Uyimisa kanjani i-IP eguquguqukayo ku-Debian, Arch, Ubuntu, openSUSE kanye ne-Fedora

Ukuhlela ikheli le-IP elishintshashintshayo ku -Linux kulula uma wazi amathuluzi afanele kanye nefayela lokucushwa elisetshenziswa ukusatshalaliswa ngakunye. I-DHCP inika ngokuzenzakalelayo ikheli lakho le-IP, i-subnet mask, i-gateway, kanye ne-DNS , kodwa indlela yokulivumela iyahlukahluka phakathi kwe-Debian, Arch, Ubuntu, openSUSE, kanye ne-Fedora.

Kulo mhlahlandlela, ngizokuchaza igxathu negxathu kusukela kumugqa womyalo, futhi lapho kufanele khona, kusukela ku-interface yesithombe. Ngihlanganisa izindlela ne-ifupdown, i-Netplan, i-NetworkManager, i-Wicked, kanye ne-iproute2 , futhi ngengeza imiyalo yokuhlola , amathiphu , kanye namanothi awusizo njengokusebenzisa i-resolv.conf, i-nmcli, i-ip route, nokuningi. Ake siqale.

Ngaphambi kokuthi uqale: Khomba isikhombimsebenzisi sakho futhi uqonde amagama

Ngaphambi kokuvula i-DHCP, udinga ukwazi igama le-adaptha yakho yenethiwekhi. Amagama esimanje ngokuvamile yi-enpXsY noma i-wlpXsY (amagama abikezelwayo), kuyilapho ezinhlelweni ezindala uzobona i-eth0 noma i-wlan0.

Ungabhala uhlu lwezixhumi usebenzisa amakheli azo e-IP, futhi uma une-net-tools efakiwe, futhi ne-ifconfig. Le miyalo izokukhombisa igama eliqondile nokuthi ngabe liphezulu yini.

ip addr
ip link show
sudo ifconfig -a   # requiere instalar el paquete net-tools en distros modernas

Uma usebenzisa i-NetworkManager, i-nmcli ifingqa ukuxhumana okusebenzayo namaphrofayili :

nmcli connection show
nmcli device show

Okuyisisekelo: ifupdown, Netplan, NetworkManager, Wicked kanye iproute2

I-Debian isebenzisa ngokwesiko i-`ifupdown` nefayela le-`/etc/network/interfaces`, lapho uchaza khona izixhumi ezinengqondo nge-`auto`, `allow-hotplug`, kanye ne-`iface` . I-Ubuntu yesimanje isebenzisa i-Netplan ukukhiqiza ukucushwa kwe-NetworkManager noma kwe-systemd-networkd. I-Fedora kanye ne-RHEL bavame ukuphatha inethiwekhi besebenzisa i-NetworkManager, yize amafayela e-`ifcfg-*` esekhona. i-openSUSE isebenzisa i-Wicked ngokuzenzakalelayo kumaphrofayili eseva kanye ne-NetworkManager kumadeskithophu.

Ngaphezu kwamathuluzi okuphatha, i-Linux ifaka i-iproute2, lapho umyalo wayo othi `ip` uthatha indawo yamathuluzi amadala (`ifconfig`/`route`). `ip` ikuvumela ukuthi ubuke futhi ulungiselele izixhumanisi, amakheli, imizila, i-ARP, imithetho, kanye namathebula okuqondisa . Ukuze uqonde kangcono izisekelo, bheka i-Network Protocols . Ngezansi uzothola imiyalo eyisihluthulelo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi i-DHCP isiqalile ukusebenza.

Lungiselela i-IP enamandla ku-Debian (ifupdown, CLI)

Ku-Debian (kanye nama-derivatives ane-ifupdown), umkhuba ojwayelekile ukumemezela isikhombimsebenzisi ku-/etc/network/interfaces. Nika amandla ukuqala okuzenzakalelayo nge-auto/allow-hotplug bese uchaza indlela ye-dhcp :

sudo nano /etc/network/interfaces

# Activa loopback
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback

# Interfaz cableada (ejemplo con eth0 o enp2s0)
auto eth0
allow-hotplug eth0
iface eth0 inet dhcp

# Para IPv6 DHCPv6 (opcional)
# iface eth0 inet6 dhcp

Londoloza bese uqala kabusha inethiwekhi. Kumasistimu asebenzisa i-systemd, ungaqala kabusha isevisi noma ulethe isikhombimsebenzisi phansi/phezulu :

sudo systemctl restart networking
# o
sudo ifdown eth0 && sudo ifup eth0

I-Debian ibhala iziqondiso eziwusizo ku-`/etc/network/interfaces`: `auto`, `allow-auto`, `allow-hotplug`, `iface`, kanye ne-`mapping` , kanye nama-hook afana ne-`pre-up`, `up`, `post-up`, `pre-down`, `down`, kanye ne-`post-down`. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi usebenzise imiyalo ngaphambi noma ngemva kokuletha isikhombikubona phezulu noma phansi, isibonelo, imizila engaguquki.

# Ejemplo de hooks en iface
iface eth0 inet dhcp
  post-up ip route add 10.10.10.0/24 via 192.168.1.1
  pre-down ip route del 10.10.10.0/24 via 192.168.1.1

Lungiselela i-IP enamandla ku-Ubuntu (Netplan)

Ubuntu busebenzisa i-Netplan ukuchaza inethiwekhi ku-/etc/netplan/*.yaml. Ukuze unike amandla i-DHCP ku-IPv4, setha i-dhcp4: true ku-interface ehambisanayo.

ls /etc/netplan
sudo nano /etc/netplan/01-network-manager-all.yaml

# Ejemplo mínimo con DHCP IPv4 en eth0
network:
  version: 2
  ethernets:
    eth0:
      dhcp4: true

Sebenzisa ukucushwa nge-`netplan apply`. Uma usebenzisa i-NetworkManager njenge-backend yakho, i-Netplan izokhiqiza iphrofayili ehambisanayo.

sudo netplan apply
ip addr show eth0
ip route | grep default

Ezindaweni ezinezixhumi eziningi, ungahlanganisa i-DHCP nama-IP angaguquki kumafayela e-YAML. Khumbula ukuthi izinguquko ziyadalula futhi ziyaphikelela , nokuthi i-Netplan iqinisekisa i-syntax ngaphambi kokuyisebenzisa.

Lungiselela i-IP enamandla ku-Fedora / Red Hat / CentOS

Njengoba i-NetworkManager isebenza, ungasebenzisa i-nmcli noma uhlele amafayela e-ifcfg. Ukuze kuhambisane, ifayela le-ifcfg-eth0 (noma i-enpXsY) lisekela i-BOOTPROTO=dhcp.

sudo nano /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

TYPE=Ethernet
BOOTPROTO=dhcp
DEFROUTE=yes
PEERDNS=yes
PEERROUTES=yes
NAME=eth0
DEVICE=eth0
ONBOOT=yes

Qala kabusha uxhumano ne-nmcli noma isevisi. I-NetworkManager izosebenzisa i-DHCP futhi iphathe i-DNS uma i-PEERDNS=yes.

nmcli connection reload
nmcli device reapply eth0
# o
sudo systemctl restart NetworkManager

Lungiselela i-IP enamandla ku-openSUSE (Wicked noma NetworkManager)

I-openSUSE ivame ukusebenzisa i-Wicked kumaseva kanye ne-NetworkManager kumadeskithophu. Nge-Wicked, ukucushwa okuvamile kwe-DHCP kuchazwa ku-ifcfg-* :

sudo nano /etc/sysconfig/network/ifcfg-eth0

BOOTPROTO='dhcp'
STARTMODE='onboot'
MTU=''

Sebenzisa izinguquko ngokuqalisa kabusha i-Wicked noma i-interface. Nge-NetworkManager, ungaphoqa i-DHCP ezenzakalelayo kusuka ku-YaST, GNOME, noma nmcli :

sudo systemctl restart wicked
# o con NetworkManager
nmcli con mod "Wired connection 1" ipv4.method auto
nmcli con up "Wired connection 1"

Lungiselela i-IP enamandla ku-Arch Linux

Ku-Arch, i-NetworkManager isetshenziswa ngokuzenzakalelayo ekufakweni kwedeskithophu. Nika amandla futhi usebenzise i-DHCP ngqo nge-nmcli :

sudo systemctl enable --now NetworkManager
nmcli device
# Supongamos enp3s0
nmcli con add type ethernet ifname enp3s0 con-name dhcp-enp3s0 ipv4.method auto
nmcli con up dhcp-enp3s0

Uma ukhetha i-systemd-networkd, dala ifayela le-.network eline-DHCP=ipv4 (noma yebo) bese uvumela isevisi. Kuyindlela elula futhi ezinzile kakhulu yamaseva.

sudo nano /etc/systemd/network/20-wired.network


Name=enp3s0


DHCP=ipv4

sudo systemctl enable --now systemd-networkd
sudo systemctl restart systemd-networkd

Ihlola ngemva kokunika amandla i-DHCP

Uma i-DHCP isisetshenzisiwe, hlola ikheli le-IP, imaski ye-subnet, kanye nekheli lokusakaza. `i-ip addr` kanye ne-`ifconfig` (uma ikhona) kuzokukhombisa isimo se-interface.

ip addr show enp3s0
sudo ifconfig enp3s0

Hlola isango elizenzakalelayo. Umyalo we-`ip route` ubuyisela umzila oyinhloko kanye ne-metric.

ip route | grep default

Nge-NetworkManager ungabona isifinyezo esiphelele kakhulu. `uhlu lokubonisa idivayisi ye-nmcli IP, isango kanye ne-DNS ye-IPv4 kanye ne -IPv6`

nmcli device show
# Entre otras, verás claves como:
# GENERAL.DISPOSITIVO, GENERAL.TIPO, GENERAL.ESTADO
# IP4.DIRECCION, IP4.PUERTA_DE_ENLACE, IP4.DNS, IP4.DNS

Uma ukwazi uku-ping isango lakho kanye nesizinda, konke kulungile. Qala ngokuhlola isango bese uhlola isixazululo se-DNS.

ping -c 3 192.168.1.1
ping -c 3 google.com

I-DNS: Ukuphathwa okusheshayo nezinketho ezivamile

Nge-DHCP, i -router ivame ukwabela amaseva e-DNS. Uma ufuna ukuwaphoqa, ungakwenza lokho kusuka ku-NetworkManager, Netplan, noma ngokuhlela i-resolv.conf (uma kungeyona i-router ephethwe) . Ezinhlelweni eziningi zesimanje, i-resolv.conf iphathwa yi-systemd-resolved noma i-resolvconf.

Isibonelo esijwayelekile se-resolv.conf (uma ingaphathwa ngokuzenzakalelayo). Qaphela: Uma uhlelo lukutshela ukuthi ungayihleli ngesandla, sebenzisa umphathi ofanele.

# /etc/resolv.conf
nameserver 1.1.1.1
nameserver 8.8.8.8
search ejemplo.local

Uma usebenzisa i-NetworkManager ngamaphrofayili, ungachaza i-DNS ngesandla ekuxhumekeni. Kumafomethi e-keyfile, ibhulokhi isekela i-method=manual/auto kanye ne-dns=… :

# /etc/NetworkManager/system-connections/<perfil>

method=auto
# dns=8.8.8.8;1.1.1.1;

Uhlu lwamaseva e-DNS omphakathi adumile uma ufuna ukuzama ezinye izindlela. Wasebenzise uma amaseva e-DNS e-ISP yakho ekunika izinkinga zokubambezeleka noma zokuhlunga :

Quad9 (IBM): 9.9.9.9
OpenDNS: 208.67.220.220 / 208.67.222.222
Cloudflare: 1.1.1.1 / 1.0.0.1
Level3: 209.244.0.3 / 209.244.0.4
Verisign: 64.6.64.6 / 64.6.65.6
Google: 8.8.8.8 / 8.8.4.4
WATCH: 84.200.69.80 / 84.200.70.40
Comodo Secure DNS: 8.26.56.26 / 8.20.247.20
DNS Advantage: 156.154.70.1 / 156.154.71.1
Norton ConnectSafe: 199.85.126.10 / 199.85.127.10
SafeDNS: 195.46.39.39 / 195.46.39.40
OpenNIC: 50.116.23.211 / 107.170.95.180
SmartViper: 208.76.50.50 / 208.76.51.51
Dyn: 216.146.35.35 / 216.146.36.36
FreeDNS: 37.235.1.174 / 37.235.1.177
Alternate DNS: 198.101.242.72 / 23.253.163.53
Yandex DNS: 77.88.8.8 / 77.88.8.1
puntCAT: 109.69.8.51

iproute2: Imiyalo ebalulekile yokuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke

I-suite ye-iproute2 iyatholakala ku-Linux. Umyalo we-`ip` uhlanganisa `isixhumanisi`, `addr`, `route`, `neigh`, nokunye okuningi . Nazi ezinye izinto ezifanayo kanye nokusebenza:

Bonisa amadivayisi kanye nokucushwa. `i-addr` ibonisa ikheli le-IP kanye ne-subnet mask; `isixhumanisi` sibonisa isimo sesixhumi esibonakalayo.

ip addr show
ip link show

Ukuphakamisa noma ukwehlisa isikhombikubona ngaphandle kokuqala kabusha izinsizakalo. Kuwusizo ekuhlolweni okusheshayo.

ip link set enp3s0 up
ip link set enp3s0 down

Engeza noma ususe amakheli. Kuwusizo kakhulu uma ufuna ama-alias noma ukuhlola ama-IP esibili :

ip addr add 192.168.1.10/24 dev enp3s0
ip addr del 192.168.1.10/24 dev enp3s0

I-ARP kanye nomakhelwane. Ungabhala futhi uphathe okufakiwe kusuka ekhelini lakho le-IP :

ip neigh show
ip neigh add 192.168.1.1 lladdr 00:11:22:33:44:55 nud permanent dev enp3s0
ip neigh del 192.168.1.1 lladdr 00:11:22:33:44:55 nud permanent dev enp3s0

Imizila. Engeza, susa, shintsha imizila bese uchaza isango elizenzakalelayo :

ip route add 10.8.0.0/24 via 192.168.1.2
ip route del 10.8.0.0/24 via 192.168.1.2
ip route chg 10.8.0.0/24 via 192.168.1.3
ip route add default via 192.168.1.1
ip route del default
ip route show

Amathebula amaningi okuqondisa. I-Linux ivumela amathebula afinyelela ku-253 ezinqubomgomo ezithuthukisiwe . Zimemezele ku-/etc/iproute2/rt_tables, engeza imizila ngethebula, bese udala imithetho ngomthetho we-ip.

# /etc/iproute2/rt_tables (añadiendo una tabla)
255 local
254 main
253 default
0 unspec
66 redes

# Añadir rutas en la tabla "redes"
ip route add 10.8.0.0/24 dev enp3s0 src 10.10.2.2 table redes
ip route add default via 10.10.2.1 dev enp3s0 table redes

# Reglas de política
ip rule add from 10.10.2.2/32 table redes
ip rule add to 10.10.2.2/32 table redes

# Ver
ip route list table redes
ip rule show

I-iproute2 ifaka phakathi nezici ezifana ne-QoS, ukulinganisela umthwalo kuzo zonke izixhumi eziningi, kanye nokuxhumanisa. Ungenza ithrafikhi ibe yinto ebaluleke kakhulu, uhlanganise amaphakethe, noma usabalalise umthwalo ngemithetho ethuthukisiwe kanye nemigqa , yize lokhu kuvame kakhulu kumanethiwekhi ayinkimbinkimbi kunokusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke kwe-DHCP.

I-GUI: Nika amandla i-DHCP kusuka ezindaweni ezinemifanekiso (NetworkManager)

Uma usebenza ku-GNOME, MATE, noma kwenye indawo yedeskithophu nge-NetworkManager, ungavumela i-DHCP kusuka ku-applet. Khetha uxhumano lwakho olunezintambo noma lwe-Wi-Fi, hlela izilungiselelo, bese usetha i-IPv4 Method ibe yi-Automatic (DHCP).

Ku-GNOME: Izilungiselelo > Inethiwekhi > isithonjana segiya ekuxhumekeni > I-IPv4 > Indlela Ezenzakalelayo (DHCP). Ku-MATE: Uhlelo > Izintandokazi > Ukuxhumeka Kwenethiwekhi bese uhlela isikhombimsebenzisi . Uma ususa ukumaka i-Automatic DNS, ungachaza i-DNS ngesandla ngaphandle kokushintsha i-resolv.conf.

Amanothi awusizo: ifconfig, inethiwekhi kanye nokusetha kabusha okumile

I-`ifconfig` isekhona, kodwa ngokuvamile idinga ukufaka i-`net-tools`. Ingakusiza ukuthi uhlole ngokushesha amakheli e-IP kanye nethrafikhi uma uvela ezindaweni ezindala . Ungakhohlwa ukuthi i-`ip` iyithuluzi lesimanje.

Uma kwenzeka udinga ukumisa ikheli le-IP elingaguquki, khumbula ukuthi akufanele lihambisane nobubanzi be-DHCP ye-router yakho . Ngaphambi kokulinika, ungahlola ukuthi liyatholakala yini nge-pinging (uma kungekho mpendulo, livame ukutholakala):

sudo ping 192.168.0.15

Ukuze kuqhubeke, ukusatshalaliswa ngakunye kunendlela yako: i-Debian ene-/etc/network/interfaces, i-Ubuntu ene-Netplan, i-Fedora/openSUSE ene-NetworkManager/Wicked . Gwema ukuxuba abaphathi benethiwekhi ngesikhathi esisodwa ukuze uvimbele ukucushwa okudlulayo.

Naphezu kwakho konke lokho, ukuvumela i-DHCP ku-Debian, Arch, Ubuntu, openSUSE, kanye ne-Fedora kumane nje kuyindaba yokukhetha iseva ye-DHCP efanele nokuqinisekisa imiphumela nge-`ip` kanye ne-`nmcli`. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwazi ukufunda imizila, i-DNS, kanye nemithetho nge-`iproute2` kukunika ukulawula okuphelele kokuxilonga noma yiziphi izinkinga nokulungisa uhlelo ngaphandle kokwesaba.