Yini ngempela ephakanyiswa yi-Ambient IoT Alliance, futhi kungani kubalulekile?

Ukufika I-Environmental IoT kanye ne-Ambient IoT Alliance Kushintsha indlela esixhumanisa ngayo izinto ezibonakalayo namapulatifomu edijithali. Sisuka ezinzwa ezisebenzisa izintambo noma ezisebenzisa ibhethri siye esizukulwaneni esisha samadivayisi asebenza ngokusebenzisa amandla avela emvelweni, cishe njengokungathi "antanta" unomphela emoyeni.

Kulesi simo, i I-Ambient IoT Alliance (AIoTA) Yazalwa njengombimbi womhlaba wonke, ohlanganisa imikhakha eyahlukene ohlose ukuletha ukuhleleka, ukuhlanganisa amazinga, nokusheshisa ukuthunyelwa okukhulu kwalolu buchwepheshe. Ngemuva kwayo kuneziqhwaga ezifana ne-Atmosic, i-Infineon Technologies, i-Intel, i-PepsiCo, i-Qualcomm, i-VusionGroup, kanye ne-Wiliot, zonke zinesithakazelo esikhulu ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi igagasi elilandelayo le-IoT liyakhula, lizinzile, futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, liyasebenzisana.

Yini ngempela ephakanyiswa yi-Ambient IoT Alliance?

Isiphakamiso esiyinhloko se-AIoTA sithi ukukhuthaza uhlelo oluvulekile, oluhambisanayo nolunezindinganiso eziningi yamadivayisi e-IoT emvelo angenabhethri. Umsebenzi wayo ufingqwe ngokuthi "ukusheshisa nokusekela ukuthuthukiswa kwendawo evulekile, evumelanisiwe, futhi ehambisanayo" ehlanganisa abakhiqizi, abaphakeli, abahlanganisi, abaqhubi, kanye nabasebenzisi bokugcina.

Ukuze kufezwe lokhu, inhlangano ihlose hlanganisa imizamo yokulinganisa nezinhlangano ezibalulekile njenge-3GPP, i-IEEE, i-Bluetooth SIG, nezinye izinkundla ezifanele. Umqondo uwukuthi amathegi nezinzwa ze-Ambient IoT zingakhuluma ulimi olufanayo, zisebenze namanethiwekhi asevele esetshenzisiwe (5G Advanced, Bluetooth Low Energy, Wi-Fi/IEEE 802.11bp, NB-IoT, LTE-M…) futhi zigweme ukuqhekeka okwaphazamisa amagagasi angaphambilini e-IoT.

Esinye isisekelo sesiphakamiso sabo yilesi ukuvumela ukuthunyelwa "okungenazo ingqalasizinda"I-AIoTA ikhuthaza ukwakheka lapho amadivayisi enikwa amandla omsakazo, ukukhanya noma ukushisa okuvela emvelweni, futhi asebenzise ingqalasizinda ekhona (Ama-router e-Wi-Fiamaselula, izindawo zokufinyelela ze-Bluetooth, iziteshi zesisekelo ze-5G) njengamasango okuxhumana, okunciphisa amasango azinikele kanye nokuxhuma izintambo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-alliance ihlose ukukhombisa amandla ezomnotho nezenhlalo e-IoT yezemvelo ngokusebenzisa amacala okusetshenziswa kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekupheleni: izivivinyo zokuhlola ezinkambisweni zokuhlinzeka, ezokuthutha, ezokuthengisa, ezempilo noma emadolobheni ahlakaniphile ezibonisa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe busebenza ngezinga elikhulu, buthembekile nokuthi buletha ngempela ukonga izindleko, ukulandeleka kanye nokusimama.

Umhlahlandlela wabo uhlanganisa nohambo oluya ukuphepha, ubumfihlo kanye nezinhlaka zesitifiketi ivumelaniswe nalolu hlobo olusha lwamadivayisi, anezinsizakusebenza zamandla nekhompyutha ezilinganiselwe kakhulu, kodwa okumele zihambisane nemithethonqubo edingakalayo njenge-Radio Equipment Directive noma i-Cyber ​​​​Resilience Act eYurophu.

Iyini i-IoT yemvelo futhi kungani ihlukile?

Ikholi I-inthanethi Yezinto Ezizungezile Kungukuthuthuka kwe-IoT yakudala kanye nobuchwepheshe obufana ne-RFID. Kuhlanganisa amadivayisi asebenza kakhulu yi ukubamba amandla azungezile: amaza omsakazo, ukukhanya, ukudlidliza, ukunyakaza, ukushisa noma eminye imithombo esebenzayo, ukuze bakwazi ukusebenza ngaphandle kwamabhethri avamile noma ngokuzimela kweminyaka.

Umehluko omkhulu uma uqhathaniswa ne-IoT yendabuko ukuthi Lezi zinzwa zisebenza ngokuzimela nangokucashile.Lezi zinzwa zifakwe endaweni ezungezile nasezintweni zansuku zonke: ukupakisha, izingubo, ama-pallet, izitsha, izinto zikagesi, noma ngisho namabhodlela emithi. Azidingi ukushintshwa kwamabhethri njalo, okuvula ithuba lokubeka izinzwa cishe kunoma yini ngaphandle kokufaka izindleko ezinkulu kanye nezindleko zokulungisa.

Umqondo we-IoT yezemvelo wawungu- yasungulwa ngokusemthethweni yi-3GPP ngo-2023Kusukela ekupheleni kuka-2022, ibilokhu ithola ukuthandwa emphakathini wezobuchwepheshe. Yakhela phezu kwesipiliyoni seminyaka eminingi ku-NB-IoT, LTE-M, RFID engasebenzisi i-passive, kanye ne-Bluetooth Low Energy, kodwa ithatha igxathu eliya phambili ngokuhlanganisa ukuqoqwa kwamandla njengokujwayelekile kanye nokufaka amazinga amasha njenge-IEEE 802.11bp kanye nencazelo yamadivayisi e-Ambient IoT ku-5G Advanced Release 19.

Ngenxa yale ndlela, i-IoT yezemvelo Ihlangana cishe ngokungabonakali nezweIzinzwa zinesibopho sokuthwebula indawo, izinga lokushisa, umswakama noma ezinye izinhlaka, zicubungula ingxenye yaleyo datha emaphethelweni futhi zidlulisele kuphela lokho okudingekayo efwini noma ezinhlelweni zasendaweni, zigweme ukusetshenziswa kwamandla amaningi futhi zithuthukise ukubambezeleka kanye nobumfihlo.

Umphumela oqondile uwukuthi ukusabalala okukhulu kakhulu kanye nomthelela omncane kwezemveloAsisakhulumi ngezigidi zamadivayisi, kodwa ngamakhulu ezigidigidi noma ngisho nezigidigidi—into engacabangeki uma amabhethri bekufanele ashintshwe ngesandla. Lokhu kubalulekile kwezokuthutha zomhlaba wonke, emadolobheni ahlakaniphile, kwezolimo ezinembile, kanye nasezimbonini, lapho ubuningi bezinto okufanele ziqashwe bukhulu khona.

Ubuhlakani Bendawo Engabonakali: Lapho I-AI Iqala Ukusebenza

Ngokusekelwe ku-IoT yezemvelo, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi Ubuhlakani Bendawo Engabonakali (IAI)Lokhu akulutho ngaphandle kokuhlanganiswa kwalezi zinzwa ezizisebenzisayo kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa kanye nokubala okutholakala yonke indawo. Ubuhle buwukuthi konke kwenzeka buthule: uhlelo lubona, luhlaziye, futhi lwenze ngaphandle kokudinga ukusebenzisana okucacile komsebenzisi.

Kulo modeli, idatha ethathwe ngamathegi nama-node e-Ambient IoT icutshungulwa ku- amadivayisi endawo noma amapulatifomu ekhompyutha asemaphethelwenilapho ama-algorithms okufunda komshini ethola khona amaphethini, alindele izenzakalo, futhi aqalise izimpendulo ezizenzakalelayo. Imizila yezokuthutha iyathuthukiswa, izinhlelo zokulawula isimo sezulu ziyalawulwa, ithrafikhi yasemadolobheni iyalungiswa, futhi ukwehluleka komshini kulindeleke ngaphandle kokungenelela komuntu.

Le IAI isekelwe ezimisweni ze- amandla okusebenzisa ikhompyutha kanye nemveloLokhu kuvumela ukuhlakanipha ukuthi kufakwe ngokoqobo yonke indawo: amashalofu ezitolo ezinkulu, amakamelo okugcina izinto ezibandayo, izibani zasemgwaqweni, izimoto zokulethwa, imishini yezokwelapha, noma ngisho nezingubo zobuchwepheshe.

Umphumela osebenzayo ukuthi sisuka ezinhlelweni ezisabelayo kuphela siye izixazululo zokubikezela nezivumelanisa nezimoEsitshalweni sezimboni, isibonelo, izinzwa ze-Ambient IoT zingathola ukushintshashintsha kokushisa noma ukudlidliza okungavamile futhi, uma zihlanganiswe namamodeli e-AI, zingalindela ukwehluleka kwezingxenye. Edolobheni, zingalungisa ukukhanya kanye nethrafikhi ngokuya ngokuhamba kwangempela kwabantu nezimoto.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani elikhulu ledatha elakhiwe yilezi nethiwekhi zemvelo lisebenza njenge uphethiloli ophelele wamamodeli e-AI athuthukile, kufaka phakathi okukhulu amamodeli olimi afana ne-ChatGPTokwazi ukubhekisela ulwazi oluphathekayo ngesikhathi sangempela ngokuhlaziya okubikezelayo nokunikeza izincomo kokubili ezinkampanini nakubasebenzisi bokugcina.

Izindinganiso kanye nezinqubo ezenza i-IoT yezemvelo ibe nokwenzeka

Ukuze yonke le ndlela yokusebenza isebenze, i-AIoTA izimisele ngokusobala ukuthi uhlaka lwezindinganiso ezihlelwe kahleAkukhona ngokuvuselela isondo, kodwa mayelana nokuhlanganisa lokho osekukhona kakade nokwengeza izingcezu ezingekho ukuze umsebenzi usebenze kahle ngamandla amancane.

Emkhakheni wamanethiwekhi eselula anamandla aphansi, I-3GPP idlala indima ebalulekileUbuchwepheshe obufana ne-NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT) buvumela ukuxhumana kwe-bandwidth ephansi kakhulu, ukumbozwa okubanzi - ngisho nangaphakathi nasezindaweni okunzima ukuzifinyelela - kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi kakhulu, okulungele izinzwa ezithumela amaphakethe amancane edatha kuphela.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, I-LTE-M inikeza i-bandwidth eyengeziwe, ukubambezeleka okuphansi, kanye nokusekelwa kokuhamba kanye nezwi.Ngakho-ke, kuyahambisana nezimo ze-Ambient IoT lapho kudingeka khona idatha eningi noma amadivayisi okuhambisa, njengezimoto, izitsha zokuthutha noma imishini ephathekayo.

Ezweni lamanethiwekhi endawo kanye namanethiwekhi aseduze, I-IEEE kanye ne-Bluetooth SIG ziyisisekeloIzinga le-IEEE 802.11bp lichaza izinguquko ezingqimbeni ze-Wi-Fi MAC kanye ne-PHY ukuze kusekelwe iziteshi ezisebenza ngamandla avuniwe kuphela, ngamamodi kokubili ku-sub-GHz kanye ne-2,4 GHz. I-Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), okwamanje, isivele isetshenziswa kabanzi kuma-beacon nama-tag anamandla aphansi futhi ihlanganiswa nalolu hlelo olusha.

Akufanele sikhohlwe ifa lika Ubuchwepheshe be-Passive RFID kanye ne-Auto IDOkuhlangenwe nakho ngamathegi ashibhile, angenabhethri okuhlonza ubuningi kuye kwaba yisisekelo sokuklama amathegi amasha e-Ambient IoT, ahamba phambili ngokungeza amakhono okuzwa, ukubala okulula, kanye nokudluliselwa okusebenzayo noma okusabalala emuva.

Ezingqimbeni zohlelo lokusebenza, amaphrothokholi alula njenge I-MQTT kanye ne-CoAP zenza kube lula ukuthutha okusebenzayo Idatha idluliselwa kusuka kumadivayisi anezingqinamba zezinsiza kuya kumapulatifomu amafu noma izinhlelo zomphetho. Lokhu kuhlose ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuhlobene nokuxhumana, okuvame ukuba yimbangela enkulu yokuphelelwa yibhethri ku-IoT yendabuko.

Izibonelo ezingokoqobo: kusukela ku-Wiliot kuya kuphrojekthi yaseYurophu i-Ambient-6G

Isibonelo sokuqala sale ndlela yinkampani Willot, obesebenza kumalebula e-Ambient IoT iminyaka eminingi. cishe ngobukhulu besitembu seposi. Ama-IoT Pixels abo abizwa ngokuthi amabhodi amancane, aguquguqukayo ahlanganisa ikhompyutha encane, ama-antenna, kanye ne-circuitry ekwazi ukuqoqa amandla avela kumaza omsakazo endaweni ezungezile (i-Wi-Fi, i-Bluetooth, i-4G/5G…).

Lawa mathegi, ngokungafani nama-beacon e-Bluetooth akudala, Bangathumela amaphakethe edatha ngaphandle kwebhethri noma ugesi wangaphandle.Ukubika amapharamitha afana nokushisa, indawo elinganiselwe, noma izinga lokugcwalisa lesitsha. Ngesikhathi sobhubhane, i-Wiliot yahlanganisa lobu buchwepheshe emabhodleleni ngamanye emijovo ye-Pfizer ukuze iqaphe izinga lokushisa, ivolumu, kanye nokuxuba ngesikhathi sangempela.

Ezingeni laseYurophu, iphrojekthi I-Ambient-6G ithatha isinyathelo esiqhubekayo Umgomo ukuthuthukisa amadivayisi angathathi hlangothi kwamandla (ama-END) akwazi ukuxhuma kwi-IoT ngamanethiwekhi e-6G anamandla aphansi kakhulu esikhathini esizayo. Umqondo uwukuthi la madivayisi azovuna amandla azungezile noma athole amandla angenantambo anele okusebenza ngokuzimela amashumi eminyaka.

I-Ambient-6G consortium, eholwa yi-IMEC kanye nokubamba iqhaza kwe-Telefónica kanye nezinhlangano ezivela eFinland, eFrance, eGrisi, eBelgium, eSpain nase-Austria, ifuna ukuklama, i-prototype, ukuqinisekisa kanye nokwenza kube okujwayelekile kokubili ihadiwe kanye nesofthiwe yalezi zinhlelo zokusebenza kanye nengqalasizinda yenethiwekhi ye-6G ezobasiza.

Phakathi kwemigomo yayo ukuthuthukisa amamojula okuvuna amandla athuthukisiwe nokuphathaKuphakanyiswa amasu okusabalalisa ulwazi kanye nokuxhumana okungenantambo okusebenzayo okunamandla aphansi, kanye nobuchwepheshe benethiwekhi yendawo ebanzi ye-6G esebenza kahle kakhulu kunezinketho zamanje. Ihlose futhi ukuhlanganisa ukufunda komshini okusatshalaliswa ukuphatha izinsiza zenethiwekhi kanye nedivayisi kanye nokucubungula idatha endaweni kuyo yonke i-continuum yedivayisi esemaphethelweni efu.

Konke lokhu kuvela esimisweni esithakazelisayo: Ukunika amandla amakhulu ezigidigidi zamadivayisi e-IoT ngamabhethri angashintshwa akukwazi ukuqina. ngenxa yezindleko, umthelela wemvelo, kanye nezingozi zokuphepha. I-Environmental IoT inikezwa ngqo njengendlela ehlukile yokugwema leyo nqwaba yamabhethri kanye nezindleko zokulungisa ezinonya ezihambisana nayo.

Izicelo ku-supply chain, logistics kanye nokuthengisa

Enye yezinkambu lapho amandla e-IoT yezemvelo ebonakala khona ngokucacile yi- uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka kanye nohlelo lokuhambisa lomhlaba wonkeIzinzwa ezizisebenzisayo ezixhunywe emikhiqizweni, emabhokisini, kuma-pallet noma ezitsheni zivumela ukubonakala okuqhubekayo kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube yilapho kuthengiswe khona noma ekhaya lomthengi.

Emikhakheni efana nokudla noma imithi, lawa malebula angakwazi qapha izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama njaloukuqinisekisa ukuthi uchungechunge olubandayo luyagcinwa nokuthi imikhawulo ethile yengozi ayidluli. Uma kwenzeka ukuphambuka, uhlelo lunganikeza isixwayiso kusenesikhathi futhi luvimbele ukulahlekelwa yizigidi zamaRandi noma izinkinga zempilo nokuphepha.

Amalebula e-Ambient IoT nawo enza kube lula ukulandeleka okusanhlamvu ngesikhathi sangempelaNgokungafani ne-RFID engasebenzisi i-passive, ephendula kuphela uma idlula eduze komfundi, lezi zixazululo zingathumela isimo sazo njalo noma ngezikhathi ezithile, noma ngabe isitsha siphakathi nolwandle futhi singagcina idatha endaweni kuphela ukuze siyithumele kabusha lapho sithola ukumbozwa.

Enye indawo ebalulekile yi- ukuvimbela ukukhwabanisa kanye nokukhwabanisaIzinzwa ezibona ukuvuleka okungagunyaziwe, izinguquko zokushisa ezizumayo, noma ukuphazamiseka zivumela ukuhlonza izinguquko zempahla ezingaba khona, okubalulekile emithini ebiza kakhulu, imikhiqizo yokunethezeka, noma izinto zikagesi ezibucayi.

Ezitolo, izinkampani ezifana neVusionGroup sezivele zisebenzisa amalebula eshalofu kagesi axhunyiwe abazuza kulezi zobuchwepheshe. Bangabuyekeza amanani ngesikhathi sangempela, bazi ukuthi imikhiqizo ayikho yini eshalofini, balinganise izimo zemvelo, futhi bathumele lonke lolo lwazi ezinhlelweni zokuphatha ukuze bathuthukise isitoko, bavimbele ukuphuka, futhi banciphise imfucuza.

Umthelela emadolobheni ahlakaniphile nasezindaweni zasemadolobheni

Emvelweni wasemadolobheni, i-IoT yezemvelo iyavela njenge ingxenye ebalulekile yamadolobha ahlakaniphileIzinzwa ezihlakaniphile nezisebenza ngokwazo ezisakazwa kulo lonke idolobha zisetshenziselwa ukukala ikhwalithi yomoya, amazinga omsindo, ukuhlala kwabantu endaweni yokupaka, isimo sengqalasizinda, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla kwezakhiwo nokukhanya.

Ngenxa yalolu lwazi, oluhlanganiswe nama-algorithms e-AI, kungenzeka Lungiselela ithrafikhi ngokulungisa izibani zethrafikhi nemizila, klama kabusha imigqa yezokuthutha zomphakathi, nciphisa ukuminyana kwezimoto kanye nokukhishwa kwegesi, noma ulindele izindawo ezinokungcola okuphezulu ukuze kuthathwe izinyathelo zokuvimbela.

Emkhakheni wamandla, ukuthunyelwa Izinzwa ze-Ambient IoT ezisetshenziswa ezibanini nasezinhlelweni zokulawula isimo sezulu Ikuvumela ukuthi ulungise ukukhanya kanye nokusetshenziswa kokushisa noma komoya opholile ngokusekelwe ekubeni khona kwabantu, ukukhanya kwemvelo noma izimo zezulu, okunciphisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa.

Konke lokhu kuzwa kwemvelo nakho kunengxenye ebalulekile emphakathini: Inikeza idatha eqondile neqhubekayo ezingasekela izinqubomgomo zomphakathi mayelana nokuhamba, impilo noma ukusimama, futhi zivula umnyango wezinsizakalo ezintsha zezakhamuzi, kusukela kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezincoma imizila enekhwalithi yomoya engcono kuya ezinhlelweni zokusiza ukuhamba kwabantu asebekhulile noma abakhubazekile.

I-AIoTA ilindele ukuthunyelwa okukhulu kwalezi zinhlobo zezixazululo ku ukuthengisa, amadolobha ahlakaniphile, ezokuthutha kanye nokunakekelwa kwempilo Eminyakeni ezayo, njengoba amazinga eqina kakhulu, izindleko zelebula ziyancipha, futhi uhlelo lwezimboni oluzungeze ubuchwepheshe luqiniswa kakhulu.

Izinselele: amandla, ukusebenzisana, ukuphepha kanye nobumfihlo

Naphezu kwamandla ayo amakhulu, ukwamukelwa okukhulu kwe-IoT yezemvelo kubhekene nobuso izinselele ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe, ukusebenza kanye nokulawulaI-AIoTA ngokwayo iyavuma ukuthi umsebenzi ohlanganisiwe uyadingeka ukuze imvelo isebenze kahle futhi ivikeleke.

Okokuqala, kukhona inselele ye- ukuqoqwa kanye nokuphathwa kahle kwamandla emveloAkwanele ukubamba amandla amancane avela kumaza omsakazo noma ekukhanyeni; kumele agcinwe, aphathwe, futhi asetshenziswe ngendlela ethuthukisiwe kakhulu ukuze amadivayisi akwazi ukuzwa, ukucubungula, nokuxhumana ngaphandle kokunciphisa amandla awo agciniwe.

La ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamadivayisi namapulatifomu Lokhu kungenye into ebalulekile. Njengoba kunabadlali abaningi kangaka (abakhiqizi bama-chip, abathuthukisi bamalebula, abahlanganisi bezinhlelo, opharetha benethiwekhi, abahlinzeki bamafu, njll.), ingozi yokudala ama-silo angahambisani iphezulu. Ngakho-ke ukubaluleka komsebenzi we-AIoTA ekuhlanganiseni amazinga kanye nemikhuba emihle kakhulu.

Ngokuphathelene nokuphepha nobumfihlo, i-IoT yezemvelo iphakamisa izinselele ezinkulu nakakhulu kune-IoT yendabukoUkufakwa kwezinzwa okukhulu nokusabalele kwandisa indawo yokuhlasela futhi kwandise amaphuzu angaba sengozini. Isibonelo, okulandelayo kutholakale: ubuthakathaka obukhulu be-V16 beacon.

Noma kunjalo, imithethonqubo efana ne- Isiqondiso Semishini Yomsakazo kanye noMthetho Wokumelana Ne-Cyber E-European Union, izidingo eziqinile zokuphepha kwe-inthanethi ziyaphoqelelwa kuyo yonke imikhiqizo exhunyiwe. Lokhu kudinga ukwakhiwa kwezixazululo ezithile zokuvikela ze-Ambient IoT ezilula, eziqinile, futhi ezihambisana nokusebenza kwamandla ngezikhathi ezithile nangokuqoqwa.

Ekugcineni, kunezinkinga ze- ukuphathwa kwedatha kanye nokwethenjwa komsebenzisiOkuhlangenwe nakho kweminyaka eyishumi edlule kukhombisile ukuthi i-IoT ayisebenzi ngokuphelele uma abantu bebona amadivayisi njengaphazamisayo noma angavikelekile. I-AIoTA ngokwayo igcizelela ukuthi ukuphepha nobumfihlo kumele kube yizidingo zomklamo, hhayi ukucabanga kamuva.

Ngamafuphi, i-Ambient IoT Alliance ibona ikusasa lapho Zonke izinhlobo zezinto zansuku zonke zizokwazi ukuxhumana namanethiwekhi kanye nefu ngaphandle kokuthembela kumabhethri angasetshenziswa kabusha.ukuhlinzeka ngemininingwane eqhubekayo yokondla izinhlelo zobuhlakani bokwenziwa ezikwaziyo ukuqeda imfucuza, ukuthuthukisa ukucaca kwamaketanga okuhlinzeka, ukuqinisa ukusimama kanye nokunikeza izinsizakalo ezenzelwe wena kokubili izimboni kanye nabantu, uma nje imboni ikwazi ukuxazulula ngokubambisana izinselele zamandla, ukusebenzisana kanye nokuphepha kwe-inthanethi ezihambisana nalolu guquko oluthule.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Iwebhusayithi yokubuka imephu enezibani ze-V16 ezisebenzayo nezakamuva eSpain

Isaka

Umbhali oshisekayo ngomhlaba wamabhayithi nobuchwepheshe ngokujwayelekile. Ngiyathanda ukwabelana ngolwazi lwami ngokubhala, futhi yilokho engizokwenza kule bhulogi, ngikubonise zonke izinto ezithakazelisayo kakhulu ngamagajethi, isofthiwe, ihadiwe, izitayela zobuchwepheshe, nokuningi. Inhloso yami ukukusiza ukuthi uzulazule emhlabeni wedijithali ngendlela elula nejabulisayo.