Ungalihlela kanjani ifayela labasingathi kuWindows, Linux, kanye ne-macOS igxathu negxathu

Ukukhuluma ngefayela le-hosts kusho ukuhlola enye yezinsizakusebenza ezindala kakhulu nezisebenziseka kakhulu ezitholakala kunoma iyiphi ikhompyutha, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isebenzisa i-Windows , i-Linux , noma i-macOS. Nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuye kwafakwa emisebenzini ethile ngenxa yentuthuko ohlelweni lwe-DNS, isalokhu iyithuluzi eliyisisekelo kubasebenzisi abathuthukile, abathuthukisi, kanye nabaphathi bezinhlelo . Eminyakeni edlule, umsebenzi wayo uye washintsha, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo kusalokhu kunjalo kulabo abadinga ukuphoqa ukulungiswa kwegama lesizinda kumakheli athile e-IP, ukwenza izivivinyo ngaphambi kokushintsha kwe-DNS, noma ukuvimba nokuqondisa kabusha amawebhusayithi endaweni futhi kalula.

Uma wake wazibuza ukuthi ungayikhomba kanjani isizinda ekhelini elithile le-IP ngaphandle kokuthembela kumaseva e-DNS omphakathi, noma uma udinga ukuhlola ukusebenza kwewebhusayithi yakho ngaphambi kokushintsha izilungiselelo ze-DNS zesizinda, uzomangala ukuthi kulula kangakanani ukuguqula leli fayela elincane. Kulesi sihloko, ngizochaza ngokuningiliziwe, ngendlela esesikhathini ngokuphelele, konke okudingeka ukwazi ngefayela le-hosts, ukuthi ungalihlela kanjani kunoma yiluphi uhlelo lokusebenza, nokuthi kungakukhipha kanjani endaweni evalekile.

Liyini ifayela labasingathi futhi lisetshenziselwa ini?

Ifayela le-hosts lingenye yalawo mafayela esistimu avame ukunganakwa kodwa enza imisebenzi enamandla kakhulu. Liyifayela lombhalo ocacile elikhona cishe kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza zesimanje , umsebenzi walo uwukuhlanganisa amagama esizinda namakheli e-IP ngesandla, lisebenza njengencwadi yamakheli yendawo. Uma isiphequluli sakho sizama ukuxazulula isizinda, into yokuqala eyenziwa uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza ukubheka leli fayela ngaphambi kokusebenzisa iseva yangaphandle ye-DNS.

Indlela yokuqala evamile yokusebenzisa ama-host ukuphoqa ukuxazululwa kwesizinda esisodwa noma ngaphezulu ekhelini elithile le-IP . Ngamanye amazwi, ungatshela ikhompyutha yakho ukuthi ikhombe ikheli le-IP elingu-123.123.123.123 noma ngabe i-DNS yomhlaba wonke isho okuhlukile. Leli qhinga elincane lendawo lithinta ikhompyutha yakho kuphela, kodwa lanele imisebenzi efana nale:

• Yenza izivivinyo zokuthuthukisa iwebhu endaweni yasendaweni ngaphambi kokushicilela noma yiziphi izinguquko ku-inthanethi.
• Hlola ukufuduka kwewebhusayithi phakathi kwamaseva ngaphambi kokusakazwa kwe-DNS.
• Qondisa kabusha izizinda okwesikhashana ngaphandle kokuthinta ukumisa okusemthethweni.
• Khawulela, vumela, noma vimba ukufinyelela kumawebhusayithi athile ngqo kukhompyutha yakho ngaphandle kwesidingo sesofthiwe eyengeziwe.

Ngokushintsha leli fayela, isixazululo sizohlala singaphakathi futhi sibekwe phambili kuleso sizinda , ngakho-ke uma nje lokho kufakwa kukhona, noma yikuphi ukufinyelela okuvela kusiphequluli sakho noma izinhlelo zokusebenza kuzosebenzisa i-IP oyicacisile, kunganaki ngokuphelele ulwazi lwe-DNS lomphakathi.

Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kanye nezinyathelo zokuphepha zefayela labasingathi

Kunezimo eziningi nezihlukahlukene lapho ukuguqula ifayela le-hosts kungaba wusizo. Isibonelo, uma ufuna ukufinyelela iwebhusayithi yakho kusuka kukhompyutha yakho ngaphambi kokuba ukusakazwa kwe-DNS kuqedwe , noma uma udinga ukuhlola ngokuphuthumayo ukusebenza kwewebhusayithi entsha ngemva kokufuduka kweseva.

• Ihlola kuqala amasayithi ngaphambi kokuthumela i-DNS: Ilungele ukugwema izimanga ngemva kokufuduka noma izinguquko kubahlinzeki bokusingatha.
• Ukuqondisa kabusha isizinda esingaphansi kwesinye esikhethiwe phakathi nezinqubo zokuthuthukisa.
• Ukuvinjwa kwesizinda okungafunwa noma okunonya, ukuzihlobanisa ne-IP engekho noma ihosti yasendaweni (127.0.0.1).
• Ukulinganisa ukuxhumana ezindaweni zokuhlola ngaphandle kokushintsha indawo yokukhiqiza.

Kodwa-ke, kunezingozi ezingaba khona uma ifayela le-host liguqulwa ngephutha noma ngendlela enonya. Amanye amagciwane noma i-malware angalawula leli fayela ukuze akuqondise kumasayithi akhohlisayo noma avimbele ukufinyelela emakhasini asemthethweni. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi ungabuyekeza kanjani okuqukethwe kwalo futhi ubuyisele isimo salo sokuqala uma kwenzeka ukuziphatha okungajwayelekile.

Lapho ulungisa ifayela, naka:

• Gwema amaphutha e-syntax: Ukufakwa ngakunye kufanele kube kulayini owodwa ne-IP elandelwa isizinda, ihlukaniswe yizikhala noma amathebhu.
• Ungayisusi imigqa ohlelweni (ngokwesibonelo, labo abaku-localhost).
• Iqinisekisa izimvume zokufunda kuphela ngemva kokuyihlela ukuvimbela ukuguqulwa okungagunyaziwe.

Ikuphi ifayela labasingathi elitholakala kusistimu ngayinye yokusebenza?

Indawo yefayela le-hosts iyahlukahluka kuye ngohlelo lokusebenza , yize umsebenzi walo ufana. Ngezansi kunezindlela ezivamile lapho ungalithola khona.

• IWindows XP, Vista, 7, 8, 10 kanye ne-11: C:\Windows\System32\drivers\njll\hosts
• I-Windows NT/2000: C:\WINNT\System32\drivers\njll\hosts
• Windows 95/98/Me: C:\Windows\hosts
• I-Linux: / njll / amabamba
• i-macOS: /private/etc/hosts

Ngokuzenzakalelayo, ifayela le-hosts livikelwe futhi alinaso isandiso se-.txt . Uma uzama ukulivula ngaphandle kwamalungelo omlawuli noma ngaphandle kokukhetha "wonke amafayela" lapho ulivula kusuka kumhleli, ungase ungaliboni lifakwe ohlwini.

Ungahlela kanjani ifayela le-Hosts ku-Windows

Ukushintsha ifayela le-hosts ku-Windows kulula uma uqonda imiqondo embalwa eyisisekelo. Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa i-Notepad enamalungelo okuphatha , njengoba ifayela livikelwe uhlelo.

• Chofoza imenyu Inicio bese usesha i-“Notepad”.
• Chofoza kwesokudla kusithonjana bese ukhetha Qalisa njengomlawuli. (Ku-Windows 8 nakamuva, sebenzisa usesho Izinhlelo zokusebenza uma ungayiboni ngqo).
• Kunothiphedi, zulazulela ku Ifayela> Vula bese ubeka umzila olandelayo: C: \ Windows \ System32 \ abashayeli \ njll.
• Khetha u- “Wonke amafayela” (hhayi nje amafayela .txt), khetha ifayela izivakashi bese uchofoza vula.
• Engeza imigqa emisha noma uhlele ekhona njengoba kudingeka: okokuqala ikheli lasesizindeni se-inthanethi bese kuba isizinda, sihlukaniswe yisikhala noma ithebhu. Ngokwesibonelo:
  192.168.1.100 www.mydomain.com
• Londoloza ifayela ngokujwayelekile. Uma ungenazo izimvume, hlola ukuthi uyivulile i-Notepad njengomlawuli.

Ngaso sonke isikhathi khumbula ukulondoloza ikhophi eyisipele ngaphambi kokulungisa ifayela uma kwenzeka udinga ukulibuyisela.

Hlela ifayela labasingathi ku-macOS

Kumasistimu e-macOS , inqubo yokuhlela ifayela le-hosts icishe ifane neye-Linux, njengoba zombili zisekelwe ku- Unix futhi zincike ekusetshenzisweni kwe- Terminal.

• Vula uhlelo ukuphela kusukela kokuthi “Izinhlelo Zokusebenza > Izinsiza” noma ku-Launchpad.
• Faka umyalo olandelayo bese ucindezela u-Enter:
  sudo nano /private/etc/hosts
• Faka iphasiwedi yakho yomlawuli uma iceliwe.
• Hlela ifayela ngokungeza i-IP nesizinda osifunayo, isibonelo:
  10.0.0.1 test.mydomain.com
• Londoloza izinguquko ngokuchofoza Lawula + O kanye ne-nano usawoti nge I-Control + X.

Uma ngemva kokulondoloza izinguquko uhlelo lungabonisi isixazululo esisha, kungase kudingeke ukusula inqolobane ye-DNS ngokuqalisa:
dscacheutil -flushcache

Ungalihlela kanjani ifayela labasingathi ku-Linux

Ku -Linux , ifayela le-hosts lihlala litholakala ku-"/etc/hosts" futhi udinga amalungelo omlawuli kuphela ukuze ulishintshe. Le nqubo isebenza ekusakazweni okufana ne-Ubuntu, i-Debian, i-Fedora, i-CentOS, nabanye.

• Vula iTheminali (Ctrl+Alt+T noma sesha “Itheminali” kumenyu yezinhlelo zokusebenza).
• Qalisa umyalo olandelayo:
  sudo nano / njll / amabamba
• Faka iphasiwedi yakho uma ucelwa.
• Hlela ifayela ngefomethi evamile, isibonelo:
  123.45.67.89 miwebtest.com www.miwebtest.com
• Gcina nge Ctrl + O futhi aphume Ctrl + X uma usebenzisa i-nano, noma usebenzisa isihleli sombhalo ozikhethele sona (vim, gedit, njll.).

Kwezinye izimo, kungaba umqondo omuhle ukuqala kabusha isiphequluli sakho noma ukusula inqolobane yesistimu yakho ye-DNS ukuze ubone umphumela wezinguquko zakho.

Izibonelo ezisebenzayo zokungena kosokhaya nezincomo

Ifayela le-hosts lihlelwe ngemigqa ngayinye, ngayinye iqukethe ikheli le-IP kanye negama lesizinda elilodwa noma ngaphezulu ahlobene. Kubalulekile ukushiya okungenani isikhala esisodwa noma ithebhu phakathi kwekheli le-IP kanye negama lesizinda . Ungangeza futhi amazwana ngokuwandulela ngophawu #.

Izibonelo zokufakiwe okujwayelekile:

• I-127.0.0.1 yendawo yangakini
• 192.168.1.50 tests.mydomain.com
• 64.49.219.194 www.nuevodominio.com
• # Qondisa kabusha i-www nokungeyona i-www
  123.45.67.89 mydomain.com
  123.45.67.89 www.mydomain.com

Izincomo ezijwayelekile:

• Gcina ifayela livikelekile ngemva kokuyihlela ukuvimbela isofthiwe enonya ekuyilungiseni.
• Yenza ikhophi yasenqolobaneni ngaphambi kokwenza izinguquko.
• Gwema amaphutha e-syntax futhi uhlole ukuthi azikho izikhala ezingadingekile noma amarekhodi angapeliwe kahle.

Ungalivikela kanjani futhi ulibuyisele kanjani ifayela labasingathi uma lishintshiwe

Amanye amagciwane noma uhlelo olungayilungele ikhompyutha lungashintsha ifayela labasingathi ukuze liqondise kabusha ithrafikhi kumasayithi omgunyathi noma livimbe ukufinyelela okusemthethweni. Uma ubona ukuziphatha okungajwayelekile ngenkathi uphequlula noma unezinkinga zokufinyelela amawebhusayithi athile, hlola okuqukethwe kwefayela labasingathi bakho ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi akukho okufakiwe okusolisayo.

• Vula ifayela kusihleli sesistimu yakho yokusebenza bese ususa noma yimiphi imigqa ongayingezanga ngamabomu.
• Buyisela imigqa yasekuqaleni uma unekhophi yasenqolobaneni noma hlola i-inthanethi ukuze uthole okufakiwe okuzenzakalelayo kwesistimu yakho.
• Ungaqinisa ukuvikeleka kwefayela ngokwenza ukuthi lifundeke kuphela.
  Ku-Windows: Chofoza kwesokudla ifayela, khetha "Properties" bese ukhetha "Funda kuphela."
  Ku-Linux/macOS: Sebenzisa umyalo chmod 444 /etc/hosts noma okulinganayo.
• Qalisa ukuskena okugcwele nge-antivirus yakho ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi ikhompuyutha yakho ihlanzekile.

Amathiphu ajwayelekile okuxazulula inkinga nangemuva kokuhlela

Ukwenza izinguquko kufayela labasingathi ngokuvamile akuyona inkinga, kodwa uma ukulihlela kungenzi izinguquko zisebenze, zama okulandelayo:

• Vala futhi uvule kabusha isiphequluli lapho uhlola khona ukufinyelela.
• Kwesinye isikhathi kuyadingeka susa inqolobane ye-DNS Ohlelo:
• Ku-Windows: sebenzisa umyalo ipconfig / flushdns kusuka kukhonsoli I-CMD.
• Ku-macOS: Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, sebenzisa dscacheutil -flushcache kuTheminali.
• Ku-Linux: Ukuqalisa kabusha isevisi yenethiwekhi noma ikhompuyutha ngokwayo ngokuvamile kwanele.

Uma udinga ukulahla noma yiziphi izinguquko, susa imigqa eyengeziwe noma buyisela ifayela lokuqala. Shiya kuphela okufakiwe kwesistimu (isb. localhost kokuthi 127.0.0.1).

Ifayela labasingathi liyithuluzi eliwusizo kakhulu okufanele ulazi kahle noma ungumsebenzisi othuthukile, umthuthukisi wewebhu, noma unentshisekelo yokulawula ukuphequlula kwekhompyutha yakho. Ukukwazi ukuthi kusebenza kanjani kungakongela izinkinga, kukunike ukuvikeleka okwengeziwe, futhi kwenze umsebenzi wakho ube lula uma udinga ukuguquguquka ekuxazululeni igama lesizinda. Ukwenza ngokuqaphela, ukubhala izinguquko, nokulondoloza ifayela ngaphambi kwanoma yikuphi ukungenelela kuyimikhuba engcono kakhulu yokuthola okuningi kulo. Uhlome ngalolu lwazi, ungasebenzisa ngokugcwele esinye sezici zesistimu yakho yokusebenza ezindala nezishintshashintsha kakhulu.