Ubani owenza ama-flash memory chips nezilawuli zemikhiqizo emikhulu ye-SSD: Gcwalisa umhlahlandlela namabhrendi aholayo

Umhlaba we isitoreji idijithali ithuthuke kakhulu ngokufika nokwanda kwe I-SSD noma amadrayivu wesimo esiqinile. Inhliziyo yala mayunithi ilele kuma-flash memory chips nezilawuli., izingxenye ezibalulekile zejubane, ukuqina nokuthembeka kwamadivayisi. Nokho, Bambalwa abasebenzisi abaziyo ukuthi ubani owenza lezi zingxenye ezibalulekile, yiziphi izinhlobo ezizimele ngempela futhi yiziphi ezincike kubakhiqizi noma abahlanganisi bezinkampani zangaphandle.

Kulesi sihloko sizobheka kabanzi ukuthi ubani owenza inkumbulo ye-flash kanye nezilawuli ezinikeza amandla ama-SSD amakhulu., kubuyekezwa ubuchwepheshe, izinzuzo, izinhlobo, amamodeli anconyiwe, nama-nuances enza umehluko kulwazi lomsebenzisi. Uma uke wazibuza ukuthi kungani amanye ama-SSD ethembeke kakhulu, ehlala isikhathi eside, noma eshesha kakhulu kunamanye, nazi zonke izimpendulo, ezethulwa ngamagama acacile nanemininingwane.

Isendlalelo: Iyini inkumbulo ye-flash futhi kungani ibaluleke kangaka?

Imemori ye-Flash iwuhlobo lwesitoreji esingaguquguquki., okungukuthi, ingagcina ulwazi ngisho noma ingawatholi amandla. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko: i-NAND flash memory kanye ne-NOR flash memory. I-NAND iyisisekelo sobuchwepheshe sama-SSD esimanje, amakhadi e-SD, namamemori khadi. USB kanye namanye amadivaysi okugcina asheshayo.

Inkumbulo ye-NAND isiyindinganiso ngenxa yomthamo wayo ophezulu wokuhlanganisa, ukuminyana kanye nezindleko eziphansi uma kuqhathaniswa ne-NOR. Isakhiwo sayo sivumela izendlalelo eziningi ukuthi zipakishwe ziqonde (3D NAND), ngaleyo ndlela kwandiswe umthamo nesivinini.

Kunamazinga amaningana enkumbulo ye-NAND flash, kuye ngokuthi iseli ngalinye ligcina amabhithi amabhithi amangaki:

• I-SLC (Iseli Yezinga Elilodwa): Iseli ligcina kancane. Isivinini esikhulu nokuthembeka, kodwa umthamo ophansi kanye nentengo ephakeme.
• I-MLC (Amaseli Amazinga amaningi): Iseli ngalinye ligcina amabhithi ama-2. Ibhalansi izindleko nokusebenza.
• I-TLC (Triple-Level Cell): 3 amabhithi iseli ngalinye. Umthamo ophezulu kanye nentengo ephansi, nakuba ukuqina kuphansi kune-SLC noma i-MLC.
• I-QLC (Quad-Level Cell): amabhithi angu-4 iseli ngalinye. Ukuminyana okuphezulu, izindleko eziphansi, kodwa ubude bempilo nokusebenza akuzilungele izindawo ezichwepheshile.

Isilawuli se-SSD 'ubuchopho' obuphethe ukuphatha ulwazi: inquma ukuthi izoyibhala kanjani, nini futhi nini idatha, isebenzisa ama-algorithms okulungisa amaphutha (ECC), isabalalisa ukusetshenziswa kweseli, futhi iphathe izinqolobane.

Obani abakhiqizi abakhulu bama-flash memory chips nezilawuli ze-SSD?

Zimbalwa izinkampani emhlabeni ezikwazi ukwenza ama-flash memory chips kusukela ekuqaleni.. Imakethe ibuswa idlanzana lama-tech giants, aphinde azenzele esawo isitoreji futhi anikeze ezinye izinhlobo. Phakathi kwazo kukhona:

• Samsung Electronics
• I-SK Hynix (efaka i-Hynix yomlando futhi manje ye-Intel's NAND memory Division)
• I-Micron Technology (umnikazi we-brand Crucial)
• I-Kioxia (phambilini eyayaziwa ngokuthi i-Toshiba Memory Corporation)
• I-Western Digital / SanDisk
• I-Intel (kuze kube yilapho idayiswa kwa-SK Hynix, isekhona kuzilawuli nobuchwepheshe)
• I-Yangtze Memory Technologies (YMTC), evela e-China

Lezi zinkampani zilawula ukukhiqizwa kwama-silicon wafers, ukwakheka kwenkumbulo, izinqubo zokupakisha nokunye okuningi okusha kulo mkhakha..

Abakhiqizi Abafakiwe: Umlando, Amamodeli, Nobuholi Bezobuchwepheshe

Samsung Electronics

I-Samsung cishe ingumdondoshiya owaziwa kakhulu ekwenziweni kwememori ye-flash kanye nezilawuli ze-SSD.. Ikhiqiza yonke into kusukela kuma-wafers kuya ekufakweni kokugcina, ilawula ukuthuthukiswa kwe-V-NAND (inguqulo yayo ye-3D NAND), futhi iklama izilawuli zayo, inikeze ukulawula okuphelele kwekhwalithi nokusebenza komkhiqizo wokugcina.

Izithombe ezinhle kakhulu ze-Samsung:

• Ikhono lokusungula izinto ezintsha ngobuchwepheshe obufana ne-3D V-NAND ne-Z-NAND.
• Uhlu olubanzi kakhulu lwama-SSD: kusukela kumamodeli e-QVO esabelomali (QLC) kuya ochungechungeni lwe-PRO oluchwepheshile olunenkumbulo ye-TLC nokuhlukahluka kwebhizinisi (uchungechunge lwe-PM).
• Ukuqashelwa komhlaba wonke kanye nesiqinisekiso esihle kakhulu sangemva kokuthengisa.

I-Samsung isebenzisa ama-chips ayo kanye nezilawuli kuwo wonke amayunithi ayo, iqinisekisa 'i-ecosystem' evaliwe futhi eyenziwe kahle ku-firmware kanye hardware. Lokhu kuhumusha ekuthembekeni nasekusebenzeni okunzima ukukufanisa ngamanye amabhrendi.

I-Micron Technology futhi Ibalulekile

IMicron ingomunye wabakhiqizi abakhulu benkumbulo ye-NAND ne-RAM emhlabeni futhi ihlinzeka ngomkhiqizo wayo, i-Crucial, nabanye abakhiqizi be-SSD.. I-Crucial brand ihlanganisa ndawonye ama-SSD kubasebenzisi bokugcina nezingcweti, anedumela eliqinile ezimakethe zaseYurophu nezaseMelika.

Izici ezibalulekile ze-Micron ne-Crucial:

• Ukuqamba okusha okuqhubekayo kubuchwepheshe obuqondile be-3D NAND, kufinyelela amakhulu ezendlalelo ku-chip ngayinye.
• Amamodeli aziwayo afana ne-MX500, P5, BX500, T500 nolayini we-PCIe 5.0 T700, wonke esebenzisa inkumbulo yawo kanye nezilawuli.
• Ukuthembeka kwesikhathi eside kanye nebhalansi enhle phakathi kwentengo, ukusebenza kanye newaranti.

Ukuqinisekisa okubalulekile ukuthi okushayela kwayo kusebenzisa inkumbulo yekhwalithi ephezulu yeMicron futhi, ezimweni eziningi, abalawuli abaklanywe ngokubambisana nezinye izikhondlakhondla zemboni ezifana neSilicon Motion..

SK Hynix

I-SK Hynix incintisana ngokuqondile ne-Samsung kanye ne-Micron emandleni okukhiqiza kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha.. Ukusuka eSouth Korea, le nkampani yaziwa ngokuhlinzeka ngenkumbulo kuwo womabili ama-SSD ayo ohlobo lwenkampani kanye nama-chips enkampani yangaphandle (OEM).

Izithombe ezinhle kakhulu ze-SK Hynix:

• Ukutholwa kwakamuva kwe-Intel's NAND division, kunweba iphothifoliyo yayo nolwazi.
• Imigqa yomkhiqizo wePlatinum, Igolide, neGold S, kusukela kuma-SSD eleveli yokungena kuya kuma-SSD esikhungo sedatha ashesha kakhulu.
• Ukukhiqizwa kwenkumbulo yesizukulwane esilandelayo ye-3D NAND, enezendlalelo ezingafika kwezingu-238 (ubukhulu obune).

Ama-chips e-SK Hynix atholakala kuma-SSD amaningi avela emikhakheni ehlukene, okubonisa ubuholi bomkhakha wawo..

I-Kioxia (ngaphambilini eyayaziwa nge-Toshiba Memory)

U-Kioxia ungumlandeli oqondile we-Toshiba yomlando, iphayona ekusungulweni kwememori ye-NAND flash. Le nkampani, ngaphezu kokwenza ama-chips ayo, isebenzisana nobuchwepheshe ne-Western Digital, yabelana ngokuthuthukiswa kwenkumbulo ye-BiCS FLASH.

Izici eziyinhloko ze-Kioxia:

• Ibanga le-Exceria, kusukela kumamodeli ayisisekelo kuya ochungechungeni oluchwepheshile nge-BiCS FLASH TLC 3D.
• Ukuphayona ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe be-MLC ne-TLC ngokugxila okukhethekile ekuqineni nasekuthembekeni.
• Yabelana ngamalungelo obunikazi kanye nezivumelwano zokukhiqiza ne-Western Digital.

I-Kioxia iyireferensi emkhakheni wezimboni nezamabhizinisi, ngaphezu kokuba khona okukhulu amalaptop ahlanganiswe ngaphambili kanye nezinhlelo ze-OEM.

I-Western Digital / SanDisk

I-Western Digital ingolunye uhlobo lwesitoreji oluphezulu, olwaziwa ngama-hard drive ayo nama-SSD, ikakhulukazi ngemuva kokutholwa kwayo kwe-SanDisk.. I-WD incike kwinkumbulo ye-Kioxia's BiCS, kodwa iklama abashayeli bayo abaningi kanye ne-firmware.

Izinzuzo ze-Western Digital:

• Amamodeli anhlobonhlobo: I-WD Blue, Emnyama, Ebomvu, Negolide imboza yonke imikhakha, kusukela kubathengi kuye kuzikhungo zedatha.
• Izivumelwano ne-Kioxia zememori esebenza kahle ye-TLC ne-QLC.
• Izilawuli zobunikazi ochungechungeni Olumnyama Noluluhlaza, oluqinisekisa ukuhambisana nokusebenza okuthuthukisiwe.

I-SanDisk, njengenkampani engaphansi, isalokhu iyibhentshimakhi kumemori ephathekayo yebanga elimaphakathi nengxenye ye-SSD..

I-Intel (kanye nobuchwepheshe be-Optane ye-3D XPoint)

I-Intel ingenye yamandla ashayela inguquko ye-SSD, kokubili kumemori ye-NAND nasekudaleni ubuchwepheshe be-3D XPoint ngeMicron.. Ukuthengiswa kwayo kwakamuva kwesigaba sayo se-NAND ku-SK Hynix akususi ukuba khona kwayo ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe besilawuli obuthuthukisiwe nemikhiqizo ye-Optane, esetshenziswa njengenqolobane nezisheshisi zokugcina.

I-Yangtze Memory Technologies (YMTC) kanye nokunwetshwa kwamaShayina

I-YMTC imele ukuzibophezela komdondoshiya wase-Asia ukuncintisana ngokulingana ne-Samsung, SK Hynix kanye neMicron.. Ifaneleka kakhulu kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, isivele ikhiqiza ama-chips e-3D NAND aphezulu ezimakethe zaseShayina nezomhlaba jikelele.

Ubuchwepheshe obuyinhloko bememori ye-NAND ye-flash nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwabo

Ukuthuthukiswa kwenkumbulo ye-NAND kube ukhiye wokuthuthukisa isitoreji sesimanje. Ake sibuyekeze ubuchwepheshe obuyinhloko:

• I-SLC (Iseli Yezinga Elilodwa): isizukulwane sokuqala, ebekelwe izicelo ezibucayi nezebhizinisi. Isivinini esiphezulu, esiqinile kakhulu, kodwa sibiza kakhulu ukusetshenziswa ngobuningi.
• I-MLC (Amaseli Amazinga amaningi): uxhase imakethe yabathengi, ukulinganisa ukusebenza kanye nezindleko. Namuhla igcinelwe amamodeli athile ebhizinisi kanye nezigaba zobungcweti.
• I-TLC (Triple-Level Cell): izinga lamanje lentengo, ukuminyana kanye nokusebenza, ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni zokugcinwa kwenqwaba nama-SSD abasebenzisi.
• I-QLC (Quad-Level Cell): inguquko yakamuva yezindleko eziphansi kanye nomthamo omkhulu, osetshenziswa kumayunithi abiza kancane, nakuba idela ukuqina.

Ukwamukelwa kokupakishwa okuqondile (3D NAND) kuphindaphinde umthamo nempilo ende yama-chip e-NAND. AbakwaSamsung, iMicron kanye neKioxia bahole umjaho, bafinyelela ezinhlakeni eziyi-128, 176, 238 kanye nezingqimba eziningi nakakhulu nge-chip ngayinye.

Kungani isilawuli se-SSD sibalulekile?

Isilawuli siyingxenye ye-elekthronikhi ehlela ukuhanjiswa kwedatha ngaphakathi kwe-SSD.. Ukusebenza kwayo kuthinta ngqo isivinini sokufunda nokubhala, ukumelana namaphutha, nokusebenza kahle kwenqolobane ye-SLC/DRAM.

Abakhiqizi abakhulu be-SSD bafaka:

• I-Samsung: Izilawuli zabanikazi, njenge-Phoenix, i-MJX ne-MKX.
• Marvell: Umholi kuzilawuli ezisetshenziswa kuma-SSD amaningi asezingeni eliphezulu nasezingeni eliphezulu.
• I-Phison: Idume kakhulu kumikhiqizo efana ne-Corsair, i-Sabrent, i-MSI, i-AORUS, i-Seagate, i-Kioxia nezinye, ezaziwa ngesilinganiso esihle kakhulu sekhwalithi/intengo nokusekelwa kwe-PCIe 4.0 ne-5.0.
• I-Silicon Motion (SMI): Idizayini yezilawuli ezisetshenziswa ku-Crucial, Kingston, WD namanye ama-assemblers amaningi.
• I-WD/SanDisk: Izilawuli zabanikazi kububanzi Okumnyama Nokubomvu.

Inhlanganisela yenkumbulo enhle ye-NAND nesilawuli esithuthukisiwe kuyisihluthulelo se-SSD esheshayo, ethembekile nehlala isikhathi eside..

Luhlelwe kanjani uchungechunge lwe-SSD nobubanzi bemikhiqizo eyaziwa kakhulu?

Uhlobo ngalunye luvamise ukuhlukanisa imikhiqizo yalo lube imindeni ehlukene ngokuya ngohlobo lwenkumbulo, ifomethi, uhlobo lwesilawuli nezithameli eziqondiwe.. Nazi izibonelo:

Samsung

• I-QVO: Izinga lokungena nge-QLC, umthamo omkhulu ngentengo ephansi.
• I-EVO: Ibanga eliphakathi nendawo eliphezulu, inkumbulo ye-TLC kanye nebhalansi enhle iyonke.
• I-PRO: Ibanga lobungcweti/lebhizinisi, ukuqina nokusebenza okuphezulu (TLC/SLC).
• P.M: Ibanga lebhizinisi.
• I-T7: Uchungechunge oluphathekayo lwe-USB/Thunderbolt.

Okubalulekile (Micron)

• I-MX500 ne-BX500: Ama-SATA SSD, adume kakhulu ngokuthembeka kwawo kanye nesilinganiso samanani/sokusebenza.
• Serie P2/P3/P5/T500/T700: I-NVMe isukela ezingeni lokungena kuye ku-PCIe 5.0.
• X6/X8: Ama-SSD aphathekayo.

SK Hynix

• IPlatinum P: Inani eliphakeme kakhulu lama-NVMe.
• Igolide P negolide S: Okokufaka kwe-NVMe medium kanye ne-SATA, ngokulandelana.

I-Western Digital

• I-WD Blue: Ibanga elijwayelekile kanye neleveli yokungena.
• I-WD Black: Izinga eliphezulu ligxile kwezemidlalo nakubashisekeli.
• I-WD Ebomvu: Okukhethekile kwe-NAS nokusetshenziswa okungu-24/7.
• Igolide le-WD: Izikhungo zochwepheshe kanye nedatha.

corsair

• I-MP600 ne-PRO: I-NVMe PCIe 4.0, 5.0, namamodeli emidlalo ane-heatsink.
• Phoqa uchungechunge: Amamodeli we-SATA kanye ne-NVMe aqondiswe ekuqineni.
• I-Hydro X ne-EX: Izinguqulo ezipholiswe uketshezi noma zangaphandle.

I-Sabrent

• Uchungechunge lwamarokhethi: Kusukela ku-NVMe Gen3 kuya ku-Gen4, amamodeli aqondene nekhonsoli namakhompyutha aphathekayo ama-ultra-compact.
• I-Rocket Plus/Plus-G: Ukusekelwa kwe-DirectStorage kwemidlalo yesizukulwane esilandelayo.

Seagate

• I-FireCuda: Ukugxila kwegeyimu, ukuqina okuphezulu, izinguqulo ezingama-520 nezingu-530 ezinememori esebenza kakhulu ye-Micron TLC.
• I-IronWolf ne-Nytro: Amabanga akhethekile e-NAS namaseva, anokuqina okwedlulele kanye namafomethi e-SAS/NVMe.

Yiziphi izici ezinquma ikhwalithi ye-SSD?

Ngaphandle kokumakethwa komkhiqizo ngamunye, kunemigomo ebekiwe echaza ukuthi i-SSD yinhle noma cha.:

• Isivinini sokufunda/sokubhala esilandelanayo nesingahleliwe, ikakhulukazi ekusebenzeni kwe-4K (izinhlelo zokusebenza zomhlaba wangempela).
• Uhlobo nezizukulwane zenkumbulo ye-NAND: Uma izendlalelo eziningi nobuchwepheshe bungcono, kukhulu isivinini, ukuqina nokusebenza kahle.
• Isilawuli kanye ne-firmware yayo: Ukuphathwa kwenqolobane, i-ECC, nama-algorithms okulinganisa izinga lokuphila kwandisa isikhathi sokuphila futhi kuvimbele ukwehluleka.
• I-DRAM ehlanganisiwe: I-SSD enenkumbulo ye-DRAM elawula amathebula emephu iyashesha futhi izinzile kune-DRAMless.
• Iwaranti kanye ne-TBW: Inani lama-terabytes angabhalwa ngaphambi kokuthi i-SSD ithathwe njengengaphandle kwewaranti. Inkomba ecacile yokuqina.

Imikhiqizo efana ne-Samsung, iMicron (Crucial), i-SK Hynix ne-Kioxia ivamise ukuhlinzeka ngezibalo ezihamba phambili kuzo zonke lezi zigaba., nakuba eminye imikhiqizo evela ku-Seagate, WD noma Corsair ingaqhudelana ngezigaba ezithile.

Ama-SSD namafomethi: SATA, M.2, NVMe, PCIe nokunye

Ifomethi ebonakalayo nesixhumi esibonakalayo sinquma ukusebenza kwe-SSD:

• I-SATA (2.5”): Ifomethi yendabuko, enhle kakhulu yokubuyekeza okokusebenza kwakudala. Ikhawulelwe ku-550 MB/s nge-interface ngokwayo.
• ISATA le-M.2: Ukusebenza okufanayo njenge-SATA engu-2.5” kodwa ngefomethi yekhadi elihlangene.
• M.2 NVMe: Isebenzisa ibhasi le-PCIe (Express) ngesivinini samagigabhayithi ambalwa ngomzuzwana (GB/s). Kukhona izinguqulo ze-PCIe 3.0, 4.0 kanye ne-5.0, ngayinye icishe iphinde yangaphambili.
• I-PCIe 4.0/5.0: Ibanga eliphakeme kakhulu, elidizayinelwe amadivayisi esimanjemanje namageyimu/ochwepheshe, afinyelela ku-14.6 GB/s ezimweni ezihamba phambili.
• I-USB/Thunderbolt yangaphandle: Ilungele ilaptop, Isipele noma ukudlulisa. Ikhawulelwe ngezinga lembobo kanye nenkumbulo esetshenzisiwe.

Ukukhethwa kwesixhumi esibonakalayo nefomethi kuncike ezidingweni: imidlalo, ukuhlela, i-NAS, amaseva noma ukusetshenziswa kwasekhaya nje..

Ukuqanjwa kwakamuva namathrendi kusitoreji se-SSD

Umkhakha we-SSD uyaqhubeka nokusungula nokuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obusha:

• I-3D cell stacking, okwamanje kuze kufike ku-238 izendlalelo.
• Ukuthuthukiswa kwenkumbulo ye-Z-NAND ne-3D XPoint, Banikeza ukubambezeleka okuphansi kakhulu nokuqina okunonya, nakuba kunqunyelwe ekusetshenzisweni okuqondile kakhulu ngenxa yenani labo.
• Ukusetshenziswa kwamayunithi e-PCIe Gen5 kanye ne-PCIe Gen4 ekhaya kanye nemakethe yemidlalo.
• Ukwenza ngcono i-Firmware nokusekelwa kobuchwepheshe obufana ne-DirectStorage ukuze kulayishwe imidlalo nezinhlelo zokusebenza ngokushesha okukhulu.
• Ukuthuthukiswa kokusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nokuphathwa kokushisa, ikakhulukazi kuma-laptops nasezikhungweni zedatha.

Iminyaka ezayo izobona ukwanda kwamadrayivu asheshayo, asebenza kahle kakhulu futhi athengekayo, okusunduza isitoreji sikazibuthe (i-HDD) endaweni encane kakhulu..

Yiziphi izinhlobo ze-SSD "ezingabakhiqizi bangempela" futhi yiziphi ezihlanganayo?

Bambalwa kakhulu abazithengisa ngokuphelele imikhiqizo yabo.; Izinhlobo eziningi ze-SSD zingabahlanganisi noma ama-OEM, athenga ama-chips nezilawuli kubakhiqizi bangempela ukuze bahlanganise futhi benze ngendlela oyifisayo umkhiqizo wokugcina. I-Samsung, i-Kioxia/Toshiba kuphela, i-SK Hynix, i-Micron/Crucial ne-WD/SanDisk (ngosizo lwe-Kioxia) engaziqhayisa ngokulawula kwangempela phezu kwalo lonke uchungechunge lokukhiqiza.

Amanye amabhrendi agqamile njengeCorsair, Sabrent, Kingston noma MSI Basebenzisa inkumbulo nezilawuli ezivela kubadlali abakhulu, nakuba benganikeza i-firmware eyenziwe ngokwezifiso, ama-heatsink angcono, iwaranti ende, noma intengo yokuncintisana.

Amanye amabhrendi ajwayelekile, noma lawo amathuluzi ahlanganiswe ngaphambilini, angase asebenzise izingxenye eziphuma ezizukulwaneni ezedlule noma ezingathembekile kancane.. Ngakho-ke, kungcono ngaso sonke isikhathi ukubeka phambili imodeli izingxenye zayo eziyinhloko (inkumbulo nesilawuli) zivela kumkhiqizi ohloniphekile, onaka kancane ilogo yomhlanganisi.

Yiziphi izingozi ezikhona ngemikhiqizo engaziwa noma amamodeli ashibhile kakhulu?

Ukunyuka kwama-SSD kulethe amakhulu emikhiqizo yaseShayina noma engaziwa emakethe, ngokunikezwa okuphansi izikhathi eziningana kunentengo evamile.. Le mikhiqizo ivamise ukusebenzisa inkumbulo egaywe kabusha, izishayeli zekhwalithi ephansi, noma ngisho namasu okukhwabanisa (i-firmware elingisa umthamo ophezulu, kodwa irekhoda ingxenye encane yalokho okuthenjisiwe).

Yiziphi izinkinga ezingavela ngama-SSD ashibhe kakhulu?

• Isivinini sangempela esiphansi, sibi nakakhulu kune-HDD endala kwezinye izimo.
• Ukuqina kweqanda, ne-TBW ephansi ngokuhlambalazayo.
• Ukuqamba amanga kwamandla kanye nokwehluleka okukhulu ngemva kwemijikelezo embalwa yokubhala.
• Akukho ukusekelwa noma iwaranti, isevisi engekho ngemva kokuthengisa.

Isincomo esihle kakhulu ukunamathela kumikhiqizo eyaziwayo namamodeli afakazelwe ukwethembeka nokusekelwa., ngisho noma ukhokha kancane.