- Ukwehlukaniswa kobuchwepheshe phakathi kokushintsha izimvume zokufinyelela kusetshenziswa i-chmod nokushintsha ubunikazi bezinsiza nge-chown.
- Uhlelo lokumelwa kwemvume olusekelwe ku-octal kanye nophawu olungokomfanekiso lwabasebenzisi, amaqembu, nabanye.
- Ukuqaliswa kwamasu okuphepha asekelwe esimisweni selungelo elincane ukuvimbela ubuthakathaka kumaseva.
Uma uke wazama ukuphatha iseva yakho ye-VPS noma umshini ozinikele, uzobe usuqaphele ukuthi i-Linux uhlelo oluklanyelwe kusukela phansi ukuze kuxhunywe inethiwekhi. Yingakho ukuphepha kubaluleke kakhulu , njengoba ukulawula ukuthi ubani ongafunda, ahlele, noma asebenzise ifayela yikho okuvimbela ulwazi lwakho ukuthi lungaweli ezandleni ezingalungile noma inqubo enonya ukuthi iphazamise uhlelo lonke.
Ukuze uzulazule kule ndawo kalula, ukwazi nje ukuthi ungasebenzisa kanjani imiyalo akwanele; udinga ukuqonda i-logic ngemuva kobunikazi befayela. Ku-Linux, yonke imithombo ingeyomsebenzisi kanye neqembu , futhi yilapho amathuluzi okulungisa la malungelo eqala ukusebenza khona, okusivumela ukuthi sivikele uhlelo ngaphandle kokuvimbela izinhlelo zethu zokusebenza ukuthi zingasebenzi.
Ukuqonda ukwakheka kwezimvume
Uma wethula umyalo ls -l Ku-terminal, uzobona uchungechunge lwezinhlamvu ezibukeka njengekhodi eyimfihlo, into efana -rwxr-xr--Ungakhathazeki, kulula kakhulu kunalokho okubonakala. Umlingiswa wokuqala uyasitshela Hlobo luni lwento esinayo phambi kwethu?I-hyphen ikhombisa ifayela elijwayelekile, u-'d' ifolda (uhlu lwemibhalo), kanye no-'l' isixhumanisi esingokomfanekiso. Kukhona nezinhlamvu ezingavamile kakhulu njengo-'s' wezindawo zokubeka noma u-'p' wezindawo zokufaka amapayipi.
Izinhlamvu eziyisishiyagalolunye ezilandelayo zihlukaniswe ngamasethi amathathu alinganayo amathathu. Isethi yokuqala ingeyomnikazi ( lowo owadala ifayela), eyesibili ingeyeqembu lomnikazi , kanti eyesithathu ingeyabo bonke abanye abasebenzisi ohlelweni. Isethi ngayinye yezinhlamvu ezintathu ingaqukatha izinhlamvu 'r' (funda), 'w' (bhala), kanye no-'x' (yenza), noma i-hyphen uma leyo mvume inganikezwanga.
Isho ukuthini ngempela imvume ngayinye?
- Ukufunda (r): Kufayela, likuvumela ukuthi ulivule ubone ukuthi yini engaphakathi. Uma sikhuluma ngefolda, kusho ukuthi ungakwazi bhala amafayela kanye nezinhlu zemibhalo ezingaphansi aqukethe.
- Ukubhala (w): Ikunika amandla okushintsha okuqukethwe kwefayela noma ukulisusa. Endabeni yama-directory, ikuvumela ukuthi dala, susa noma uqambe kabusha izakhi ezingaphakathi kuyo.
- Ukwenziwa (x): Kufayela, yilokho okuvumela iskripthi noma uhlelo ukuthi lusebenze. Kumafolda, le mvume ibalulekile ngoba yilokho okukuvumela ukuthi... finyelela kufolda usebenzisa umyalo
cd.
Umyalo we-chmod: Ukulungisa ukufinyelela
Umyalo chmod (imodi yokushintsha) iyithuluzi lethu lokushintsha lezi zimvume. Kunezindlela ezimbili zokuyisebenzisa: uphawu, oluqondakala kalula, kanye no-octal, oluthandwa ngabaphathi ngoba lushesha kakhulu.
Ku imodi engokomfanekisoSisebenzisa izinhlamvu ukukhombisa ukuthi ushintsho luthinta bani (u kumsebenzisi, u-g eqenjini, u-o kwabanye, u-a kuwo wonke umuntu) kanye nezimpawu ezifana no-'+' ukuze wengeze noma u-'-' ukuze ususe izimvume. Isibonelo, uma ufuna iqembu likwazi ukubhalela ifayela, ungasebenzisa chmod g+w archivo.txtKuyindlela eguquguqukayo kakhulu yokwenza lungisa izimvume njengoba kudingeka ngaphandle kokushintsha okunye ukucushwa.
El imodi ye-octal Isebenzisa izinombolo ezisekelwe ohlelweni lwe-binary. Imvume ngayinye inenani: ukufunda kungu-4, ukubhala kungu-2, kanye nokwenza kungu-1. Ukwengeza la manani kusinika inombolo kusukela ku-0 kuya ku-7. Isibonelo, inani elingu-7 (4+2+1) lisho ukufinyelela okugcwele, kanti elingu-5 (4+0+1) lisho ukufunda kanye nokwenza. Ngakho-ke, umyalo ofana chmod 755 carpeta izibonelelo ukulawula okuphelele kumnikazi futhi funda/sebenzisa ukufinyelela kweqembu nabanye kuphela.
Ukuphatha impahla nge-chown kanye ne-chgrp
Ngezinye izikhathi, noma izimvume zilungile, ifayela ngeke lisebenze ngoba umnikazi akayena umuntu ofanele. Yilapho [ithuluzi/uhlelo lokusebenza/idivayisi efanele] ingena khona. chown (shintsha umnikazi). Lo myalo uvumela shintsha umsebenzisi neqembu abanalo ifayela. Indlela yokubhala evame kakhulu yile chown usuario:grupo archivo.
Kuvamile kakhulu kumaseva ewebhu ukuthi amafayela abe ngawabasebenzisi beseva (njenge- www-data ku-Apache noma ku-Nginx) ukuze iwebhusayithi ikwazi ukubhalela amafolda athile. Uma udinga ukusebenzisa lolu shintsho kufolda nakho konke okukuyo, kufanele usebenzise inketho yokuphindaphinda -R, isibonelo, ukugijima chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/html.
Ukuphathwa komsebenzisi kanye neqembu ohlelweni
Ukuze konke okungenhla kube nomqondo, sidinga kuqala ukuphatha ukuthi bangobani labo basebenzisi. Ku-Linux, imiyalo efana useradd o adduser ukudala ama-akhawunti, kanye passwd ukubanika ukhiye. Lonke lolu lwazi lugcinwa kumafayela abalulekile njenge / njll / passwd (imininingwane ye-akhawunti) kanye / njll / isithunzi (amaphasiwedi abethelwe).
Amaqembu abalulekile ukuze kugwenywe ukwabela izimvume ngayinye ngayinye. groupadd Sakha iqembu futhi usermod -aG Sifaka abasebenzisi kukho. Ngale ndlela, singanikeza izimvume ezihlangene zethimba lomsebenzi kufolda ethile ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni ukuphepha kwesistimu yonke.
Ukujuluka kanye namalungelo aphezulu
Akukhuthazwa ukusebenza njengempande njalo, ngoba iphutha lingasula lonke uhlelo. Kulokhu, sisebenzisa sudookusivumela ukuthi sisebenzise imiyalo enamalungelo okusebenzisa i-superuser. Ukucushwa kokuthi ubani ongenza lokho okutholakala kufayela / njll / ama-sudoersokumele ihlelwe njalo ngomyalo visudo ukuze ukuxazulula amaphutha e-sudo ku-Linux futhi sigweme amaphutha e-syntax angasishiya ngaphandle kohlelo.
Ukuphepha kanye nemikhuba emihle kakhulu kumaseva
Iphutha elivamile elenziwa abaqalayo abaningi ukunikeza ifolda izimvume ezingu-777 uma okuthile kungasebenzi. Lokhu kuvula umnyango omkhulu kunoma yimuphi umhlaseli. Okungcono kakhulu, kufanele ulandele isimiso selungelo elincane : nikeza kuphela ukufinyelela okuncane okudingekayo ukuze uqedele umsebenzi.
Njengomthetho ojwayelekile, amafayela kufanele abe nezimvume ezingu-644 (umnikazi uyabhala, wonke umuntu angafunda kuphela) kanye namafolda angu-755. Kumafayela abucayi kakhulu, njengezinkinobho ze-SSH noma amafayela okucushwa avikelwe yiphasiwedi (.env), imvume engu-600 iyilungiselelo elifanele, okuqinisekisa ukuthi akekho omunye ngaphandle komnikazi ongafunda ngisho nokuqukethwe.
Uma uhlangabezana nephutha elibi kakhulu le-403 Forbidden kuwebhusayithi yakho, kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi kungenxa yenkinga yobunikazi noma yezimvume. Ngaphambi kokwenza noma yiziphi izinguquko ezinkulu, qinisekisa ukuthi iseva yewebhu ingumnikazi wamafayela nokuthi izincwajana zine-bit ephumelelayo esethiwe ukuvumela ukuzulazula.
Ukuphathwa okufanele kwabasebenzisi, amaqembu, kanye nezimvume kusetshenziswa amathuluzi afana ne-chmod kanye ne-chown kuyindlela yokuqala yokuzivikela kunoma iyiphi iseva ye-Linux. Kusukela ekusebenziseni i-umask mask ukuchaza izimvume ezizenzakalelayo, kuya ekuphathweni kwe-recursive directory kanye nokulawula okuqinile kwama-sudoers, konke ukulungiswa kunegalelo ekudaleni indawo ezinzile neqinile ngokumelene nokungena okungenzeka, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqubo zesistimu kanye nabasebenzisi babantu bangaphila ndawonye ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni ubuqotho bedatha.
Umbhali oshisekayo ngomhlaba wamabhayithi nobuchwepheshe ngokujwayelekile. Ngiyathanda ukwabelana ngolwazi lwami ngokubhala, futhi yilokho engizokwenza kule bhulogi, ngikubonise zonke izinto ezithakazelisayo kakhulu ngamagajethi, isofthiwe, ihadiwe, izitayela zobuchwepheshe, nokuningi. Inhloso yami ukukusiza ukuthi uzulazule emhlabeni wedijithali ngendlela elula nejabulisayo.