I-Xlibre: Ifolokhwe ye-X11 ephinda ivule ingxoxo-mpikiswano ngekamva le-desktop ye-Linux

Kwindalo eguquguqukayo nehlala itshintsha yesoftware yasimahla, zimbalwa iindaba eziphakamise uthuli oluninzi njenge Imbonakalo yamva nje ye-Xlibre, ifolokhwe ye-X11/Xorg eza kukhutshwa ngo-2025. Sithetha ngesihloko esingagungqiyo kuphela iziseko zobugcisa zedesktop Linux, kodwa izisa neengxoxo zefilosofi, iimpikiswano zobuqu kunye nenkitha yemibuzo malunga nekamva lamava womzobo kwi-GNU/Linux kunye nezinye iinkqubo ezifanayo.

Ukuba unomdla kwikamva lojongano lomzobo kwiLinux, umzabalazo ongunaphakade phakathi kweX11 kunye neWayland, okanye ufuna ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo ukuba kutheni le folokhwe ibangele impikiswano eluntwini, ungaphoswa luhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha esikuzisela lona apha. Zilungiselele ukuntywila kubuchwephesha obuntsonkothileyo, inkuthazo emva kwayo, ukusabela koluntu, kunye nomxholo wentlalo obumba ukuvela kweXlibre kunye nembali yeX11 ngokwayo.

Imvelaphi yeXlibre: yintoni kwaye kutheni yavela?

UXlibre wazalwa njengefolokhwe ethe ngqo yeXorg, iseva yegraphical eyintsomi exhase amava okubonwayo kwiinkqubo ezininzi amashumi eminyaka. Unix kunye neLinux. Eli nyathelo lalikhokelwa ngu-Enrico Weigelt, umphuhlisi owathi, nangona waqala ukufaka isandla ngokukhutheleyo ngo-2024 - kwaye wayengengomlondolozi osemthethweni we-Xorg njengoko ezinye iimithombo zeendaba zabika ngokungalunganga - ngokukhawuleza yaba yeyona nto iqhuba iprojekthi.

Isizathu sokwenziwa kweXlibre sigqitha ngaphaya kwemiba yobuchwephesha: Ngokutsho kwe-Weigelt, isigqibo sakhe sasiyimpendulo kwiibhloko ezityholwayo, ukuhluthwa kunye nokuhlanjululwa kweminikelo yakhe ngaphakathi kwe-Xorg, ingakumbi kubasebenzi beenkampani ezinkulu ezifana ne-Red Hat. Umphuhlisi ubanga ukuba ukupheliswa kwe-X11 ngokuthanda imigangatho efana ne-Wayland kuyakhuthazwa., ithathwa njengeyona mihla kodwa, ngokutsho kwakhe kunye nabakhuseli abaninzi besikolo esidala, kunye neentsilelo eziphawulekayo zokusebenza kunye nokufikeleleka.

Isibhengezo se-Xlibre singqamane ncakasana nentshukumo yeCanonical yokususa inkxaso yeseshoni ye-X11 ngokungagqibekanga ku-Ubuntu 25.10, ekhokelela kwiithiyori ezininzi malunga nokuba yayiyimpendulo ethe ngqo okanye iyenzeka ngethamsanqa. Inyani yeyokuba ukuvela kweXlibre kuza ngexesha apho ikamva leX11 lalibonakala lisongelwa ngakumbi kunangaphambili.

Iingxabano zomntu, iibhloko kunye nezikhundla zeengcamango

I-Xlibre ayenzelanga igama layo kuphela kwizindululo zayo zobugcisa, kodwa nakwisiphithiphithi sentlalo kunye nefilosofi ethe yabangela. U-Weigelt ngokwakhe uye waphantsi kokuvalwa kunye nokucinywa kweeakhawunti zakhe kunye nogcino kumaqonga anje ngeGitLab kunye neFreedesktop.org, evuselela amaza enkxaso kunye nokwaliwa kulo lonke uluntu oluvulelekileyo.

• Izityholo zika-Weigelt kwamanye amalungu e-Xorg -ingakumbi abo badityaniswe ne-Red Hat- babandakanya "ukuhlanjululwa" okutyholwa ngokubakho kwabo kunye negalelo kwindawo yokugcina, ukuvalwa kwamatikiti kunye nokudibanisa, kunye nokususwa kwe-akhawunti yabo, enezimvo ezivulekileyo.
• Isikhundla sika-Xlibre, esichazwe kwi-GitHub README, igxininisa ukuzimela ngaphandle kweenkampani ezinkulu kunye nokugatywa kwemigaqo-nkqubo eyithatha njenge "calucalulo" okanye ipolitiki., eye yamenza ukuba adunyiswe ngabo bafuna isithuba esingenazo ii-ajenda zorhwebo, kunye nokugxekwa kwabo bakubona njengento egqithileyo okanye ephazamisayo.

Ingxabano iye yaphenjelelwa ziingxelo zangaphambili zika-Weigelt, kubandakanywa nentlalontle, iteknoloji, kunye nemiba yezempilo (njengokuchaswa kukaLinus Torvalds esidlangalaleni kwiimbono zakhe ezichasene nogonyo ngo-2021), abathi abanye kuluntu bafumanisa ukuphazamiseka kwingxoxo yezobugcisa kunye nabanye bafumanisa ukuba ayibalulekanga kwiprojekthi.

Ubume bobugcisa: utshintsho olucetywayo, imingcipheko kunye nesimo sangoku

U-Xlibre wazalwa enenjongo ebhengeziweyo yokucoca, ukuphuculwa kunye nokuphucula ikhowudi ye-Xorg, ejongene ngokuphandle "nomthwalo" lowo u-Weigelt awugxekayo kwisiseko se-X11. Phakathi kwezinto ezintsha zobugcisa kunye nemiceli mngeni eziza nayo ifolokhwe, oku kulandelayo kugqame:

• Ukucoca ikhowudi enzulu, ngenjongo yokuphelisa amalungu aphelelwe lixesha, angasebenziyo okanye angazinzanga.
• Ukhuseleko nokuphuculwa komsebenzi, ifuna ukufezekisa amava omsebenzisi abukhali ngakumbi, ngelixa igcina ukuhambelana nokusetyenziswa kwe-X11 yakudala.
• Ukulungisa ii-ABI (imodyuli yojongano lokubini), oku kuthetha ukuba abaqhubi kunye neemodyuli kufuneka bahlaziywe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhambelana ne-Xlibre, ekubeni abantu abadala banokuyeka ukusebenza kwaye babangele ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kwenkqubo.
• Izilumkiso ezikhethekileyo kubasebenzisi abaphambili: Kuyacetyiswa ukulungiselela imeko-bume yokungqubana okunokwenzeka okanye iimpazamo ezibalulekileyo, icebisa uqwalaselo lofikelelo olukude nge. SSH okanye izibali-xesha, ukunqanda ukufakela kwakhona ngenkani ukuba umncedisi womzobo uyajinga.
• Inkxaso yabaqhubi abanini: Eyona meko intekenteke yile yabaqhubi be Nvidia, ekubeni ukuhambisa ezi kwisebe eliphambili le-Xorg kwakusele kuyingxaki, kwaye kwi-Xlibre akukho ziqinisekiso zokuba banokuqhubeka nokusebenza ngaphandle kweempazamo.

Nangona le mingeni, i-Xlibre iqinisekisa ukuba phantse bonke abaqhubi be-Xorg kufuneka baqhubeke nokusebenza emva kokuphinda kuhlanganiswe, nangona uluntu kufuneka luzimisele ukujongana novavanyo oluthile kunye nokungazinzi kokuqala. Nangona kunjalo, uluntu lwezobuchwephesha ngokwalo luye lwagxininisa imfuneko yokuthatha amanyathelo okhuseleko xa uvavanya umncedisi okokuqala ngqa, ucebisa ukwenza oko kuphela kwiindawo zokuvavanya okanye oomatshini ababonayo.

Iingxoxo zentlalo kunye nokufikeleleka: ingxoxo kunye noWayland

Enye yeengongoma eziphambili eziye zaphembelela ingxoxo phakathi kweXlibre/Xorg kunye nabaxhasi baseWayland kufikeleleko, indawo apho iX11 iqhubeka nokuba nenzuzo.

Abasebenzisi abaninzi bamagqala kunye nabaphuhlisi baxoxa ukuba iimeko-bume zangoku ezixhomekeke kwi-Wayland, ngakumbi i-GNOME kunye ne-KDE Plasma, zineziphene ezibalulekileyo kufikelelo kunye nokusebenza kwebhodi yezitshixo, kubenza bangabinobuhlobo kangako kubantu abaneemfuno ezizodwa. Ngokwahlukileyo, iidesktops zemveli ezifana ne-MATE, i-XFCE, okanye i-Unity, ejoliswe kwi-X11, iyaqhubeka nokubonelela ngolawulo olubandakanyayo kunye noluguquguqukayo, kunye nokhetho oluninzi lwabasebenzisi abaphambili kunye nabo banokuhamba okuncitshisiweyo.

Ifolokhwe yeXlibre isebenze njengesixhobo sokukhuthaza inxenye yoluntu ukuba ivakalise inkxalabo malunga nendlela yokuphelisa okanye yokubona izinto "eziphelelwe lixesha" ezithi, ngelixa zisenokubonakala ziphelelwe lixesha, ziyimfuneko kubantu abaninzi. Apha kulapho izinto ezinje ngolawulo oluphezulu lwefestile, iimenyu ezilawulwa yibhodibhodi, ukucaca kwenethiwekhi, ukuphinda kulungiswe isitshixo esiguquguqukayo, kunye nenkxaso yezixhobo ezininzi zokufaka kunye nemveliso ziqala ukudlala.

Kwangaxeshanye, abameli beWayland - ubukhulu becala abancinci - babeka phambili izinto eziphambili ezinje ngolungelelwaniso oluguquguqukayo, inkxaso eye, amazinga okuhlaziya aguquguqukayo kunye noyilo "olukhuselekileyo" ukusuka ekuqalweni kwayo, nangona incama izinto ezininzi ezinokwenzeka ezibonelelwe yi-X11 amashumi eminyaka.

Izigxeko kunye nemingeni evela kuluntu lobugcisa

Ukusabela koluntu lobugcisa kwifolokhwe yeXlibre iye yaxutywa kakhulu:

• Amanye amazwi abonisa ingozi yokwamkela iminikelo evela ku-Weigelt, ebanga ukuba irekhodi lakhe lomkhondo libandakanya ikhefu lokwakha ngokuphindaphindiweyo, utshintsho oluyingozi lwe-ABI, kunye nokulawulwa kozinzo lwekhowudi embi. Abanye abantu bade bacebise ukuvala iminikelo yakhe kwi-Xorg, besoyika ukuqhekeka okungeyomfuneko kunye nomgangatho ophantsi wolondolozo.
• Abanye abaphuhlisi bayibona intle into yokuba kukho ubuncinci enye indlela, nokuba incinci, ukuba nje inoluntu oluncinci olunomdla wokuyigcina isebenza.Kubo, ukwahlukana kweenketho kuyintsika yesoftware yasimahla.
• Ikwalumkisa ngomngcipheko wokuba i-Xlibre ihlale imile, njengoko kuye kwenzeka kwezinye iifolokhwe eziye zaphoswa phantsi ekugcineni ukuhambelana neenguqulelo ezintsha ze-GCC kunye nokunye okuninzi., ngaphandle kwendaleko yokwenyani okanye isiseko esibalulekileyo somsebenzisi.

U-Weigelt ngokwakhe uye waphendula kwezi zigxeko kwiiforamu kunye noluhlu lokuposa, egxininisa ukuba nabani na wamkelekile ukuba afake isandla kwi-Xlibre ngaphandle kocalucalulo, nangona izithuba zakhe ziye zaphikisana ngethoni yabo ethe ngqo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha iphikisana.

Umbuzo wokuzimela, ezopolitiko kunye noluntu

I-Xlibre ibonisa ngokugqibeleleyo ukuba kwihlabathi lesoftware yasimahla umgca owahlula itekhnoloji, imigaqo yokuziphatha kunye nezopolitiko phantse awukho. Kwabanye, ukuzalwa kwale folokhwe kukusabela okusemthethweni ekukhuleni kokulawulwa kweeprojekthi eziphambili kwi-ecosystem ye-Linux ngamaqumrhu amakhulu ("BigTech"), kunye nokunyanzeliswa-ngokutsho kwabo-kwemigaqo-nkqubo yentlalo kunye neyantlukwano enokuthi ibe nocalucalulo ngokwabo.

Abanye bayakulumkela ukuchasa kuka-Xlibre kumanyathelo anje ngeNdlela yokuziPhatha kunye neengxoxo ezibandakanyayo, besoyikela ukuba iprojekthi iza kuphelela ekutsaleni iimbono ezicalu-calulwayo okanye ezingabandakanyiyo. I-README yeprojekthi ichaza ngokucacileyo ukwala kwayo ukwamkela umgaqo wokuziphatha olingana ne-"ENOENT" (impazamo ye-Unix engeyiyo yequmrhu), eye yavelisa uvelwano kwezinye iindawo kunye nokugxekwa okukrakra kwabanye.

Idabi eliphakathi kokusebenza, ixesha langoku kunye nelifa

Esinye sezona zihloko zishushu kukujongana ngokubonakalayo phakathi kwemodeli ye-X11 yakudala kunye nokubheja kwe-"all-in-Wayland" ye-distros enkulu. Kuhlalutyo olubanzi nolubalulekileyo olupapashwe kwiiwebhusayithi ezinje ngeDedoimedo kunye nemithombo yeendaba ekhethekileyo efana neRejista, kugxininiswe indlela iWayland, emva kweminyaka eli-15 yophuhliso, inganikezeli ngeempawu ezithathwa njengebalulekile yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yoluntu:

• Imiba yenkxaso nge-VNC, i-desktop ekude, ukuhanjiswa kwe-SSH, izitshixo zesiko, iinketho zokufikeleleka, isoftware yelifa, kunye nokuma kwedesktop ngokupheleleyo.
• Izikhalazo ezivela kwiiprojekthi ze-flagship ezifana ne-KiCad (isixhobo sokuyila i-PCB) malunga nemiba kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwe-Wayland, kuquka iimenyu kunye nokuphathwa kweefestile ezininzi.
• Ukugxekwa kwendlela i-Wayland "enyanzeliswa ngayo" ngokusasazwa okukhulu ngokususa inkxaso ye-X11 ngaphandle kokulingana okusebenzayo okufunyenweyo.
• Ireferensi rhoqo ekuphelisweni kweenketho zakudala egameni lenkqubo yangoku, ethi kubasebenzisi abaninzi (ingakumbi abasebenzisi abadala okanye abakhubazekileyo) kuthetha ukuphulukana nezixhobo ezibalulekileyo zokuhamba komsebenzi okanye ukufikeleleka.

Kwicala layo, i-Xlibre izibophelele ekugcineni kunye nokwenza isiseko se-X11 ibe yesimanje, ukudibanisa ukuphuculwa kokhuseleko kunye nokucoca ikhowudi, ngaphandle kokuncama iimpawu eziqhelekileyo. (phakathi esweni ezininzi, abaqhubi abanini kunye nabavulelekileyo, izixhobo zobuchwephesha, njl.). Injongo ayikona nje ukukhuphisana ne-Wayland ekusebenzeni, kodwa kunye nokubonelela ngenguqu egudileyo kubasebenzisi abangathandanga ukwamkela "entsha" ukuba nje ingahambelani noko sele benayo kwaye bayifunayo.

Impembelelo, uluntu, kunye nokwamkelwa: Leliphi ikamva elimphathele lona iXlibre?

Ukusukela ekubhengezweni kwayo, iXlibre ikwazile ukwenza umdla omkhulu:

• Kwi-GitHub, indawo yokugcina sele inamawaka eenkwenkwezi kunye noluntu olusakhulayo. othatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kuzo zombini iingxoxo zobugcisa nezentlalo. Iqela leTelegram "x11dev" linamalungu angaphezu kwama-500, kwaye kuye kwavulwa imisonto emininzi ukuxoxa ngayo yonke into ukusuka kuphuhliso lwekhowudi ukuya kwimiba yezomthetho neyokuziphatha.
• Ukusabela kwiiforum kunye "neprogrammer social networks" njengeHacker News ixutywe, kodwa ubukho befolokhwe buzenzele njengesihloko esiqhelekileyo sengxoxo kunye nokubeka iliso.Kwezinye iimeko, kukho nezityholo zokutyholwa ngamaphulo etyholwa kunye nokunyangwa kolwazi malunga nemvelaphi yefolokhwe, izizathu zebhlokhi ye-Weigelt, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokwahluka kwe-Red Hat.
• Ngaphantsi kwe-hood, i-Xlibre sele ibonelela ngenkxaso yoluhlu olude lwabaqhubi kuzo zombini igalelo kunye nevidiyo (AMD, NVIDIA, Intel, Wacom, Synaptics, njl.), nangona ukuqokelelwa kwakhona kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kunye nee-ABI ezintsha. I-README kunye namaxwebhu asemthethweni agxininisa amanyathelo okhuseleko okuthintela ukungqubana okungenakulungiseka ngexesha lovavanyo lokuqala.

Ubukho beXlibre buqinisekisa amandla kunye nokwaphuka okukhoyo kuluntu lweFOSS malunga nokuba ikamva lomzobo weLinux kufuneka lijongeke njani.Ukuzibophelela okucacileyo kwinkqubela phambili yenkqubela phambili okanye ukutsiba okuyingozi ukuya kwiiparadigms ezingekavuthwa ngokupheleleyo. Isiphumo siya kuxhomekeka kwisakhono seprojekthi sokuzinzisa, ukufumana inkxaso yokwenyani kulwabiwo olukhulu, nokuqokelela uluntu oluzimisele ukuyigcina nokuyiphucula ngaphaya kweempikiswano zokuqala.

Ke, iXlibre iba yinto engaphaya kobugcisa. Yimbonakalo epholileyo yeengxoxo kunye nokungavisisani okukhoyo kwisoftware yasimahla: ukuzimela geqe kumaqumrhu amakhulu, idabi elingaguqukiyo phakathi kwezinto ezintsha kunye nozinzo, ukhuselo olunenzondelelo lokufikelela jikelele kunye nokufikeleleka, kunye nokungqubana okungenakuthintelwa kwe-egos kunye nezikhundla zengqondo. Ikamva layo alichazwanga, kodwa ukuvela kwayo kusebenze ekuvuleni kwakhona incoko malunga nokuba ngubani ofanele aqhube i-desktop ye-Linux desktop kunye nendlela yokwenza oko ngaphandle kokushiya nabani na ngasemva.