Indlela yokuphatha kalula amaphakheji e-AppImage ku-Linux

Uma usebenzisa i-Linux futhi uhlangabezane namafayela anesandiso se-. I-AppImageCishe uke wazibuza ukuthi ayini ngempela amafayela e-.deb noma e-.rpm, asebenza kanjani, nokuthi aphephile yini. Nakuba ekuqaleni engase angafani kakhulu namafayela ajwayelekile e-.deb noma e-.rpm, iqiniso liwukuthi ayindlela elula kakhulu yokuhlola nokusebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza cishe kunoma yikuphi ukusatshalaliswa kwe-GNU/Linux.

Emigqeni elandelayo sizobheka lokhu ngomoya ophansi Indlela yokuphatha amaphakheji e-AppImageLokho okuyikho, ukuthi ungakulanda kuphi ngokuphephile, ukuthi ungakunikeza kanjani izimvume, uyisebenzise, ​​uyihlanganise kumenyu yesistimu, uyibuyekeze, uyisebenzise ku-sandbox, futhi-ke, ukuthi amandla nobuthakathaka bayo bunjani uma buqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo ezifana ne-APT, i-Snap, I-Flatpak noma amaphakheji endabuko.

Iyini ngempela iphakheji ye-AppImage?

Ifayela le-AppImage, empeleni, i-binary eyodwa equkethe yona okuhlanganisa uhlelo lokusebenza kanye nawo wonke amalabhulali abalulekile ukuze lusebenze, ngendlela efana kakhulu nalokho izinhlelo zokusebenza eziphathekayo ezingaba khona Windows noma ifayela le-.dmg ku-macOS. Esikhundleni sokuphela ngo-.exe noma i-.dmg, lawa mabinari aphela ngo- I-AppImage.

Uma uchofoza kabili kwelinye lalawa mafayela, lokho okwenziwa uhlelo ngaphakathi yi- Faka isithombe se-ISO esicindezelwe usebenzisa i-FUSEUhlelo kanye nemitapo yalo yezincwadi ziqukethwe ngaphakathi kwaleso sithombe. Uma selufakiwe, i-binary eyinhloko iyasetshenziswa futhi uhlelo lokusebenza luvuleka njengokungathi lufakwe ngendlela yendabuko.

Imininingwane ebalulekile ukuthi I-AppImage ngayinye iqukethe uhlelo lokusebenza olulodwaAkuyona "isifaki esikhulu" esinezinhlelo eziningana, kodwa idrayivu evaliwe: uchofoza kabili efayeleni bese liqalisa lolo hlelo, akukho okunye.

Ngenxa yokuxhomekeka kwayo okufakiwe, i-AppImage ingasebenza ku cishe noma yikuphi ukusatshalaliswa kwe-GNU/Linux yesimanjeUma nje uhlelo lunemitapo yolwazi eyisisekelo ephansi kakhulu unjiniyela ayilindele, awudingi ukufaka amaphakheji engeziwe avela kumphathi wephakheji we-distro ukuze uxazulule ukuncika, ngoba afakiwe ngaphakathi kwefayela lephakheji uqobo.

Elinye iphuzu elibalulekile ukuthi Abadingi amalungelo okuphathaUngalanda i-AppImage kufolda yakho yasekhaya, uyimake njengesebenzisekayo, bese uyisebenzisa ngaphandle kokuthinta noma yini ohlelweni noma ukucela izimvume zezimpande. Lokhu kuyenza ibe yindawo ekahle yokuhlola isofthiwe ngaphandle "kokuphazamisa" ukufakwa kwakho.

I-AppImage uma iqhathaniswa ne-APT, i-Snap, i-Flatpak namanye amafomethi

Ekusabalalisweni okufana ne-Ubuntu, i-Linux Mint, i-Debian, noma okufanayo, kuvamile ukufaka isofthiwe nge Amaphakheji e-APT kanye ne-.debKwezinye, njengeFedora noma i-RHEL, kusetshenziswa amaphakheji e-.rpm. Futhi eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuye kwavela amanye amafomethi. "okujwayelekile" njenge-Snap (enikwa amandla yi-Canonical) kanye ne-Flatpak, eziphinde zipakishe izinhlelo zokusebenza ngokuncika kwazo.

Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-AppImage nalezi zakhiwo ukuthi "Akufakiwe" ngendlela evamile. Ngefayela le- .deb Noma ifayela le-.rpm, amafayela akopishwa kumafolda ahlukahlukene esistimu, isizindalwazi sephakheji siyabuyekezwa, futhi amalungelo ezimpande ngokuvamile ayadingeka. I-Snap ne-Flatpak nazo zinikeza ukuphathwa okuphakathi, izindawo ezithile zokufaka, kanye nezindlela ze-sandboxing eziqinile noma ezingaqinile.

Nokho, ku-AppImage, imodeli ihlukile: i-ascargas ifayela elilodwa, linikeze imvume bese usuqedileAkukho mphathi wephakheji ohilelekile, iziqondisi zesistimu azithintwa, futhi ukuze "ukhiphe" umane usule ifayela.

Ngokuphathelene nokuxhomekeka, i-AppImage kanye snap Ziyafana ngalokho Abanciki emitatsheni yezincwadi ye-distro Ukuze isebenze, iFlatpak iphinde ipakishe okuningi kwalokho okudingekayo, yize incike ezikhathini zokusebenza ezivamile. Nokho, i-APT ifaka ukuncika okwabiwe isebenzisa uhlelo lwephakheji lwendabuko.

Futhi khumbula ukuthi I-AppImage ayikholelwa ekusabalalisweniIfayela elifanayo kufanele lisebenze ku-Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, Arch, openSUSE kanye nezinye eziningi, okwenza impilo ibe lula kakhulu kunjiniyela (ongadingi ukuhlanganisa amafomethi ayinkulungwane ahlukene) nakumsebenzisi ogxuma phakathi kwama-distros amaningana.

Izici ezibalulekile nezinzuzo ze-AppImage

I-AppImage ilandela uchungechunge lwe izimiso zokuklama Yakhelwe ukwenza impilo ibe lula kubasebenzisi nabathuthukisi. Phakathi kwezici zabo ezithakazelisayo kakhulu kuneziningana okufanele ziqondwe ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukuzisebenzisa ngokungathi sína.

Okokuqala, uhlelo lokusebenza ngalunye ofuna ukulusebenzisa lusatshalaliswa njenge ifayela elilodwa elizimeleAsikho isidingo sokulanda amaphakheji amaningi noma ukubhekana nezinkinga ngemitapo yolwazi yangaphandle. Konke kuhamba ndawonye kulowo "mfanekiso".

"Inqubo yokufaka" cishe ayikho: Amafayela awakhishwa kulo lonke uhlelo lwefayelaFuthi abekho abasizi abanemibuzo engapheli. Uyayilanda, uyimake njengesebenzisekayo, bese uyiqhuba. Ukuphela kwendaba.

Enye inzuzo enamandla ukuthi Awudingi ukusebenzisa ama-akhawunti e-sudo noma omlawuli Lokhu akuhlobene nhlobo nokusetshenziswa okuvamile kwe-AppImages. Konke kuphathwa kusuka ku-akhawunti yakho yomsebenzisi, okunciphisa ingozi yokuphula uhlelo noma ukuvula ubuthakathaka bokuphepha obungadingekile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuziphatha kwesofthiwe kuyinto equkethe ukusatshalaliswa okuhlukeneLokhu kulula kakhulu uma usebenza ngokusabalalisa okuningana ngesikhathi esisodwa noma uma usabalalisa uhlelo lokusebenza kubasebenzisi ongabazi indawo yabo eqondile: i-AppImage isebenza ngendlela efanayo yonke indawo, inqobo nje uma behlangabezana nezidingo ezithile ezincane.

Okokugcina, izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ezisatshalaliswa ngale ndlela zifaka izindlela zokusebenzisa ukuvuselelwa okungeziweLezi zinketho zikuvumela ukuthi ulande izinguquko kuphela uma kuqhathaniswa nenguqulo yangaphambilini. Uma isetshenziswa kahle, lesi sici sigcina umkhawulokudonsa futhi sisheshise inqubo yokubuyekeza.

Ungalanda kuphi i-AppImages ngokuphephile

Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu uma kukhulunywa ngokusebenzisa ama-binary alandiwe ku-inthanethi umthombo wawo. Nge-AppImage, isincomo esinengqondo sithi Landa njalo kuwebhusayithi esemthethweni yonjiniyela noma endaweni yayo esemthethweni yokugcina amafayela (isibonelo, i-GitHub, i-GitLab, njll.). Lokhu kunciphisa kakhulu ingozi yokubhekana namafayela ashintshiwe noma anonya.

Izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ezidumile zinikeza i-AppImage ngqo kuwebhusayithi yazo noma ezindaweni zazo zokugcina: I-Krita, i-Kdenlive, i-LibreOffice, i-Nextcloud, i-Inkscape, i-DigiKam, i-MuseScore, i-LMMS, i-Scribus, amanye amaklayenti okuthumela imiyalezo, njll. Ngokuvamile uzobona isigaba esithi “Linux” noma “Ukulanda” lapho ukulanda ngefomethi ye-AppImage kuboniswa khona ngokucacile.

Kukhona futhi amakhathalogi noma “izitolo” ze- Izinhlelo zokusebenza I-AppImage, ingenye yezithandwa kakhulu I-AppImageHubIsebenza njengendawo yokugcina izinto lapho ungasesha khona izinhlelo zokusebenza, yize kufanelekile ukukhumbula ukuthi isengumhleli nje nokuthi, uma ungabaza, kungcono njalo ukuhlola isixhumanisi sewebhusayithi esemthethweni yephrojekthi.

Kukhona futhi amapulatifomu namathuluzi afana nalawa Imidlalo ye-PortableLinux (eqondiswe emidlalweni ehlanganiswe njenge-AppImage) noma abaphathi abanjengo-AppImagePool, abaziphatha njengohlobo "lwesitolo sohlelo lokusebenza" lapho uphequlula khona, ulanda futhi uhlanganise ngisho nama-AppImages ohlelweni ngokuzenzakalelayo.

Kunoma ikuphi, uma usesha, icebo elilula kakhulu ukulithayipha enjini yakho yokusesha oyithandayo. "isithombe_segama lohlelo lokusebenza"Amaphrojekthi amaningi axhumanisa i-AppImage yawo kusukela lapho. Vele uqiniseke ukuthi uyayilanda emthonjeni othembekile, okungcono iwebhusayithi esemthethweni.

Indlela yokusebenzisa ifayela le-AppImage isinyathelo ngesinyathelo

Ukusebenzisa ifayela le-AppImage kulula kakhulu, futhi yize lingahluka ngokubonakalayo kuye ngendawo yedeskithophu oyisebenzisayo (i-GNOME, i-KDE, i-XFCE, njll.), umqondo uyafana kuzo zonke: landa, nikeza izimvume bese usebenzisa.

1. Landa ifayela le-AppImage
Okokuqala, thola uhlelo lokusebenza oluthandayo, iya kuwebhusayithi yalo esemthethweni noma endaweni yokugcina ethembekile, bese ulanda ifayela le-.AppImage. Kungumqondo omuhle ukulondoloza wonke ama-AppImage akho endaweni elula ukuyikhumbula, isibonelo ~/AppImages kufolda yakho yomuntu siqu, noma kufolda efana /opt/AppImages uma ufuna into "esemhlabeni wonke".

2. Yenza ifayela lisebenze
Ngokuzenzakalelayo, ifayela elilandiwe ngeke libe nezimvume zokusebenzisa. Ukuze uzinike, unezinketho ezimbili. Ukusuka endaweni yesithombe, chofoza kwesokudla kufayela, bese uya ku- Izici → Izimvume bese uqhafaza ibhokisi elilingana nelithi “Vumela ifayela ukuthi lisetshenziswe njengohleloKusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, ungachofoza kabili ukuze uyiqalise.

Uma uthanda i- IsikhumuloUngasebenzisa umyalo ofana i-chmod +x igama_lephakheji.Isithombe Sohlelo Lokusebenza Noma, uma ufuna ukunikeza bonke abasebenzisi imvume, i-chmod igama_lephakheji elingu-a+x.Isithombe Sohlelo LokusebenzaAwudingi i-sudo kulokhu uma ifayela likufolda yakho yasekhaya.

3. Sebenzisa i-AppImage
Uma usunemvume yokwenza, mane nje chofoza kabili kusuka kumphathi wefayela noma uyiqalise kusukela ku-terminal nge ./package_name.AppImageNgaleso sikhathi, isithombe sifakwe ngaphakathi bese uhlelo luvuleka.

Kwezinye izabelo, ikakhulukazi kusukela ku-Ubuntu 22.04 kuya phambili, kungadingeka ukuthi ube namalabhulali anjenge-afakiwe. I-FUSE kanye ne-libfuse2 ukuze ama-AppImage athile asebenze kahle. Kuzinhlelo ezisekelwe ku-Debian/Ubuntu, into efana nalena inganele. sudo apt ukufaka i-fuse libfuse2 ukuhlangabezana naleso sidingo.

Hlanganisa ama-AppImages ohlelweni kanye nemenyu yohlelo lokusebenza

Uma uzosebenzisa i-AppImage ngezikhathi ezithile kuphela, ukuyisebenzisa kusuka kufolda lapho ugcine khona kungase kwanele. Kodwa uma uqala ukuyisebenzisa kaningana nsuku zonke, kulula kakhulu. zihlanganise kumenyu yezinhlelo zokusebenza kusuka endaweni yakho yedeskithophu, njengokungathi ziyizinhlelo ezifakwe nge-APT noma i-Snap.

Indlela ejwayelekile yokwenza lokhu ukudala ifayela ngesandla .ideskithophu en / usr / share / application (yohlelo lonke) noma ku ~ / .local / share / izicelo (Okomsebenzisi wakho kuphela). Leli fayela lichaza isinqamuleli: igama lohlelo lokusebenza, umyalo owenziwe, isithonjana, isigaba, njll.

Isibonelo, nge-AppImage ebizwa ngokuthi i-notesnook.AppImage etholakala /opt/AppImagesUngakha into efana nale:


Name=NotesNook
Exec=/opt/AppImages/notesnook.AppImage
Icon=/opt/AppImages/icons/notesnook.svg
Comment=Aplicación de notas sin rastreo
Type=Application
Terminal=false
Encoding=UTF-8
Categories=Utility;

Ngemva kokulondoloza leli fayela elinegama elifana nelithi i-notesnook.desktop Kufolda ehambisanayo, uhlelo lokusebenza luzovela kumenyu yesistimu, futhi ungalunamathisela kusiqalisi, ulufune ngegama, njll. Uma ideskithophu yakho ifaka amathuluzi afana ImenyuLibreUngahlela futhi udale iziqalisi ngemidwebo ngaphandle kokuthinta umbhalo ocacile.

Okunye okungenzeka ukusebenzisa izinhlelo ezithile ezifana nokuthi I-AppImageLauncherLeli thuluzi linesibopho sokwenza hlanganisa ngokuzenzakalelayo i-AppImageUchofoza kabili ifayela le-.AppImage, bese i-AppImageLauncher ilihambisa kufolda yakho elungiselelwe, idale isiqalisi kumenyu, futhi ilawule ukususwa kwalo. Ifaka ngisho nohlelo lokusebenza lwekhonsoli. i-ail-cli, ukuze imisebenzi izenzekele kusukela kumaskripthi.

Kukhona nezinsizakusebenza ezivela eceleni ezifana i-appimage2desktop (okukhiqiza isiqalisi esinesithonjana se-AppImage ethile), i-appimagehelper (ukudala nokususa iziqalisi) noma amaphrojekthi athile edeskithophu afana nalawa Isithombe se-App ku-GNOME, eqapha futhi ihlanganise ama-AppImages ngqo ku-GNOME.

Ukuhlanganisa izinhlobo zamafayela nohlelo lokusebenza lwe-AppImage

Uma usuyiqalile i-AppImage yakho, ungase ube nentshisekelo ku- hlanganisa izinhlobo ezithile zamafayela ukuze bavule ngayo ngokuzenzakalelayo. Isibonelo, ukuthi i-.kdenlive ivuleka nge-Kdenlive ngefomethi ye-AppImage esikhundleni sanoma iyiphi enye inguqulo efakiwe.

Inqubo eqondile incike endaweni yedeskithophu, kodwa umqondo ojwayelekile uhlala ufana: ukhetha ifayela lohlobo ofuna ukulihlanganisa, uchofoze kwesokudla, bese ufinyelela into efana nokuthi “Ukuvula nge…"Noma"Vula ngolunye uhlelo lokusebenza…".

Efasiteleni elivulayo, khetha i-AppImage (noma isiqalisi osidalele yona) bese uhlola inketho ethi "Uhlobo".Sebenzisa njengokuzenzakalelayo kulolu hlobo lwefayelaKusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, njalo uma uchofoza kabili ifayela laleso sandiso, lizovuleka ngohlelo lokusebenza lwe-AppImage olukhethile.

Ezindaweni ezifana ne-XFCE, i-KDE Plasma, noma i-GNOME, izinketho ezithile zingase zibe namagama ahlukene kancane, kodwa uzohlala uthola isigaba sokuhlobanisa izinhlobo ze-MIME noma izinhlelo zokusebenza ezizenzakalelayo. Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi lesi silungiselelo ngokuvamile singomsebenzisi ngamunye, ngakho-ke Awudingi amalungelo okuphatha ukushintsha lokhu okuthandayo.

Ukusebenzisa i-AppImages endaweni ye-sandbox

Ngokuzenzakalelayo, izinhlelo zokusebenza ngefomethi ye-AppImage Azihlukanisiwe ebhokisini lesihlabathi.Ngamanye amazwi, banokufinyelela kufolda yakho yasekhaya ngezimvume ezijwayelekile zomsebenzisi wakho, njengohlelo lokusebenza olufakwe nge-APT, ngaphandle kokuthi ungeze izendlalelo zokuzihlukanisa wena.

Uma ufuna ukwandisa ukuphepha kancane, inketho ethakazelisa kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa I-Firejail, ithuluzi le-sandboxing elisakazeke kakhulu ohlelweni lwe-Linux futhi liphinde linikeze ukwesekwa okuqondile kwe-AppImage.

Ukuze uqale ukuyisebenzisa, kumele uqale uyifake kusuka ezindaweni zokugcina idatha zakho. Kuzinhlelo ze-Debian/Ubuntu, isibonelo, ukufakwa okulula kunganele. sudo apt-get ukufaka i-firejailUma usufakiwe, ungaqala i-AppImage yakho endaweni elawulwayo.

Umyalo ojwayelekile ungaba yinto efana nale i-firejail –igama_lephakheji le-appimage.Isithombe Sohlelo LokusebenzaLokhu kubangela ukuthi uhlelo lokusebenza lusebenze ngaphakathi kwe-sandbox ye-Firejail, kanye nemikhawulo eyengeziwe ekufinyeleleni ohlelweni lwefayela, inethiwekhi, njll., kuye ngephrofayili elungiselelwe.

Ngakho-ke, uma ufuna ukuvula, isibonelo, i-Kdenlive ipakishwe ngaphakathi kdenlive-18.08.3-x86_64.Isithombe Sohlelo Lokusebenza Ngaphakathi kwendawo ehlukanisiwe, ungasebenzisa: i-firejail –appimage kdenlive-18.08.3-x86_64.AppImageNgale ndlela ulondoloza izinzuzo zokuphatheka ze-AppImage kodwa ngesendlalelo esengeziwe sokuphepha.

Ukubuyekeza nokuphathwa kwenguqulo ku-AppImage

Ukuphathwa kokuvuselelwa kungenye yezindawo lapho i-AppImage itholakala khona Ihluka kakhulu kumodeli yendabuko. kusuka ezindaweni zokugcina izinto zokusabalalisa. Akukho i-APT lapha yokusingatha konke, noma "isitolo" esisemthethweni esihlanganiswe ohlelweni ukuze sibuyekeze izinhlelo zakho zokusebenza ngobuningi.

Kwezinye izimo, kunezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithi Basebenzisa uhlelo lwabo lokuzibuyekeza ngaphakathi kwe-AppImage, noma basebenzisa amathuluzi anjenge I-AppImageUpdate, okuvumela ukulanda izinguquko kuphela (ngenxa yezibuyekezo ze-delta) usebenzisa ulwazi olufakwe kufayela ngokwalo.

I-AppImageUpdate isatshalaliswa njenge-AppImage, futhi inhloso yayo ukuba elula, ehlukaniswe ngokwezigaba futhi esheshayoAyincikile endaweni yokugcina ephakathi, kodwa kunalokho incike kumethadatha unjiniyela ayifakile kuhlelo lokusebenza. Kodwa-ke, ukusebenza kwayo kwangempela kuncike kubadali bohlelo lokusebenza abayisebenzise kahle.

Empeleni, abasebenzisi abaningi bagcina bekhetha indlela "esetshenziswa ngesandla" kodwa ephumelelayo: Landa inguqulo entsha kuwebhusayithi esemthethweni.Nikeza imvume yokusebenzisa bese ushintsha ifayela elidala ngelisha, uqiniseke ukuthi igama lefayela lifana nalelo elisetshenziswe ekuqaliseni kwakho noma ekuhlanganisweni kwedeskithophu.

Abaphathi be-AppImage nabo bavele ngendlela efanayo imiyalo njengoba umphathi we-appimage, i-Zap noma i-AppManLawa mathuluzi akuvumela ukuthi useshe, ufake, ubuyekeze, futhi ususe ama-AppImages ngendlela efana kakhulu nomphathi wephakheji wakudala (njenge-APT noma i-pacman). Awusizo uma uphatha izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi kule fomethi noma uma ufuna ukwenza inqubo isebenze ngokuzenzakalela ngezikripthi.

Indlela yokukhipha noma ukususa i-AppImage

Enye yezinto ezilula kakhulu ngale fomethi ukuthi, ngokungafaki amaphakheji kulo lonke uhlelo, Ukukhipha i-AppImage kuwukususa ifayela ngokoqobo. Akukho yolwazi akukho maphakheji okufanele uwabuyekeze noma izinto ezixhomeke kuzo okufanele uzihlanze.

Uma ulondoloza ama-AppImage akho, isibonelo, ku /opt/AppImages noma ku ~/AppImagesMane nje ususe ifayela kusuka ku-file explorer noma ku-terminal nge igama_lephakheji le-rm.Isithombe Sohlelo Lokusebenza ukuze uhlelo lokusebenza lunyamalale.

Noma kunjalo, uma udale ukuhlanganiswa kwedeskithophu ngesandla (amafayela e-.desktop, izithonjana ku-/opt/AppImages/icons, njll.), kuyalulekwa sula nalezo zinsalela. Ukuze uvimbele izinqamuleli eziphukile ukuthi zingaveli kumenyu, vele ususe isandiso se-.desktop esihambisanayo, futhi uma ubusisebenzisa, isithonjana saso esihambisanayo.

Uma kwenzeka amathuluzi anjenge- I-AppImageLauncher I-AppImagePool, noma i-AppImagePool, ivame ukunikeza izinketho ezivela ku-interface yayo yokudiliza noma ukususa uhlelo lokusebenza, inakekela ukuhlanza hhayi kuphela i-binary, kodwa futhi neziqalisi nezithonjana ezizidalile.

Into ebalulekile ukuthi ngeke uhlangane imfucuza okunzima ukuyilahla kusatshalaliswa kulo lonke uhlelo njengoba kwenzeka ngezinye izikhathi ngamaphakheji avamile; konke kukhawulelwe kakhulu kumafayela ambalwa okulula ukuwathola.