- Ukuqaliswa kohlelo lokusebenza olusekelwe kwifilosofi yokuzinza kanye nesofthiwe yamahhala.
- Ukucushwa kwesitoreji esithuthukisiwe kusetshenziswa i-LVM kanye nezinhlelo zamafayela eziqinile.
- Amasu okuvikela ezokuphepha kanye nokuvikelwa ekuhlaselweni kokunqatshelwa kwenkonzo.
- Ukuphathwa kwenethiwekhi okusebenzayo kanye nokufinyelela kude ezindaweni ezibalulekile zokukhiqiza.
Uma ufuna ukusetha indawo engeke ikukhathaze futhi engakwazi ukumelana nobunzima bokukhiqiza, i-Debian cishe iyisinqumo esingcono kakhulu ongasenza. Akuyona nje enye isistimu yokusebenza; idwala abahlala kulo Ezinye izinsiza eziningi ezidumile zihlala zibeka phambili isofthiwe ethembekile kunokuba nje ibe yintsha.
Abantu abaningi bashesha ukusebenzisa izinguqulo ze-Rolling Release ngoba bafuna ezakamuva kakhulu, kodwa kuseva, lokho kufana nokudlala i-roulette yaseRussia. Kulabo kithi abafuna iseva ethembekile, ezinzile, futhi esebenza ngaphandle kwezimanga, Ifilosofi kaDebian yokulondoloza Lena yindlela efanelekile, njengoba iphakheji ngayinye ihlolwa ngokucophelela ngaphambi kokufika egatsheni eliqinile.
Kungani i-Debian iyisinqumo esiphezulu samaseva?
Kusukela yasungulwa ngo-1993, le phrojekthi igxile ekudaleni uhlelo olungenamaphutha. Ngokungafani nezinye izinsiza ezilandela izici ezintsha, i-Debian ithatha isikhathi sayo ukuhlola konke. Lokhu kuphumela ku- ukuzinza okudumile yilokho kanye okudingayo lapho usebenzisa isofthiwe efwini noma kwihadiwe yakho.
Elinye lamandla ayo amakhulu ukusekelwa kwehadiwe yayo kanye nesofthiwe. Ingasebenza ezinhlobonhlobo zezakhiwo, kusukela ku-x86 evamile kuya ku-ARM noma i-PowerPC, futhi ifaka i- ikhathalogi enkulu yamaphakheji Ngenxa yohlelo lwayo lwe-APT, oluvumela ukuphathwa kokuthembela okuhlanzekile nokuphumelelayo.
Ngokuphathelene nokuphepha, i-Debian ayidlali. Ithimba lokuthuthukisa lisabela ngokushesha ebuthakathakeni, likhipha ama-patches zingakapheli izinsuku. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenzisa inguqulo ye-LTS (Long Term Support) kuqinisekisa ukuthi uhlelo luzothola izibuyekezo ezibalulekile eminyakeni edlulekukuvimbela ukuthi ufake kabusha iseva yonke njalo ngemva kosuku olulodwa.
Inqubo yokufaka: Isinyathelo ngesinyathelo empumelelweni
Uma uqala isifaki, uzohlangana nezinketho eziningana. Kwabaningi, ukufakwa kokuqhafaza Yindlela elula kakhulu, yize abasebenzisi abanolwazi oluningi bangakhetha imodi yochwepheshe noma ngisho nokufakwa kwemodi yombhalo uma befuna ukonga yonke i-megabyte ye-RAM.
Ngesikhathi senqubo, uzolungisa ulimi, indawo yesikhathi, kanye nokwakheka kwekhibhodi. Iphuzu elibalulekile igama lekhompyutha (igama lomphathi) kanye nesizinda. Uma une Ikheli le-IP elihlala njalo kanye ne-FQDN, Kungakuhle Lungiselela ikheli le-IP elingaguquki ku-Debian kahle kufayela le-/etc/hosts ukuze kugwenywe ukungqubuzana nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana ne-GNOME noma izinsizakalo zenethiwekhi.
Ukuphathwa komsebenzisi kungenye insika eyisisekelo. Okungcono kakhulu, i-akhawunti eyinhloko akufanele isetshenziselwe imisebenzi yansuku zonke. Kuphephile kakhulu ukudala i-akhawunti yomsebenzisi ehlukile. umsebenzisi ojwayelekile onamalungelo e-sudo, ukusungula amaphasiwedi aqinile ahlanganisa izinhlamvu ezinkulu, izinombolo, kanye nezimpawu ukuvimbela noma yimaphi ama-robot e-inthanethi ukuthi angangeni ohlelweni lwakho.
Amasu Okuhlukanisa: I-LVM kanye Nezinhlelo Zamafayela
Uma ufuna ukuzinza okukhulu, awukwazi ukushiya ukwahlukanisa kube ngengozi. I-LVM (Umphathi weVolumu enengqondo) Kuyimpoqo cishe kumaseva ochwepheshe. Leli thuluzi, elichazwe kabanzi ku- Umhlahlandlela ophelele wokuthi ungayilungiselela kanjani i-LVM ku-LinuxIkuvumela ukuthi ushintshe usayizi wezingxenye ngokushesha ngaphandle kokucima ikhompyutha, okukunikeza ukuguquguquka okumangalisayo uma idiski igcwele.
Kulabo abaphatha idatha ebucayi, I-LVM ibethelwe kusetshenziswa i-LUKS Lesi yisisombululo. Sivikela ulwazi olukudiski ebonakalayo; uma othile eba idrayivu, ngeke akwazi ukufunda lutho ngaphandle kwenkinobho yokubethela. Ngokuphathelene nefomethi, I-Ext4 ihlala iyindlela ephephile yokubheja ngenxa yokulinganisela kwazo phakathi kokusebenza nokuthembeka, yize ezindaweni ezinkulu zebhizinisi i-XFS noma i-Btrfs zingacatshangelwa.
- Isigaba se-EFI: Kubalulekile ezinhlelweni ze-UEFI, ngokuvamile kusuka ku-300 kuya ku-500 MB ngefomethi ye-FAT32.
- /ukuhlukanisa kwe-boot: Lapho kuhlala khona i-kernel kanye ne-initramfs; ukuzihlukanisa kusiza ukugwema izinkinga zokuqalisa kumadiski abethelwe.
- Ukuhlukaniswa Kwempande (/): Inhliziyo yesistimu. Kunconywa ukuthi unikeze okungenani ama-GB angu-20-100 kuye ngokusetshenziswa.
- /ukuhlukaniswa kwekhaya: Ukuhlukanisa idatha yomsebenzisi kukuvumela ukuthi ufake kabusha uhlelo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ulwazi lomuntu siqu.
- Shintsha: Indawo yokushintshana. Kubalulekile ukuvimbela iseva ukuthi ingaphazamisi uma i-RAM iphela.
Ukuvikela Ukuphepha kanye Nokuvikela Okulwa ne-DDoS
Uma uhlelo selufakiwe, sekuyisikhathi sokuvala iminyango. Isinyathelo sokuqala Vimba ukufinyelela kwezimpande nge-SSH futhi kudinga ukusetshenziswa kokhiye bomphakathi/abangasese esikhundleni samaphasiwedi. Uma ufuna izinga eliphezulu lokuvikelwa, ungabheka i- Umhlahlandlela ophelele wokuqinisa ukuphepha kwe-Debian ngezilungiselelo ezithuthukisiwe.
Ukuze ulwe nokuhlaselwa ngamandla amakhulu, faka i-fail2ban iyimpumeleloLeli thuluzi livimbela ngokuzenzakalelayo ama-IP ahlulekayo emizamweni eminingi yokungena ngemvume. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunconywa ukusebenzisa amathuluzi okuqapha ithrafikhi afana nalawa i-tcpdump kanye ne-Wireshark ukuhlaziya amaphethini nokudala amaphrofayili ajwayelekile ethrafikhi.
Uma iseva ivezwe ekuhlaselweni kwe-DDoS, isu kufanele lihlukaniswe. Sebenzisa i-proxy bese usebenzisa isofthiwe efana ne iwashi lelogi noma i-akhawunti Ivumela ukulandelela ukuthi ubani ongena ohlelweni nokuthi benzani lapho. Ukuhlanganiswa kwama-firewall aqinile, izihlungi zethrafikhi, kanye nama-load balancers kudala ukuzivikela ekujuleni lokho kuvikela ukutholakala kwensizakalo.
Ukuthuthukiswa Kwenethiwekhi Nokuphathwa Kwesofthiwe
Ku-Debian, ukulungiswa kwegama kuphathwa ngendlela ye-NSS. Kubalulekile ukuhlola ukuthi ifayela le-/etc/resolv.conf lihlelwe kahle, ikakhulukazi uma usebenzisa amaseva e-DNS athile ukuthuthukisa isivinini sokuphendula kwenethiwekhi.
Uma ukhetha isofthiwe, okuncane kukhulu. Kuseva edinga ukuzinza okukhulu, okufanelekile yi- ukufakwa okuncane kakhuluUma udinga indawo enezithombe, i-XFCE iyindlela elinganiselayo kakhulu: ilula, iyashesha, futhi ayisebenzisi izinsiza okufanele zabelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza zeseva.
Ungakhohlwa ukumisa indawo yokugcina i-firmware eyimfihlo Uma ihadiwe yakho iyidinga, futhi ugcine uhlelo lubuyekeziwe usebenzisa umphathi wephakheji ye-APT. Khumbula ukuthi ku-Debian, umgomo akusikho ukuba nenguqulo entsha, kodwa inguqulo ekhona Kucwengekile futhi kuhlolwe kakhudlwana por la comunidad global.
Ukuba nesisekelo esiqinile kusho ukuqonda konke kusukela ekudaleni amavolumu anengqondo kanye nokubethela amadiski kuya ekusebenziseni imithetho ye-firewall kanye nokuphatha okhiye be-SSH. Ngokubeka phambili ukuqina kunezinto ezintsha, uguqula ikhompyutha elula ibe yiseva ekwazi ukusingatha imithwalo yemisebenzi ebalulekile ngokuthembeka okuphelele, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ingqalasizinda ayibonakali futhi isevisi ihlala itholakala kubasebenzisi.
Umbhali oshisekayo ngomhlaba wamabhayithi nobuchwepheshe ngokujwayelekile. Ngiyathanda ukwabelana ngolwazi lwami ngokubhala, futhi yilokho engizokwenza kule bhulogi, ngikubonise zonke izinto ezithakazelisayo kakhulu ngamagajethi, isofthiwe, ihadiwe, izitayela zobuchwepheshe, nokuningi. Inhloso yami ukukusiza ukuthi uzulazule emhlabeni wedijithali ngendlela elula nejabulisayo.