Kusetshenziswa imiyalo ethi ifconfig kanye ne-route ku-Linux kanye ne-iproute2 yayo esikhundleni sayo

 

Phatha kahle izixhumi zenethiwekhi kanye nemizila ye-IP Kungomunye wemisebenzi eyisisekelo okuzodingeka uyenze ngokushesha uma uphatha izinhlelo. LinuxIminyaka eminingi, imiyalo okwakudala ifconfig y route Bekuyibhokisi lamathuluzi elifanele kakhulu lokuhlela ama-IP, ukuphakamisa amakhadi, noma ukuchaza isango.

Nokho, namuhla, Leyo sethi endala yezinsizakusebenza ze-net-tools ibhekwa njengengasebenzi. ekusatshalalisweni okuningi kwesimanje, okuthathe indawo yalo nge-suite iproute2 kanye nomyalo wayo wezinkanyezi ipNoma kunjalo, kumaseva amadala, izinto zokufundisa, imibhalo yefa, noma izifundo ze- nokugenca y ukuphepha kwe-cyber, uyaqhubeka nokuthola ifconfig y route yonke indawo, ukuze kuqondwe ukuthi zisebenza kanjani (nokuthi zihumusha kanjani ku- ip) kuyisisekelo.

Kusukela ku-ifconfig kanye nomzila kuya ku-iproute2 suite

Imiyalo ifconfig y umzila Ziyingxenye yephakheji yomlando amathuluzi e-net, esizuzwe njengefa emhlabeni UnixZilungiselelwe izixhumi zenethiwekhi, amakheli e-IP, amamaski, amasango, kanye nemizila engaguquki amashumi eminyaka, kanye nezinye izinsiza ezifana arp, netstat, iptunnel, mii-tool o rarp.

cunt el tiempoIzidingo zokuxhumana ku-Linux seziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu: I-IPv6, i-QoS, ukulinganisela umthwalo, amatafula amaningi okuhambisa, imigudu, ama-VLAN i-VPN, izikhala zamagama zenethiwekhiIphakheji yamathuluzi e-net endala yehlulekile futhi cishe yayingasebenzi kahle.

Ukumboza konke lokhu kwavela imv2, iqoqo lezinsiza zesimanje lapho ingxenye eyinhloko ingumyalo ipNgale binary eyodwa ungenza imisebenzi eyayidinga ukuhlanganiswa ngaphambilini. ifconfig, umzila, i-arp, i-netstat, i-iptunnel kanye nenkampani, kanye nezici eziningi ezithuthukisiwe amathuluzi e-net angakaze aphuphe ukuzisekela.

Ngokwenzayo, i-iproute2 ithatha indawo ngokuphelele yamathuluzi e-netYingakho ukusatshalaliswa okufana ne-Debian, izinguqulo zakamuva ze-Ubuntu, kanye nokusatshalaliswa okuningi okusekelwe ku-systemd kuphawula amathuluzi e-net "njengangasasebenzi" futhi angasawafaki ngokuzenzakalelayo. Noma kunjalo, i-ifconfig kanye nomzila kusekhona ezindaweni eziningi, ikakhulukazi ezokwakha noma zesikhathi esidlule, ngakho-ke kuyalulekwa ukuthi uwazi kahle womabili la mazwe.

umyalo we-ifconfig: ukucushwa kwesibonisi esiyisisekelo

Umyalo ifconfig (isilungiselelo sesixhumi esibonakalayo) besisetshenziswa ngokwesiko ukwenza Buka futhi ulungise izilungiselelo zesixhumanisi senethiwekhiIkuvumela ukuthi uqalise ikhadi, ulinike ikheli le-IP, ulisebenzise noma ulivale, ushintshe amapharamitha afana ne-MTU noma imodi yokuziphambanisa, njll.

I-syntax ejwayelekile ye ifconfig Kulula kakhulu: ifconfig [opciones] [interfaz] ukubonisa ulwazi, kanye ifconfig interfaz [configuración] [up|down] uma sifuna ukushintsha amapharamitha noma ukuphakamisa/ukwehlisa ikhadi.

Uma uyisebenzisa ngaphandle kwezimpikiswano, I-`ifconfig` ibonisa zonke izixhumi ezisebenzayo nge-IP yayo, imaski, ukusakaza, ikheli I-MACIzibalo ze-MTU kanye nethrafikhi:

/sbin/ifconfig

para Bheka futhi izixhumi ezingasebenzi (isibonelo, ikhadi elikhona kodwa elingasebenzi), inketho iyangezwa -aobala konke ngokuphelele:

ifconfig -a

Uma ufuna ukugxila ku isikhombikubona esisodwa, esiqinileVele usho igama layo. Isibonelo, ukuze ubuke imininingwane yokuxhumeka kwe-Ethernet okuyinhloko:

ifconfig eth0

Emishinini eminingi yesimanje igama alisekho eth0kodwa into efana i-ens33, i-enp0s3 noma okufanayoKodwa umqondo uyafana: ifconfig Ikunikeza i-IP yayo, i-MAC yayo, isimo (UP, RUNNING, njll.), imaski ye-subnet kanye nolunye ulwazi oluwusizo.

Imisebenzi evamile nge-ifconfig

Omunye wemisebenzi evame kakhulu ngamathuluzi e-net yenza kusebenze noma vala isikhombimsebenzisi senethiwekhi. Nge ifconfig Kwenziwe kanje:

# Levantar (activar) la interfaz
ifconfig ens33 up

# Bajar (desactivar) la interfaz
ifconfig ens33 down

Omunye umsebenzi ojwayelekile uwukuthi nika ikheli le-IPv4 kanye ne-subnet mask yalo. Nge ifconfig Ikheli le-IP liyaboniswa, lilandelwe yimaski (futhi lisakazwa ngokuzithandela):

# Asignar IP y máscara
ifconfig eth0 193.144.84.77 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 193.144.84.255 up

Umyalo uvumela futhi lungisa i-MTU (i-Maximum Transmission Unit)Okusho ukuthi, usayizi omkhulu we-datagram ngama-byte angajikeleza ngaleyo ndlela yokuxhumana:

# Cambiar la MTU a 500 bytes
ifconfig eth0 mtu 500

Futhi, i-ifconfig ingashintsha "amafulegi" esibonakalayo, njengokuvumela imodi yokuzitika ngokweqile ukuthi ibambe yonke ithrafikhi, ukukhubaza i-ARP, noma ngisho nokushintsha ikheli le-MAC uma idivayisi ilisekela:

# Activar modo promiscuo
ifconfig eth0 promisc

# Desactivar ARP
ifconfig eth0 -arp

# Cambiar la dirección hardware (MAC)
ifconfig eth0 hw ether 52:54:00:12:34:56

Ngokuphathelene ne-IPv6, i-ifconfig ingabonisa futhi iphathe amakheli ephrothokholi yenguqulo 6Futhi ngokwemvelo yayo, i-IPv6 ivumela amakheli amaningi ku-interface efanayo ngaphandle kwesidingo tricks kwezibizo, into esekelwa ngokuphelele ngamathuluzi e-net.

Ama-alias e-IP nezinye izinsiza ezihlobene

Isici esijwayelekile kuzilungiselelo ezindala yi- Ukuhlukanisa i-IPokuvumela ukwabela amakheli amaningi e-IPv4 ekhadini elifanayo kusetshenziswa izihlonzi zohlobo dispositivo:número:

# Primera IP en la interfaz
ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 up
route add -net 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 eth0

# Alias con otra red en la misma tarjeta
ifconfig eth0:0 192.168.10.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 up
route add -net 192.168.10.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 eth0:0

Kanye ne-ifconfig, uhlelo lwe-net-tools luhlanganisa amanye amathuluzi okusebenza kwezinga lesi-2 nelesi-3, njenge i-ifup/ifdown ukuze kusebenze noma kucime izixhumi zokuxhumana usebenzisa amafayela okucushwa kokusabalalisa, noma i-iwconfig yamanethiwekhi e-WiFi:

# Desactivar una interfaz según configuración del sistema
ifdown eth0

# Configurar parámetros WiFi
iwconfig eth1 essid "Mi Red"

Ezindaweni zanamuhla, konke lokhu kuthathelwe indawo yizinsizakusebenza ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezifana Umphathi Wenethiwekhi, Oyihlane, i-netplan, i-ConnMan noma i-WicdEziningi zazo zinesixhumi esibonakalayo esinemifanekiso futhi zenzelwe abasebenzisi abangajwayele kangako Isikhumulo.

umyalo womzila: ukuphathwa kwetafula lomzila elijwayelekile

Enye insika yamathuluzi e-net umyalo umzila, ophethe bonisa futhi ulawule ithebula lokuqondisa le-IPv4 le-kernelNgayo ungabhala imizila, wengeze noma ususe imizila engaguquki, bese uchaza isango elizenzakalelayo.

Ukuze ubuke ithebula lokuqondisa ngendlela efundekayo, umkhuba ojwayelekile ukusebenzisa route -n, ekhombisa amakheli egama lesizinda angaxazululwanga (awusizo kakhulu ekuphathweni kwenethiwekhi):

/sbin/route -n -ee

Amafulegi emgqeni ngamunye abonisa uhlobo lomzila: U (isikhombikubona esisebenzayo), H (indawo yokusingatha), G (sebenzisa isango), D (kudalwe ngokuguquguqukayo), M (kuguqulwe ngokuguquguqukayo), R (okulungisiwe) noma ! (umzila wenqatshiwe).

para engeza noma susa imizila engaguquki, umzila usebenzisa i-syntax:

route [add|del] [default] [-net|-host] target \
      [netmask Nm] [gw Gw] [opciones] [[dev] If]

Isibonelo, ngoba finyelela kunethiwekhi 192.168.0.0/24 ngokusebenzisa eth1:

route add -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 dev eth1

Futhi ukuchaza isango elizenzakalelayo (lapho konke okungayi kumanethiwekhi aziwayo kuzophuma khona), kwenziwa kanje:

route add default gw 10.0.2.2

Uma ufuna inethiwekhi ekude ifinyeleleke usebenzisa i- indlela yokuhamba ephakathi nendawoUyichaza futhi nge-`route`. Isibonelo, inethiwekhi 172.16.0.0/24 nge-host 192.168.0.1:

route add -net 172.16.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw 192.168.0.1

Ukuze lo mshini wokugcina ukwazi ukuqondisa ithrafikhi phakathi kwezindawo zokusebenzelana, kuyadingeka vumela ukudluliselwa kwe-IP ku-kernel:

echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward

Amathuluzi okuxilonga inethiwekhi ajwayelekile

Ngaphezu kwe-ifconfig kanye ne-route, iphakheji ye-net-tools kanye nezinsiza ezihlobene nazo zinikeza imiyalo yokuxilonga esetshenziswa kakhulu ezisasebenza, njengokuthi i-netstat, i-arp, i-ping, i-traceroute noma i-mii-tool.

Umyalo netstat vumela Buka ukuxhumana okusebenzayo, amathebula okuqondisa, izibalo zesixhumi esibonakalayo, kanye nokusetshenziswa ngephrothokholi. Isibonelo netstat -i inikeza isifinyezo esifana ne- ifconfig -s, futhi netstat -r ibonisa ithebula lokuqondisa (elilingana ne- route ngezinketho).

Umyalo i-arp lawula i-cache yesistimu ye-ARP: Ibonisa okufakiwe, isusa noma ingeza amarekhodi angaguqukiUhlu olujwayelekile luzoba:

arp
arp -a hostname
arp -i eth0
arp -d hostname
arp -s hostname hw_addr

Ukuhlola uxhumano lwezinga le-IP, ping ithumela amaphakethe e-ICMP ECHO_REQUEST futhi ilinganisa isikhathi sohambo oluya nokubuya. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi Ama-firewall amaningi avimba i-ICMPNgakho-ke, ukungabikho kwempendulo akusho ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuthi umphathi wehlulekile.

Uma ufuna ukubona ukuthi iphakheji "iya kuphi" ize ifike lapho iya khona, iyavela i-tracerouteokuncike ensimini ye-TTL yesihloko se-IP kanye nezimpendulo ze-ICMP zohlobo lwe-TIME_EXCEEDED. Kunezinhlobo ezifana nalezi i-tcptraceroute noma i-traceproto, ezisebenzisa ezinye izindlela zokulawula ukugwema imikhawulo ethile.

Okokugcina, ukuthola imininingwane mayelana nongqimba olungokoqobo kanye nokuxoxisana ngezixhumanisi, ithuluzi le-mii o i-ethtool Zikuvumela ukuthi ubuke futhi ulungise isivinini, imodi ye-duplex, kanye nezinye izinhlaka zikagesi zesixhumi esibonakalayo se-Ethernet.

Ukugxuma ku-iproute2: umyalo we-ip nezinto eziyisisekelo

Konke okungenhla kusekhona, kodwa ezinhlelweni zanamuhla isincomo siwukusebenzisa imv2Umyalo wayo oyinhloko, ip, inikeza isichazamazwi esivumelanayo esisekelwe ku- into + isenzo:

ip [OPCIONES] OBJETO COMANDO [parámetros]

Izinto ezivame kakhulu yilezi isixhumanisi, ikheli (i-addr), umzila, umthetho, umakhelwane (umakhelwane), umhubhe, i-maddr, i-mroute, i-monitor, i-ntab, i-tuntap, i-xfrm, i-netns, i-l2tp, i-tcp_metrics, ithokheniphakathi kwabanye. Ngayinye igxila esicini esithile se-network stack.

• isixhumanisi: ilawula izixhumi ezibonakalayo noma ezinengqondo (isimo, i-MTU, amafulegi, i-MAC).
• ikheli / ikheli: iphatha amakheli e-IPv4 kanye ne-IPv6 ahlobene nezixhumi ezibonakalayo.
• umzila: idala, isusa, futhi ibonise imizila kumathebula okuqondisa.
• umakhelwane: ibonisa futhi ilawule ithebula le-ARP (noma indawo ye-IPv6).
• ukubusa: ichaza izinqubomgomo zokuhambisa amathebula amaningi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umyalo ip Kuhlanganisa izinketho zomhlaba wonke eziwusizo kakhulu: -4 y -6 ukuhlunga ngomndeni wekheli, -s ngezibalo, -br yokuphuma kwetafula elifingqiwe, -o ngomugqa owodwa (ofanele kakhulu grep o wc), -c ukufaka umbala endaweni yokuphuma noma -f ukukhetha umndeni wephrothokholi (inet, inet6, ibhuloho, i-mpls, njll.).

Ukulingana okuyisisekelo: ifconfig vs ip

Lapho yayisetshenziswa khona ngaphambilini ifconfig Ukuze ubuke ama-interface kanye nokucushwa kwawo kwe-IP, imiyalo emibili ye-iproute2 manje iyanconywa:

# Ver direcciones IP y configuración
ip addr show

# Ver información de capa 2 (MAC, MTU, flags)
ip link show

para phakamisa noma wehlise isikhombikubonaOkufanayo kungaba:

# ifconfig ens33 up
ip link set ens33 up

# ifconfig ens33 down
ip link set ens33 down

Nikeza ikheli le-IP ku-interface Futhi ine-"translation" yayo. Lapho ubuvame ukwenza khona:

ifconfig ens33 192.168.1.1/24

Nge-iproute2, kwenziwa kanjena, futhi kucaciswa idivayisi:

ip addr add 192.168.1.1/24 dev ens33

para susa ikheli le-IP elithile (into i-ifconfig engayisekeli ngqo futhi ikuphoqa ukuthi usebenzise i-0.0.0.0), nge-ip ilula njengokushintsha add por del:

ip addr del 192.168.1.1/24 dev ens33

Futhi uma udinga dala isikhombikubona esibonakalayo noma igama eliyimfihloKu-ifconfig ungakwenza nge ens33:1, ngenkathi ikhona ip inketho iyadlalwa label ukulebula lelo kheli:

# Alias con etiqueta personalizada
ip addr add 10.0.0.1/8 dev ens33 label ens33:redes

Ikheli le-IP kanye nethebula le-ARP eline-iproute2

Ukuphathwa kwe-ARP (noma ukuphathwa komakhelwane ku-IPv6) nakho kuhlanganiswe ku-iproute2 nge-object umakhelwaneUkufaka uhlu lwethebula lomakhelwane (okulingana no- arp -n):

ip neigh show

Uma ufuna engeza ngesandla ukufakwa kwe-ARP okuhlala njalo, ukhombisa i-IP, i-MAC (lladdr), uhlobo lwesimo kanye nedivayisi:

ip neigh add 192.168.0.1 lladdr 00:11:22:33:44:55 \
    nud permanent dev ens33

para susa okufakiwe, baphinde baphendukela ku del:

ip neigh del 192.168.0.1 lladdr 00:11:22:33:44:55 \
    nud permanent dev ens33

Njengazo zonke ezinye izinto, ungahlala Buka usizo olunemininingwane no:

ip neigh help

i-ip route: ukushintshwa kwesimanje komyalo wendlela

Into umzila i-iproute2 iphethe phatha amathebula okuqondisaKokubili imisebenzi eyinhloko neyesibili. Umsebenzi wabo ufana noweyunithi yama-commando endala. routekodwa ngamandla amaningi kanye nokuguquguquka.

para Buka ithebula eliyinhloko lomzilaLokhu okulandelayo kuyasetshenziswa:

ip route show
# o
ip route list

Uma ufuna engeza umzila onganyakazi Ukuze uxhumeke kunethiwekhi ethile, ucacisa isiqalo kanye nesango (noma isikhombimsebenzisi):

# Añadir ruta a 10.8.0.0/24 vía 192.168.1.2
ip route add 10.8.0.0/24 via 192.168.1.2

para susa leyo ndlela, kalula:

ip route del 10.8.0.0/24 via 192.168.1.2

Ungakwazi futhi shintsha isango lomzila okhona usebenzisa chg (o change):

ip route chg 10.8.0.0/24 via 192.168.1.3

La isango elizenzakalelayo Ichazwa ngendlela ezenzakalelayo:

# Añadir gateway predeterminado
ip route add default via 192.168.1.1

# Borrarlo usando otra IP de gateway
ip route del default via 192.168.1.254

Amathebula amaningi okuqondisa kanye nezinqubomgomo ezinomthetho we-ip

Enye yezinzuzo ezinkulu ze-iproute2 ukuthi ikhono lokusebenza ngamatafula amaningi okuhambisa ngesikhathi esisodwaLokhu akunakwenzeka ngamathuluzi e-net. I-Linux kernel ivumela amatafula ahlukene afinyelela ku-253, ngaphezu kwethebula eliyinhloko (ID 254) kanye nethebula lendawo (ID 255, elenzelwe amakheli endawo nawokusakaza, okungafanele uwathinte).

Amathebula achazwe kufayela /etc/iproute2/rt_tableslapho uzobona khona into efana nale:

# reserved values
255 local
254 main
253 default
0   unspec

Ukuze ungeze ithebula elisha, mane ulinike inombolo kanye negama. Isibonelo, ukudala ithebula i-redeszone Nge-ID 66, umugqa uyangezwa:

66 redeszone

Kusukela lapho, ungakwazi engeza imizila ethile kulelo thebulaAke sithi idivayisi yakho inekheli le-IP elingu-10.10.2.2 ku-interface ens37futhi ufuna lelo tafula liqondise ithrafikhi ku-10.8.0.0/24 usebenzisa leso sixhumi esibonakalayo:

ip route add 10.8.0.0/24 dev ens37 src 10.10.2.2 table redeszone

para susa leyo ndlela Etafuleni lesibili, ukhombisa amapharamitha afanayo del:

ip route del 10.8.0.0/24 dev ens37 src 10.10.2.2 table redeszone

Futhi uma udinga ukuchaza isango elizenzakalelayo ngaphakathi kwalelo thebula, kwenziwa kanjena:

ip route add default via 10.10.2.1 dev ens37 table redeszone

Ukuze i-kernel ikwazi ukuthi kufanele lisetshenziswe nini lelo tafula esikhundleni seliyinhlokoimithetho yokuqondisa ingeziwe kusetshenziswa Umthetho we-IPIsibonelo esijwayelekile: ukuthi wonke umgwaqo funa y kuya phambili 10.10.2.2 Sebenzisa ithebula redeszone:

ip rule add from 10.10.2.2/32 table redeszone
ip rule add to   10.10.2.2/32 table redeszone

El isimo salelo thebula Ungahlola nge:

ip route list table redeszone

Futhi isethi yemithetho esebenzayo Kubonakala nge:

ip rule show

I-QoS, ukulinganisela umthwalo, imigudu ye-IP nokuningi nge-iproute2

Ngaphandle kokushintsha nje i-ifconfig kanye ne-route, i-iproute2 inikeza izici eziningi ezithuthukisiwe ezenza kube ipulatifomu ephelele yokuphathwa kwenethiwekhi ku-Linux. Ezinye zezinto ezithakazelisa kakhulu yilezi ukulawulwa kwethrafikhi kanye ne-QoS, ukulinganisela umthwalo kuzo zonke izixhumi, ukudalwa komhubhe we-IP, kanye nokuphathwa kwesango eliningi.

Ukusebenzisa ithuluzi tc (ukulawulwa kwethrafikhi), okufakiwe ku-iproute2, kungenzeka sebenzisa i-QoS (Ikhwalithi Yesevisi)ngokuhlukanisa amaphakethe emigqeni, ukwabela izinto eziza kuqala, ukukhawulela umkhawulokudonsa wokugeleza okuthile, noma ukuqinisekisa izinsiza kuthrafikhi ebalulekile (izwi, izinhlelo zokusebenza zezinkampani, njll.).

Umyalo ngokwawo ip vumela dala imigudu ye-IP ehlanganisa amaphakethe e-IPv4 phezu kwengqalasizinda ye-IP ekhona, inqubo esetshenziswa kabanzi kuma-VPN, ukuxhumeka kwamasayithi noma ukuthunyelwa kwamanethiwekhi abonakalayo.

Ngokuqondene ne ukulinganisa umthwalo, i-iproute2 ingabela izisindo eziya ezindaweni ezahlukene zokuxhumana futhi usabalalise ithrafikhi ephumayo ngokwezindlela ezahlukene (i-IP yomthombo, i-IP yendawo, amachweba, njll.). Lokhu kuhambisana kahle nezimo ze-router yesofthiwe lapho iseva ye-Linux ngokwayo isebenza njenge-load balancer kuzo zonke izixhumanisi eziningi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuhlanganisa amathebula amaningi okuqondisa kanye nokucushwa kwemithetho ye-IP, kungenzeka ukuklama izimo zomzila ezithuthukisiwe lapho ithrafikhi efika nge-interface kumele iphume ngaleyo interface efanayo, noma ngemizila ehlukene kuye ngokuthi ivelaphi, uhlobo lwethrafikhi, noma inethiwekhi yendawo oya kuyo.

Ukuqhubeka kwama-IP, imizila, kanye nemithetho ngemva kokuqalisa kabusha

Isici esibalulekile lapho usebenza ne ip kunjalo Konke okulungiselelayo kusukela kulayini womyalo kuyashintshashintshaUma umshini uqala kabusha, izinguquko kuma-IP, imizila, kanye nemithetho ziyanyamalala. Ngakho-ke, kumaseva abukhoma, lokhu kubalulekile. kopisha lezo zilungiselelo kumafayela wesistimu.

Ku-Debian kanye nama-derivatives asebenzisa uhlelo lwakudala lwe- / njll / inethiwekhi / ukuxhumanaAma-IP kanye nemizila engaguquki kumenyezelwe kulelo fayela, kusetshenziswa iziqondiso ngokuzithandela. post-up ukuqalisa imiyalo ip okwengeziwe lapho isikhombikubona siphakanyisiwe.

Un isibonelo esiphelele kakhulu Ihlanganisa izixhumi eziningana, amakheli esibili, kanye namathebula amaningana okuqondisa. Kwesixhumi esisodwa eth1 nge-IP 10.10.1.114/29 kanye nethebula tabla2Kungabukeka kanje:

auto eth1
allow-hotplug eth1
iface eth1 inet static
    address 10.10.1.114
    netmask 255.255.255.248
    post-up ip route add 10.10.1.112/29 dev eth1 src 10.10.1.114 table tabla2
    post-up ip route add default via 10.10.1.113 dev eth1 table tabla2
    post-up ip rule add from 10.10.1.114/32 table tabla2
    post-up ip rule add to   10.10.1.114/32 table tabla2

Ezinye izixhumi eziku-host efanayo zingaphinda uhlelo ngamathebula ahlukene (isibonelo, tabla3) ukufeza izindawo eziningi zokufinyelela i-inthanethi noma ukuhlukaniswa okunengqondo usebenzisa iseva eyodwa ye-Linux njenge router kuthuthukile.

Ekusatshalalisweni okusetshenziswayo I-NetworkManager, i-netplan, i-systemd-networkd noma amathuluzi alinganayoIfilosofi iyafana: amakheli, imizila, imithetho, kanye namapharamitha kumele afakwe kumafayela awo okucushwa ahambisanayo ukuze uhlelo lukwazi ukuwasebenzisa ngokuzenzakalelayo kuzo zonke izimo. ibhuthini.

Izinzuzo kanye nokungalungi kwe-iproute2 uma kuqhathaniswa ne-net-tools

Ukuqhubeka imv2 inikeza okucacile indlela ehlanganisiwe neyesimanje ukuphathwa kwenethiwekhi ku-Linux. Esikhundleni sokusabalalisa imisebenzi phakathi ifconfig, route, arp, netstat kanye nabanye, igxila konke eqoqweni elihambisanayo, eline-syntax efanayo kanye nokusekelwa kwendabuko kwe IPv4 kanye ne-IPv6.

Ukuba khona komyalo owodwa ophakathi (ip) esimboza ukucushwa kwesixhumi esibonakalayo, amakheli, imizila, imigudu, i-QoS, i-multicast, izinqubomgomo ze-IPsec, izikhala zamagama zenethiwekhi Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwenza kube lula kokubili imisebenzi ethile kanye nokubhala ngokuzenzakalelayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-iproute2 ihlanganisa izici zomzila ezithuthukisiwe ezingekho kumathuluzi e-net: amatafula amaningi, umzila osekelwe kunqubomgomo kanye ip ruleUkulinganisela umthwalo phakathi kwamasango, ukuhlanganiswa nezindlela zokufaka i-capsulation, ukuphathwa kwe-bandwidth, njll. Lokhu kwenza i-Linux ibe yi-router esebenza kahle ngaphandle kwesidingo sehadiwe ethile.

Njengebhonasi eyengeziwe, i-iproute2 ivumela hlola ukucushwa okwesikhashana kusuka kulayini womyalo futhi, uma zisebenza kuphela, zihambise kumafayela aqhubekayo, kunciphisa ingozi yokushiya iseva yakho ingafinyeleleki ngenxa yokuphazamiseka.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi olungajabulisi kangako, inkinga enkulu ukuthi ukushintsha kwendlela yokucabanga kanye nohlelo lokufundaNoma ubani obelokhu eyisebenzisa iminyaka eminingi ifconfig y route Isebenzisa uhlelo oluhlukile lwemisho kanye neminye imiqondo eminingi (amathebula, imithetho, izinto, njll.). Lokhu kudinga ukuchitha isikhathi esithile ekuqeqeshweni.

Kukhona futhi inkinga nge ukuhambisana kwangemuva nezikripthi ezindala: izinqubo eziningi ezenzakalelayo ezibhalwe ngamathuluzi e-net ziyayeka ukusebenza uma i-ifconfig noma i-route inyamalala ohlelweni, okuphoqa ikhodi ukuthi ithuthelwe ku-iproute2.

Ekugcineni, iqiniso lihlala liwukuthi Konke kwenziwa nge-terminal.Kulabo abavela ezindaweni ezinezithombe kuphela, lokhu kungase kubonakale kusabisa ekuqaleni, yize amandla atholakele ngaphezu kwalokho akhokhela umzamo uma usebenza namanethiwekhi ngobungcweti.

Ukuze ngiziqonde zombili ifconfig kanye nomzila njenge-ecosystem ephelele ye-iproute2 Kukubeka esimweni esikhululekile kakhulu sokuhamba phakathi kwamaseva amadala, amadokhumenti akudala, ukusatshalaliswa kwesimanje, izivivinyo zezemfundo kanye, vele, izindawo zokugenca kanye nokuphepha kwe-cyber, lapho ukuqonda okuphelele kokuthi ungamisa kanjani ama-interface, amatafula okuqondisa, i-ARP, i-QoS, imigudu kanye namasango amaningi kuyinzuzo ecacile yokuncintisana.