemishini enobufakazi bokuthi ithengiwe.
• EPhilippinesukuvotela abakwamanye amazwe ngo-2007; uhlelo lokuhlola ngo-2008 lokukhetha ubuchwepheshe ngo-2010; ukhetho lwezomthetho ngokuvota ngogesi ngo-2010 kanye ukubuyekeza ngemuva kwezigameko; 2013 waphindwa ngaphandle kwezinkinga; ngo-2016, 92.509 imishini yabavoti abayizigidi ezingu-55,7 enamaphepha okuqinisekisa aphrintiwe; ngo-2022, ukhetho lwesihlanu olulandelanayo olunemishini yokuvota kagesi (ezinye Izigidi ezingu-53).
• I-United Arab Emirates: ulwazi lokuqala ngo-2006; ngo-2011 yanda imishini kagesingomfutho oqinile obheke ku-m-Government. Ngo-2015 inqubo yayiphelele nge-electronic 224.000 kunikwe amandla kanye no-35% wokubamba iqhaza, kuphumela kwabanye Imizuzu ye-30 kanye nokuba khona kwabesifazane abaningi (38,94%).
• JapanUmthetho ka-2002 wavumela ukuvota kwendawo ngogesi; UNiimi wayiqala ngawo lowo nyaka. Ngo-2018, i-Aomori umhlalaphansi uhlelo lwabo olusekelwe kuzindleko; I-Tsukuba ihlolwe i-blockchain ngokubonisana nayo 119 ababambiqhaza.
• MongoliaNgo-2012, yasebenzisa uhlelo lwe-elekthronikhi okhethweni lwasephalamende ukulwa nokukhwabanisa, kodwa kubika izigameko zobuchwepheshe.
• IraqInhlolovo ye-Kurdish yango-2017 ivumele ukuvota nge-elekthronikhi ngabakwa-diaspora; ngo-2018 yasetshenziswa i-biometrics kanye nemishini, enamabhokisi okuvota angu-1.021 asuliwe ngenxa yokukhwabanisa.
• AustraliaUmthetho kusukela ngo-2000. I-ACT yaqasha i-EVACS ngo-2001 nango-2004; UVictoria wengeze izikhundla ze ukukhubazeka okubukwayo ngo-2006 nango-2010. I-New South Wales yethulwa iVote ngo-2011 (47.000), inweba yafinyelela ku-286.000 ngo-2015 futhi iphinda kuze kube ngu-2019, lapho u-63% walabo abangazange bavotele mathupha benze kanjalo nge-inthanethi kanye nohlelo lokusebenza. isiqinisekisi Yathola ukusetshenziswa. Ngo-2021, kwaba neziphazamiso ezivimbele izinkulungwane ukuthi zivote; izinkantolo ziyala phinda ukhetho lwasekhaya kathathu.

I-Afrika: izinyathelo zokuqala nezinselele

Namibia Kwakuyizwe lokuqala lase-Afrika ukusebenzisa ukuvota nge-elekthronikhi okhethweni lukamongameli (2014) ngemishini ethinta isikrini ephuma eNdiya, kodwa yatholwa. izikhalo ngenxa yokungabi bikho kobufakazi bephepha, amaphutha, nokuntuleka kokuqeqeshwa.

ISpain kanye nomongo waseYurophu

E-Spain, ukuvota nge-inthanethi akusetshenziswa okhethweni lwezomthetho. Okuthiwa ucele ivoti (2011) idinga izakhamizi zaphesheya ukuthi zicele ukuvota, futhi ukubamba iqhaza kwehlile 31,7% al 4,9%Kuye kwenziwa abashayeli bezindiza: ngo-2004 ukuhlolwa okukude ematafuleni amathathu; ngo-2005 ukuqulwa kwecala okungabophi kumasipala oyedwa esifundazweni ngesikhathi sereferendamu yoMthethosisekelo waseYurophu; ngo-2008-2011 Ithebula Eliphethwe Ngogesi ukwenza ngokuzenzakalelayo imisebenzi yedeski. Ezingeni lesifunda, i-Basque Country yalawula futhi yathuthukisa lokhu ngo-1998. I-Demotek (isetshenziswa e-UPV nase-Athletic Club, futhi ekuhlolweni eCatalonia). E-Barcelona, ​​kwenziwa inhlolovo ye-inthanethi neselula yango-2010 izehlakaloICatalonia yethule iphrojekthi yokuqala ngo-2018 yokuvota nge-elekthronikhi kubahlali baphesheya, ngenhloso yokuyinweba kancane kancane.

Ezingeni le-EU, amakhulu ezigidi zezakhamizi avota okhethweni lwase-Europe 27 amasethi Okuhlukile. I-Spain ikhetha ama-MEP angu-61 futhi, kusukela namuhla, ayikuvumeli ukuvota ku-inthanethi. I-Estonia iyasihlanganisa isiteshi sedijithali kulo lonke ukhetho lwayo—lwendawo, lukazwelonke, nolwaseYurophu—futhi ngokokuqala ngqa... Ukuvota okudijithali kudlule ukuvota kwamaphepha kojenene babo bakamuva.

Ingabe ukuvota ku-inthanethi kuphephile? Bathini umkhuba nongoti

I-Estonia itshala imali ngokuqhubekayo ku-ecosystem yayo: ukuhlola, buyekeza isofthiweIbuyekeza ama-algorithms futhi ihlaziye ubungozi. Lithi alilitholanga. I-malware okhethweni futhi igcina ukuqinisekiswa wesiteshi sayo. ISwitzerland, ngakolunye uhlangothi, yamisa ukwanda kokuvota ngo-2019 ngemuva kokutholakala kobufakazi bomphakathi. ukwehluleka ekuqinisekisweni kwendawo yonke kohlelo lwe-Swiss Post; ngo-2023 iqale kabusha abashayeli bezindiza ngemva kokubuyekezwa okuphelele nokushicilelwa kwekhodi.

Ukuthembana sekuphinde kwaba seqhulwini. Ochwepheshe basikhumbuza ukuthi izakhamizi azigcini nje ngokuhlola ubuchwepheshekodwa kunalokho ezikhungweni eziwuphethe. Emazweni anomlando wentando yeningi ongabazekayo, ukwamukelwa kokuvota nge-elekthronikhi kudale impikiswano eyengeziwe: ngenkathi iRussia inweba uhlelo lwayo lwe-elekthronikhi ezifundeni eziningana, izingqapheli zamazwe ngamazwe ziye zaveza izimo ezingalingani yokuncintisana.

E-United States, inkinga ye-punch card eFlorida ngo-2000 yagqugquzela isimanjemanje (HAVA, 2002). Ukusetshenziswa kwe-DRE engalandeleki ephepheni kwacatshangelwa el tiempo ukungavikelekiFuthi namuhla, amavoti amakwe ngesandla ane-optical scanning ahamba phambili. Isitayela sakamuva somhlaba wonke sivuna ivoti ephepheni eliqinisekiswa ngumvotingisho nalapho okokusebenza kwe-elekthronikhi kusetshenziselwa ukusheshisa ukubala.

Ubani ngempela osebenzisa ukuvota kwe-inthanethi futhi ubani okugwemayo

Uma sibheka amazwe athuthukile, phakathi kwamazwe angama-20 ahamba phambili Inkomba Yentuthuko Yabantu I-United States kuphela esebenzisa kancane izindlela zokuvota nge-elekthronikhi (hhayi ngendlela efanayo noma ngempela ku-inthanethi). Ezingeni likazwelonke, amazwe afana EBelgium, eBrazil, e-Estonia, ePhilippines, eNdiya naseVenezuela Bahlanganise ukuvota nge-elekthronikhi ngamadigri nobuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene. Abanye, njengokuthi Canada y ESwitzerlandBawulinganisela emazingeni angaphansi kwamazwe noma ku-diaspora futhi bawubeke emafasiteleni we ukuhlola kanye nokucwaninga.

Ngasohlangothini oluhlakaniphile noma olubucayi, IJalimane, i-Ireland, iNetherlands kanye ne-United Kingdom bakhethe i- nqabela noma ulahle Lezi zindlela zenziwa ngemva kokwehluleka noma ngenxa yokungenzeki kokuqinisekisa ukubonakala komphakathi ngaphandle kobuchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe. Izinkantolo kanye neziphathimandla zabo zabeka phambili ukubhekwa kwezakhamizi elula futhi eqinile.