Uyilungisa kanjani i-DHCP ne-DNS kuseva ye-Windows: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele, onemininingwane

Lungiselela kahle amasevisi DHCP y DNS Kuseva ye-Windows, lokhu kuyisihluthulelo sokugcina noma yiliphi ibhizinisi noma inethiwekhi yasekhaya isebenza kahle, ihlelekile, futhi ivikelekile. Lezi zinsizakalo azigcini nje ngokuzenzakalelayo isabelo sekheli le-IP futhi ziqinisekisa ukuthi amadivayisi abonwa kahle kunethiwekhi, kodwa futhi asiza ukuxazululwa kwamagama kanye nokuphathwa okumaphakathi, okubalulekile ekusebenzeni okuhle kwengqalasizinda nokuqina.

Kulesi sihloko ngizokukhombisa Konke odinga ukukwazi ukuze ufake, ulungiselele, futhi usethe i-DHCP nezinsizakalo ze-DNS kumaseva e-Windows, ethinta ingxenye ngayinye ngokuningiliziwe nangendlela engokoqobo ngokuphelele. Kusukela kokudingekayo, ngokudala ububanzi nokusetha, kuya ekuhlanganisweni kwe-Active Directory nokuxazulula izinkinga ezivamile. Uma unemibuzo mayelana nokuthi ungayigcina kanjani inethiwekhi yakho isebenza njengewashi, nawu umhlahlandlela oqondile.

Kungani kubalulekile ukuthi ulungiselele kahle i-DHCP ne-DNS?

Ngaphambi kokuqala, kubalulekile ukuqonda Kungani lezi zinsizakalo ezimbili ziyisisekelo sanoma iyiphi inethiwekhi yesimanje. I I-Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Ikuvumela ukuthi unikeze ngokuzenzakalelayo amakheli e-IP namanye amapharamitha enethiwekhi (njenge-subnet mask, isango noma i-DNS) kumadivayisi axhumayo. Lokhu kuvimbela izingxabano ngamakheli e-IP ayimpinda namaphutha enziwa ngesandla, futhi kwenza ukuphathwa kwenethiwekhi kwansuku zonke kube lula.

Ngokwengxenye yayo, i Uhlelo Lwesizinda Segama (DNS) ihumusha amagama esizinda kuya kumakheli e-IP, ivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bafinyelele izinsiza nezisetshenziswa besebenzisa amagama akhumbuleka kalula esikhundleni sezinombolo. Ukwengeza, ukuhlanganiswa kwayo ne-DHCP kwenza kube lula nganoma yiziphi izinguquko zenethiwekhi, ezifana nesabelo esisha sekheli le-IP, ukuthi zibonakale ngokuzenzakalelayo ekubhekeni amagama.

Okudingekayo kanye nemikhuba ehamba phambili ngaphambi kokufaka i-DHCP ne-DNS

Ngaphambi kokuqala, kunezinto ezithile okufanele zicace ngazo: izici eziyisisekelo zokugwema izinkinga zesikhathi esizayo. Nakuba kungase kubonakale kusobala, Ngeke kube khona iseva ye-DHCP engaphezu kweyodwa esebenzayo engxenyeni yenethiwekhi efanayo ngaphandle uma kuhlelwe ingqalasizinda engasanele noma ephezulu yokutholakala. Uma kuneseva ye-DHCP engaphezu kweyodwa eletha amakheli e-IP, amadivayisi angase agcine etholakala kuma-subnet ahlukene futhi abangele izinkinga zokufinyelela.

• Chaza ikheli le-IP elimile kuseva ezokwenza indima ye-DHCP ne-DNS. Kubalulekile ukuthi iseva ngokwayo ingashintshi i-IP yayo.
• Thatha uhlu lwezinhla zamakheli e-IP ozozisebenzisa kungxenye ngayinye noma i-VLAN. Uzodinga ukungafaki ububanzi obuhloselwe amadivayisi anamakheli e-IP angashintshi (njengamaseva, amaphrinta, noma amarutha).
• Hlola ukuthi izifakazelo zakho zomsebenzisi ziyiziqinisekiso zomlawuli., ikakhulukazi uma inethiwekhi iphethwe ngohlu lwemibhalo olusebenzayo.
• Cacisa ngegama lesizinda namaseva e-DNS azosetshenziswa. Lokhu kubalulekile ukuze amadivayisi axazulule ngendlela efanele amagama ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi.
• Uma inethiwekhi yakho ihlukaniswe yaba ama-VLAN, hlela isikophu ngayinye.. Akudingekile ukuba neseva ye-DHCP nge-VLAN ngayinye, kodwa udinga ukulungisa ukudluliselwa okufanele (Umsizi we-DHCP) kumarutha.

Ukufaka indima ye-DHCP ku-Windows Server isinyathelo ngesinyathelo

La Ifaka Iqhaza Leseva ye-DHCP Ku-Windows Server kuyinqubo evamile, engakashintshile ezinguqulweni zakamuva (2016, 2019 and 2022). Nansi inqubo esetshenziswa kakhulu:

1. Finyelela ifayela le- umlawuli weseva bese ukhetha inketho Engeza izindima nezici.
2. Khetha Ukufakwa okususelwe kusici noma okusekelwe endimeni, ilungele izimo eziningi, bese ukhetha iseva yendawo ohlwini.
3. Thola bese umaka i Umsebenzi weseva ye-DHCP. Lapho kuvela i-pop-up, qiniseka ukuthi uyayenza futhi wengeze izici ezinconyiwe okwenkonzo.
4. Qhafaza Okulandelayo futhi ubuyekeze izici. Ngokuvamile kunconywa ukushiya izici ezizenzakalelayo.
5. Qinisekisa ukufakwa bese ulinda ukuthi kuqede. Ungabona ukuqhubeka ngesikhathi sangempela futhi uma usuqedile, chofoza vala.

Ezinguqulweni zakamuva, ngemva kokufaka indima, uzobona isaziso noma isibhengezo phezulu esibonisa ukuthi udinga ukuqedela ukusetha. Chofoza ifulegi bese ukhetha Qedela ukucushwa kwe-DHCP ukwethula isethaphu wizadi sokuqala.

Lo msizi uzokwenza imisebenzi emibili ebalulekile:

• Ukudalwa okuzenzakalelayo kwamaqembu okuvikela e-DHCP (Abalawuli be-DHCP Nabasebenzisi), okudingekayo ukuze unikeze izimvume zokuphatha.
• Ukugunyazwa Kweseva ye-DHCP Kuhla Lwemibhalo Olusebenzayo (kubalulekile uma imvelo iyingxenye yesizinda). Ukuze wenze lokhu kufanele usebenzise imininingwane yomqondisi wesizinda. Uma iseva ingahlanganisiwe isizinda, vele weqe lesi sinyathelo.

Ukucushwa okuyisisekelo kwe-DHCP: Izikophu, Okungafakwanga, Nezinye Izinketho Ezibalulekile

Uma isevisi isifakiwe futhi isigunyaziwe, umzuzu obalulekile wokucushwa uyafika. Yilapho uchaza khona ngempela inhliziyo yengqalasizinda yenethiwekhi yakho. Inqubo iyafana kuzo zonke izinguqulo zakamuva zeWindows Server futhi yenziwa kusukela kukhonsoli. DHCP.

Ukudala ububanzi be-IPv4

1. Chofoza kwesokudla ku-"IPv4" kukhonsoli ye-DHCP bese ukhetha Isimo esisha.
2. Nikeza igama nencazelo esikhaleni esisha sokuhlonza kalula (isb., “Inethiwekhi Yomsebenzisi Wehhovisi”).
3. Ichaza ububanzi bekheli le-IP ukuthi iseva izokwabela amaklayenti ngokuzenzakalelayo, isibonelo, ukusuka ku-192.168.1.100 kuya ku-192.168.1.200.
4. Lungiselela okungafakwanga uma kukhona amakheli phakathi kobubanzi asevele esetshenziswa amadivayisi anamakheli e-IP angashintshi, njengamaseva, amaphrinta, noma amarutha.
5. Isungula ubude besikhathi semvume. Inani elizenzakalelayo yizinsuku eziyi-8, lifanele izimo eziningi. Ezimweni ezinenzuzo ephezulu yedivayisi (njenge-WiFi yomphakathi), lokhu kungancishiswa kube amahora angu-2 noma angu-4.
6. Lungiselela isango elizenzakalelayo lokho amakhasimende azokusebenzisa futhi akungeze ohlwini.
7. Cacisa isizinda kanye namaseva e-DNS okufanele amaklayenti ayisebenzise lapho exazulula amagama.
8. Uma usebenzisa WINS amaseva, ungangeza khona manje; Uma kungenjalo, mane weqe isinyathelo.
9. Yenza kusebenze isikophu ukuze uqale ukusabalalisa amakheli e-IP ngokuzenzakalela, noma umise okwesikhashana ukwenza kusebenze uma ungakafuni ukukuqala.

Ilungiselela izinketho zobubanzi nezinqubomgomo

Ngemuva kokuthi udale isikophu, ungaqhubeka wenze ngendlela oyifisayo izinketho eziphambili amakhasimende azowathola ngesibonelelo se-IP:

• Amaseva we-DNS: Engeza ama-IP amaseva akho e-DNS angaphakathi noma angaphandle.
• Igama lesizinda se-DNS: Ibonisa igama lesizinda lapho amaklayenti azoba yingxenye yaso.
• Isango elizenzakalelayo: Sekuvele kulungisiwe, kodwa kufanelekile ukuhlola.
• Ezinye izinketho eziwusizo Kungaba yi-NTP (ukusetha isikhathi ngokuzenzakalelayo), imizila emile, njll.

Ku-console ungaba nezinhlobo ezimbili zezinketho:

• Izinketho zeseva: sebenza kuzo zonke izikophu ezilungiselelwe kuleyo seva ye-DHCP.
• Izinketho zobubanzi: ithinta kuphela amaklayenti athola ama-IP ngaphakathi kwalolo bubanzi obuthile.

Ukubhuka nokungafakwa

Ukusebenza okuthakazelisa kakhulu ukuthi kwe gcina amakheli e-IP kumadivayisi athile, ukuze bahlale bethola i-IP efanayo ngisho noma ukumisa kwabo kuzenzakalela. Lokhu kuhlotshaniswa ne- isiqondiso I-MAC kusuka ekhadini lenethiwekhi lekhompyutha. Iwusizo ikakhulukazi kumaphrinta, amatheminali okudayisa, noma amasistimu athembele ku-IP emile ngezinsizakalo ezibalulekile.

Izihlungi nokuvikela

Ungasetha izinhlu ezimhlophe nezimnyama zamakheli e-MAC avunyelwe noma avinjiwe, futhi ulungise iphutha ukuze uqinisekise ukutholakala okuphezulu ezindaweni ezibucayi. Akuyona into evame ukudingeka kuma-SME, kodwa ibalulekile ezinkampanini ezisezingeni eliphakathi nezinkulu.

Imininingwane nokubhaliswa kwe-DNS okuzenzakalelayo

Kusuka kuthebhu yezinketho zeseva ethuthukisiwe, unga cacisa imininingwane yomsebenzisi wesizinda ukuze iseva ye-DHCP ibhalise ngokuzenzakalelayo amarekhodi A kanye ne-PTR ku-DNS. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi uma i-IP ishintsha izandla, irekhodi elidala liyanyamalala futhi akukho mikhondo esele.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-DNS nokucushwa ku-Windows Server

El Iseva ye-DNS Ingafakwa futhi ilungiswe eduze kwe-DHCP, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni Zohlu Lwemibhalo Esebenzayo, lapho ibalulekile ukuze kusebenze kahle uhla lwemibhalo kanye nezinsizakalo zokufakazela ubuqiniso. Ngokuhlanganisa i-DNS ne-DHCP, amarekhodi ekhompyutha abuyekezwa ngamandla ngaphandle kokungenelela okwenziwa ngesandla.

Ukuze kusetshenziswe okujwayelekile:

• Faka indima ye-DNS ngokusebenzisa Isiphathi Seseva.
• Dala i- izindawo eziqondile (Ukubheka Phambili) y izindawo zokuhlehla (Reverse Lookup) kudingekile ngokwegama lesizinda sakho nama-subnets.
• Qiniseka ukuthi inketho yoku isibuyekezo esiguqukayo inikwe amandla ukuze i-DHCP ikwazi ukusebenzisana futhi ibuyekeze amarekhodi ngokuzenzakalelayo.
• Lungisa izimvume ngokuya ngeleveli yokuphepha oyidingayo ukuze uvimbele ukuguqulwa okungafuneki.

Khumbula ukuthi ezindaweni ezixubile (namadivayisi angewona awe-Windows), amanye amakhompyutha angase angabhalisi ngokuzenzakalelayo amagama awo ku-DNS, ngakho-ke kuwumqondo omuhle ukukubheka ngezikhathi ezithile noma ukwabele ukubhukha.

Ungagunyaza kanjani futhi uhlole isimo seseva ye-DHCP Kuhlu Lwemibhalo Esebenzayo

Uma usebenza engqalasizinda esekwe esizindeni, Gunyaza iseva ye-DHCP Kuhla Lwemibhalo Olusebenzayo Kuyisinyathelo esiyisibopho. Lokhu kuvimbela ukuvela kwezinkampani zangaphandle noma amaseva e-DHCP akhohlakele angase asabalalise amakheli e-IP angafunwa noma abangele izinkinga zokuphepha.

Ukugunyaza kungaqedwa ngesikhathi sewizadi yokuqala, kodwa uma udinga ukukwenza kamuva:

1. Vula ikhonsoli ye-DHCP bese uchofoza kwesokudla egameni leseva.
2. Qhafaza Gunyaza.
3. Phakathi nemizuzwana embalwa, isithonjana seseva kukhonsoli sizobonisa uphawu oluluhlaza uma sigunyaziwe.
4. Ukuze uyihlole kusuka I-PowerShell, ungasebenzisa umyalo:
   Get-DhcpServerInDC

Uma iseva ingagunyaziwe, izovela nesithonjana esibomvu futhi ngeke ikwazi ukusabalalisa amakheli.

Ukuphathwa kwansuku zonke kanye nokuxazulula izinkinga ezivamile

Uma sekuqaliwe, ukuphatha isevisi ye-DHCP kuqondile, kodwa kunezinkinga ezimbalwa ezivamile ezivame ukwenzeka:

• Amaklayenti angalitholi ikheli le-IP: Lokhu ngokuvamile kungenxa yezinkinga zenethiwekhi, izintambo ezingaxhunywanga kahle, iseva ye-DHCP ukumiswa noma ukungagunyaziwe, noma ngenxa yokuthi isizinda samakheli siphelile.
• Ikheli le-IP liyashayisana: Lokhu kuvame ukuvela uma kuneseva ye-DHCP engaphezu kweyodwa kunethiwekhi efanayo noma ama-IP anikezwa mathupha ngaphandle kokuwakhipha ebangeni le-DHCP.
• Irekhodi le-DNS alibuyekeziwe: Hlola ukuthi izifakazelo ze-DHCP zichazwe kahle yini nokuthi isibuyekezo esiguqukayo sinikwe amandla endaweni ye-DNS.

Uma unezinkinga ngesevisi, kuyanconywa:

1. Qala kabusha isevisi ye-DHCP kukhonsoli Yamasevisi noma ngomyalo womyalo nge:
   net start dhcpserver
2. Hlola i-Windows Event Viewer ukuze uthole izingodo ezifanele.
3. Buyekeza izikophu nokungafakiwe ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi awuphelelwa ububanzi bamakheli.
4. Qinisekisa ukuthi iseva inokuxhumana kwenethiwekhi futhi, uma ingokoqobo, isixhumi esibonakalayo senethiwekhi simiswe ngendlela efanele.

Ilungiselela amaklayenti ukuthola i-IP nokuhlola okuyisisekelo

Ukuze amakhompyutha amaklayenti athole ikheli lawo ngokuzenzakalelayo, ukucushwa kwekhadi lenethiwekhi kufanele kube kumodi Thola ikheli le-IP ngokuzenzakalela kokubili kwe-IP ne-DNS. Ungahlala uhlola i-IP etholwe usebenzisa ipconfig /all kusuka ku-console imiyalo.

Uma ithimba lithola ikheli ebangeni I-APIPA (169.254.xx), kusho ukuthi ayikwazanga ukuthola noma iyiphi iseva ye-DHCP. Lokhu kuyinkomba enhle yokuhlonza ukuxhumana noma ukwehluleka kokumisa.

Lapho wenza imiyalo efana ipconfig /release y ipconfig /renew, ungaphoqa ukukhululwa futhi ucele i-IP entsha, ewusizo ekuhloleni noma lapho ulungisa kahle amapharamitha weseva.

Ukucatshangelwa Okuthuthukile: Ama-VLAN, I-Failover, kanye Nokuphepha

Kumanethiwekhi ahlukaniswe ama-VLAN, iseva ye-DHCP ingakwazi ukuphatha wonke ngesikhathi esisodwa, kodwa kubalulekile ukuthi router noma isendlalelo sesi-3 silungiselele i- I-DHCP edluliselwe (umsizi we-IP) ukudlulisa izicelo zesegimenti ngayinye kuseva ye-DHCP.

Kumabhizinisi adinga ukutholakala okuphezulu, iWindows Server ikuvumela ukuthi ulungiselele i-failover (DHCP Failover), okubandakanya ukuba neziphakeli ezimbili ze-DHCP ezivumelanisiwe ukuze kugwenywe ukuphazamiseka uma kwenzeka kuba nokuphahlazeka. Funda kabanzi mayelana nalesi sici ku izinsiza ezabiwe ku-Windows.

Ezingeni lokuvikeleka, kunconywa ukuthi usebenzise Izihlungi zekheli le-MAC ukukhawulela ukufinyelela kwenethiwekhi, nakuba ezindaweni ezinkulu lokhu kungase kube nzima ukukugcina.

Iphuzu elibalulekile ukugcina Izipele zedatha ye-DHCP futhi, uma kungenzeka, uwagcine kumadiski ahlukene ukuze kube lula ukutholakala kwenhlekelele.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Uyiphromotha Kanjani Iseva Isilawuli Sesizinda ku-Windows Server: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele Nobuyekeziwe

Ukuba ne-DHCP ne-DNS esebenzayo necophelelayo ku-Windows Server akuqinisekisi ukusebenza kahle kwenethiwekhi kuphela, kodwa futhi kuvimbela inqwaba yamakhanda ekhanda lapho ukala, ufuduka, noma uxazulula izinkinga. Ukubuyekeza njalo izikophu, amalogi omcimbi, nokuqapha ukusetshenziswa kwekheli le-IP kubalulekile ukuze ugcine ingqalasizinda yakho ilawulwa.

Isaka

Umbhali oshisekayo ngomhlaba wamabhayithi nobuchwepheshe ngokujwayelekile. Ngiyathanda ukwabelana ngolwazi lwami ngokubhala, futhi yilokho engizokwenza kule bhulogi, ngikubonise zonke izinto ezithakazelisayo kakhulu ngamagajethi, isofthiwe, ihadiwe, izitayela zobuchwepheshe, nokuningi. Inhloso yami ukukusiza ukuthi uzulazule emhlabeni wedijithali ngendlela elula nejabulisayo.