Yini i-DHCP eqashiswayo ku-Windows nokuthi ungayiphatha kanjani kahle

Uma usebenza namanethiwekhi ku-Windows, isikhathi sokuqashisa se-DHCP Ngomunye waleyo miqondo okuhle ukuyiqonda ukuze ugweme izinto ezimangazayo: amakheli ayimpinda, ukuphela kwezikhathi, noma amachibi aphelile. Nakuba kuzwakala njengobuchwepheshe, empeleni "inkontileka" yesikhashana lapho iseva iqashisa khona ikheli le-IP kukhompuyutha.

Ngaphambi kokuthi sijule, cabanga ngokuqashisa njengokuqashisa: Idivayisi yakho isebenzisa ikheli le-IP isikhathi esithile.Lapho leso sikhathi sisondela ekupheleni, iklayenti lizama ukuyivuselela. Uma zingaphumeleli noma kungasenakwenzeka, ikheli le-IP libuyela echibini futhi linganikezwa kwenye idivayisi. Futhi yebo, ku-Windows ungabuka, uvuselele, futhi unqamule leyo nkontileka ngokuchofoza okumbalwa. imiyalo.

Kuyini ukuqashisa kwe-DHCP (isikhathi sokuqasha) ku-Windows?

I-Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Izenzela ngokuzenzakalelayo ukulethwa kwemingcele yenethiwekhi (ikheli le-IP, imaski ye-subnet, isango, i-DNS, njll.). Isikhathi sokuqashisa ubude besikhathi lapho iseva egunyaza iklayenti ukuthi lisebenzise ikheli le-IP. Ngemva kwaleso sikhathi, iklayenti kufanele livuselele isivumelwano sokuqashisa noma likhulule ikheli.

Ukuze ubeke ubuso kuyo: Ikhompyutha ephathekayo ingathola u-192.168.1.100 amahora angama-24Ngalolo suku, izosebenzisa lelo kheli le-IP ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Uma ifinyelela endaweni yokuvuselela, iklayenti le-Windows ngokwalo lizama ukunweba leso sikhathi; uma ihluleka futhi iphelelwa yisikhathi, ikheli lasesizindeni se-inthanethi linganikezwa kabusha kwenye ikhompuyutha.

Lo mshini wazalwa njengokuvela kwe-BOOTP kuma-90s. Namuhla kubalulekile kumanethiwekhi anezintambo, i-Wi-Fi, noma ayingxubevange.ngoba yenza impilo yomlawuli ibe lula futhi inciphisa iphutha lomuntu lapho enikeza amakheli mathupha.

I-DHCP yenza okungaphezu nje kokuhlinzeka ngama-IPIphinde ithumele izinketho ezifana DNS, router, isizinda sokusesha, kanye ne-WINS/NetBIOS ezindaweni ze-Windows ezindala. Konke lokhu kufanekiswa ku-RFC 2131 naku-2132 (ephumelela ngo-1541).

Isebenza kanjani: DORA, T1 kanye T2

Umdanso womlayezo wakudala yi-DORA (Zitholele, Nikeza, Cela, Ukuvuma). Iklayenti lithola amaseva, lithola ukunikezwa nge-IP namapharamitha, lenza isicelo esisemthethweni, futhi iseva iqinisekisa ngokunikezwa kokufinyelela kanye nobude bayo besikhathi.

Ngaphezu kwe-DORA, Izinyathelo ezimbili ezibalulekile ziyadlalaT1 kanye T2. Ngokuvamile, i-T1 imele u-50% wokuqashisa futhi i-T2 imele cishe ama-87,5%. Ku-T1, iklayenti lizama ukuvuselela ngokuqondile ngeseva enikeze ikheli le-IP. Uma bengaphumeleli, ku-T2 banweba ububanzi futhi bazame ukuhlenga inkontileka ngaphambi kokuthi iphele.

Isibonelo esisebenzayo: Ifoni ephathekayo ithola 192.168.1.200 amahora angu-12Ngamahora angu-6 (T1), icela ukuvuselelwa. Uma iseva iphendula, ukuqashwa kuyanwetshwa; uma kungenjalo, izoqhubeka nokuzama kuze kube yi-T2. Uma siphelelwa yisikhathi ngaphandle kokuvuselelwa, kuzodingeka kuxoxiswe ngaso kabusha kusukela ekuqaleni futhi ikheli lasesizindeni se-inthanethi lingashintsha.

Uma kungokokuqala noma ngemuva kokuqala kabusha, kuvamile lokho iklayenti ngokucacile licela ikheli lalo le-IP langaphambiliniIseva, uma iyibona njengekhululekile futhi ifanelekile, iyigcina ithule noma nge-ACK; uma kungenjalo, ithumela i-NACK futhi iklayenti liqale futhi.

Isifinyezo sengxoxo ye-DORA (ifomethi eyenziwe lula):

Origen        Destino         IP origen        IP destino           Mensaje
Cliente       Difusión        0.0.0.0          255.255.255.255     DHCPDISCOVER
Servidor      Difusión        IP_del_servidor  255.255.255.255     DHCPOFFER (IP, opciones, lease)
Cliente       Difusión        0.0.0.0          255.255.255.255     DHCPREQUEST (acepta oferta)
Servidor      Difusión        IP_del_servidor  255.255.255.255     DHCPACK (confirma concesión)

Ekuthwebuleni kwenethiwekhi uzobona izinkambu ezifana I-CHADDR (I-MAC (kusukela kuklayenti), i-YIADDR (i-IP enikeziwe), Isihlonzi Seseva kanye Nesikhathi Sokuqashakanye nezinketho zemaski, isango, i-DNS, noma i-WINS. Imilayezo ithuthwa nge-UDP futhi, ngesikhathi ibhuthiniIklayenti lisebenzisa u-0.0.0.0 kuze kube yilapho iseva iqinisekisa.

Amamodi okunikezwayo: okwenziwa ngesandla, okuzenzakalelayo, nokuguquguqukayo

I-DHCP isekela izindlela ezintathu ezihambisanayo ukuletha amakheli ngaphakathi kwesikophu:

• Ukwenziwa ngesandla noma okumile (ukubhuka)Iseva imatanisa ikheli le-MAC nekheli le-IP elithile. Ihlala iletha ikheli elifanayo kuleyo divayisi.
• NgokuzenzekelayoIseva inikezela ngekheli le-IP lamahhala ukusuka kububanzi futhi iklayenti iligcina liqinile inqobo nje uma kukhona ukuqashisa.
• Amandla: kufana nokuzenzakalelayo, kodwa ngokuphinda kusetshenziswe okusebenzayo kwama-IP uma ukuqasha sekuphelelwe yisikhathi, okuphromotha ukugaywa kabusha.

Noma iyiphi imodi oyikhethayo, Ukuqashisa kusungula "ukuphelelwa yisikhathi" kwelungelo lokusebenzisa ukuze i-IP pool ingamoshi kumadivayisi angasekho kunethiwekhi.

Okufushane uma kuqhathaniswa nokuqashiswa okude: izinzuzo kanye nokubi

Ukukhetha ubude besikhathi kuthinta ukuzinza, ukuphepha, nokusetshenziswa kwechibiAkukho okulingana nosayizi owodwa, kodwa kunamaphethini acacile kuye ngendawo ezungezile.

Ingabe ukuqasha kunomthelela ekusebenzeni?

Isikhathi semvume asisheshisi noma sinciphise inethiwekhi ngokwasoKodwa ukukhetha okubi kungaholela ama-microcuts (ngenxa yokuvuselela njalo) noma ukuntuleka kwama-IPs wamahhala uma ichibi lilifushane futhi ukuqashisa kungunaphakade.

Uma ujwayele ukuguqula i-topology (ukwengeza/ukukhipha okokusebenza noma ama-VLAN), Izikhathi ezimfishane zisheshisa ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kusuka kunethiwekhi kuya ezinguqukweni. Ngokubuyisela emuva, bakhuphula ithrafikhi yokulawula futhi badinga iseva ye-DHCP esabelayo.

Kumanethiwekhi anamakhasimende amaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa, Ungehlisi izinga lokuqashisa ngokunganaki.Iseva ingaba ukuvuselelwa kokuphatha okugcwele kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuqashiswa okude kakhulu kuzobopha ama-IP, okuholela ekwenqatshweni kwamadivayisi amasha ngisho noma ingasenawo amadivaysi asebenzayo asebenzisa lawo makheli.

Yisiphi isikhathi ongasikhetha kuye ngesimo

Ikhaya elinezinguquko ezimbalwaInguqulo yamahora angu-24 ngokuvamile isebenza ngokumangalisayo. Izinzile, ithule, futhi ivumelana nezimo ngokwanele kumadivayisi axhumeka nsuku zonke.

Ama-SME anokuvakasha okuvamile noma i-Wi-Fi evela kubasebenzi nabaphakeli: cabangela amahora athileUzothola ukuzungezisa i-pool futhi uzivumelanise kangcono nokuza nokuhambayo.

Amanethiwekhi omphakathi/ezemfundo: amanani ngaphansi kwehora elilodwa Bangase babe nengqondo. Nokho, bheka ukusebenza kweseva nosayizi wechibi.

Uma unama-VLAN/ama-scopes amaningi, yabela izikhathi ezihlukene ngokwesikophu: okufushane kubavakashi, okuphakathi noma okude kumishini engaguquki noma amaseva angaphakathi.

Buka, vuselela, futhi ukhulule isivumelwano sokuqashisa ku-Windows

Ukuze ubuke uxhaso lwamanje ku-Windows 10/11, iyavula Uphawu lwesistimu o I-PowerShell futhi wenze: ipconfig /allBheka kokuthi “Ukuqashiswa okutholiwe” kanye nokuthi “Ukuqasha kuphelelwa yisikhathi” ukuze uthole isikhawu esiqondile, kanye ne-MAC (ikheli lendawo), isango, ne-DNS.

Uma udinga ukuphoqa izinguquko: khulula nge ipconfig /release y Vuselela nge ipconfig /renewNgemuva kokuguqulwa kweseva noma inqubomgomo, izokusiza ukuthi uthole amapharamitha amasha ngokushesha.

I-tidbit esheshayo: ku-macOS ungabona ifayela le- isikhathi_sokuqasha con ipconfig getpacket en0 (Khomba isixhumi esibonakalayo kuqala). Kodwa lapha sigxila ku-Windows.

Shintsha isikhathi sokuqashisa kumzila noma kuseva ye-DHCP

Ukuqashisa kuchazwe kuseva, hhayi kuklayenti.Ezimweni zasekhaya, leyo seva ivamise ukuba yirutha: thola isango nge ipconfig (isb., 192.168.1.1), ngena kuphaneli yewebhu, iya ku-LAN/DHCP bese ulungisa ubude besikhathi (amaminithi/amahora). Yonga, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, ukuqashisa okusha nokuvuselela kuzosebenzisa inani elisha.

Ezinkampanini, I-Windows Server enendima ye-DHCP Ikuvumela ukuthi uchaze izikophu, okungafakwanga, ukubhukha, nezinketho phakathi nendawo. Uma usebenza ne-Active Directory, khumbula Ukugunyazwa kweseva ye-DHCP ukugwema ukuphazamisa "amaseva e-pirate".

Ithiphu elibalulekile: Shintsha imininingwane ezenzakalelayo yomzila Futhi gcina i-firmware ibuyekeziwe. Izilungiselelo zasefekthri ziyisimemo kubangeneleli futhi zingaphazamisa ukusebenza.

Ukubhuka kwe-DHCP: I-IP emile nge-MAC ngayinye ngaphandle kokuthinta iklayenti

Ukubhuka kuhlobanisa ikheli le-MAC nekheli le-IP elithile. kulowo mkhakha. Ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho leyo divayisi icela ikheli, izohlala ithola elifanayo, elifanelekile I-NASamaphrinta enethiwekhi, amakhamera, amakhonsoli, noma amasevisi angaphakathi.

• Khomba i-MAC yocingo (ocingweni ngokwalo noma ngemiyalo/isikena).
• Finyelela kumzila noma iseva bese uye kokuthi DHCP > Ukubhuka/Ukubhukha Amakheli.
• Nikeza ikheli le-IP elimile ukusuka kububanzi kuye kumapheya e-MAC ahambisanayo bese ulondoloza izinguquko.

Uma ukhetha ukumisa i-IP ngesandla kuklayenti, kulungile; Ukubhukha kukunikeza okuhle kakhulu kuyo yomibili imihlaba: isilawuli esimaphakathi kanye nezinguquko eziyiziro eqenjini.

I-Windows Server nokugunyazwa kwe-DHCP ku-Active Directory

Okuhlukile? Amaseva azimele odwa ngaphandle kwesizindaKuma-subnets lapho amaseva agunyaziwe "angalaleli," angaqalisa isevisi futhi anikeze i-subnet yendawo. Noma kunjalo, inkambiso enconyiwe ezindaweni eziphethwe wukugunyaza njalo.

Ukuphatha Okuthuthukile kanye ne-IPAM: Ukuqapha Nezaziso

Ngaphandle kwezisekelo, amathuluzi e-IPAM I-ManageEngine OpUtils ihlinzeka ngokubuka okumaphakathi kwendawo yekheli, isimo sobubanzi, izexwayiso zokukhathala, nokusetshenziswa nemibiko yomlando.

Ngalawa ma-suites ungavula ukuqapha isikhathi sangempela, thola ukungqubuzana, khiqiza izaziso ezisebenzayo futhi ubhale phansi ukuvela ukuze uhlele ukwandiswa noma izinguquko zenqubomgomo ngendlela enolwazi.

I-DHCPv4 vs. DHCPv6: Yiziphi izinguquko lapho ukhetha izikhathi?

Ku-IPv4, isikhala sikhawulelwe.Ngakho-ke, izikhathi zokuqashisa zisiza ukuvuselela ama-IP ngokuhlakanipha. Kumanethiwekhi azinzile, izikhathi zokuqashisa ezinde zinciphisa umsindo; ngenzuzo ephezulu, izikhathi ezimfushane zokuqashisa zivimbela ukuphelelwa amakheli.

Ku-IPv6, sibonga isikhala esikhulu ongasithola ikuvumela ukuthi uqashise kakhulu Ngaphandle kokwesaba ukukhathala. Noma kunjalo, lungisa ngokuvumelana nokuphepha, ukuhamba, kanye nezinqubomgomo zakho zokuphatha.

Isibonelo sokuchaza ububanzi kanye nezikhathi zakhona

Isibonelo ngesitayela se-ISC DHCP Kuyasiza ukubona ngeso lengqondo ukuthi ukuqashisa kwenziwa kanjani ngepharamitha kuseva yakudala:

subnet 192.168.50.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
  default-lease-time 3600;      # 1 hora
  max-lease-time 7200;          # 2 horas
  range 192.168.50.100 192.168.50.150;
  option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0;
  option broadcast-address 192.168.50.255;
  option routers 192.168.50.1;
  option domain-name-servers 192.168.50.2, 1.1.1.1;
}

Kuma-routers amaningi asekhaya uzobona lamapharamitha afanayo nezinkambu kanye nezinto ezingasetshenziswa; umqondo awushintshi: ukuqasha kuyinketho yeseva enamathiselwe kwimvumelwano.

Ukuxazulula izinkinga ezivamile

Izingxabano ze-IP: isesha izimpinda (ukubhuka okugqagqene, ama-IP amile ngaphakathi kwesikophu). Ilungisa ukugqagqana futhi, uma kunesidingo, inciphisa ukuqashisa ukuze kusetshenziswe kabusha ngokushesha.

Ithrafikhi noma i-firmwareAma-spikes enethiwekhi angavimbela imilayezo ye-DHCP ukuthi yamukelwe. Buyekeza i-router/server firmware futhi uqaphe isiteshi.

Inkonzo iminyeneUkuqalisa kabusha isevisi ye-DHCP kuvame ukuvula idivayisi. izingodo iseva Baveza ama-NACK, ukuphelelwa yisikhathi, noma izicelo ezingaphendulwanga.

Ukuhambisana ngokomlando kanye namakhasimende/amaseva

Amakhasimende amadala weWindows I-Windows 95, i-Microsoft Network Client ye-MS-DOS, i-Windows for Workgroups, ne-NT Workstation sezivele zifake iklayenti le-DHCP. Namuhla, zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza zeklayenti le-Windows zinikwe amandla ngokuzenzakalela.

Ngasohlangothini lweseva, Imindeni ye-Windows NT Server (3.5, 3.51, 4.0) Babengamavulandlela ngendima ye-DHCP. Ukuqala nge-Windows 2000/2003, ukugunyazwa kwahlanganiswa ku-Active Directory, kuphakamisa ibha yokulawula nokuphepha.

Uma kufanele usebenzise amathuluzi akudala, khumbula: IPCONFIG ku-WindowsFuthi i-WINIPCFG ku-Windows 95 kakade ivunyelwe amapharamitha wokubuka kanye nokuyekethisa. Namuhla, nge ipconfig /all Unakho konke eduze.

El funda i-DHCP I-metronome emaka impilo yama-IPs kunethiwekhi yakho: kuxoxiswane ngayo ne-DORA, ivuselelwa ngo- I-T1 / T2Ungakwazi ukuyihlola futhi uyiphoqe nge ipconfig Ku-Windows, yilungise kumzila wakho, noma ku-Windows Server, thembela... ukubhuka nge-MAC futhi uyiqinise ngayo IPAMUma ukhetha izikhathi ngendlela efanele ngokwesimo sakho (isikhathi esifushane senzuzo, ulangazelela ukuzinza) futhi uqaphe izingxabano nokutubeka, uzogcina indawo ezinzile, ephephile futhi okulula ukuyiphatha.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Uyilungisa kanjani i-DHCP ne-DNS kuseva ye-Windows: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele, onemininingwane

Isaka

Umbhali oshisekayo ngomhlaba wamabhayithi nobuchwepheshe ngokujwayelekile. Ngiyathanda ukwabelana ngolwazi lwami ngokubhala, futhi yilokho engizokwenza kule bhulogi, ngikubonise zonke izinto ezithakazelisayo kakhulu ngamagajethi, isofthiwe, ihadiwe, izitayela zobuchwepheshe, nokuningi. Inhloso yami ukukusiza ukuthi uzulazule emhlabeni wedijithali ngendlela elula nejabulisayo.