- Ushicilelo lweminwe ludibanisa iimpawu ezininzi zobugcisa ezisuka kwisikhangeli kunye nesixhobo ukwenza into efanisayo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa iikuki.
- Kukho i-passive (i-HTTP headers) kunye nesebenzayo (i-canvas, i-WebGL, i-audio, i-TLS, ukuziphatha) iindlela zokwandisa ukuhluka kweprofayili.
- Isetyenziselwa ukulandelela, ukwenziwa komntu, kunye nokhuseleko (ubuqhophololo, ukuqinisekiswa), kunye nesakhelo esisemthethweni esinzima kunye nesiphuhlayo.
- Ukunciphisa unyawo kufuna ulungelelwaniso/ukwenziwa ngokungakhethiyo, ukhuseleko lwebrawuza, izithinteli, ulawulo lwemvume, kunye novavanyo nge-AmIUnique.
Ukuba unenkxalabo malunga nobumfihlo kwi-Intanethi, i umkhangeli zincwadi wokushicilela Kufuneka ibe kwi radar yakho. Ngaphaya kweekuki, kukho iindlela ezithe cwaka ezikwaziyo ukukuchonga ngokudibanisa uninzi lwemiqondiso yobugcisa kwisixhobo sakho kunye nesikhangeli.
Nokuba ucima iikuki okanye ukhangele kwimowudi ye-incognito, umkhondo weenyawo owenziwe ngeenkcukacha ezinjenge indawo yexesha, iifonti ezifakiweyo, okanye indlela ikhadi lakho lemizobo eliyenza ngayo imifanekiso Inokukwenza ube ngokhethekileyo kwiwebhu. Kwaye ngaloo mahluko kuza umkhondo wesiza esinqamlezileyo, ubundlongondlongo bomntu, kunye neengozi ezifihlakeleyo kubumfihlo bakho.
Yintoni umnwe kwibrawuza?
Umnwe womkhangeli zincwadi (ekwabizwa ngokuba yi ifowuni okanye umkhangeli zincwadi zeminwe) yiseti yeendlela eziqokelela, ngaphandle kongenelelo olubonakalayo kumsebenzisi, ulwazi malunga nekhompyuter yakho kunye nesoftware yakho ukudibanisa into ebonakalisa uphawu. Ayiyofayile egcinwe njengekuki: yi indibaniselwano yeempawu zobugcisa ezikunika kude.
Phakathi kwedatha enokudibanisa: inkqubo yokusebenza, umkhangeli zincwadi kunye noguqulelo lwayo, izandiso ezifakiweyo, ulwimi, indawo yexesha, isisombululo kunye nobunzulu bombala, uluhlu lweefonti, iinkcukacha zekhadi lemizobo kunye nayo. abalawuli, amandla emultimedia, ubukho beebhlokhi zentengiso kunye nokunye okuninzi.
Cinga ngendlela onokuthi umchaze ngayo umntu kwisihlwele usebenzisa iimpawu ezahlukileyo; neempawu ezaneleyo, ukuyifumana kuyinto engenamsebenziUkuprintwa kweminwe kwenza into enye ngesixhobo sakho: kunye nemiqondiso emininzi yezobugcisa, iprofayile yakho ibonakala kakhulu emva kweseshoni, naphakathi kwezigidi zabasebenzisi.
Yahluke njani kwiikuki?
Iikuki zifuna imvume kumazwe amaninzi kwaye inokususwa; ngaphezu koko, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kulawulwa (umzekelo, i-GDPR kwi-EU). Ukuprintwa kweminwe, kwelinye icala, kwakhiwe ngasemva, ngaphandle kwesilumkiso nangaphandle ukugcinwa indawo ebonakalayo, ngoko ke umsebenzisi akaqhelekanga ukuyibona okanye angayisusa ngokuthe ngqo.
Isiphumo kukuba nokuba ucima imbali yakho okanye uvule imowudi yabucala, usabonakala ukuba indibaniselwano yeempawu zobugcisa zihlala zizinzile. Ke, isetyenziselwa ukulandelela indawo enqamlezileyo, iprofayile yentengiso, kunye nohlalutyo oluphambili lokuziphatha.
Indlela iminwe isebenza ngayo: i-passive kwaye iyasebenza
IiSayithi zilayisha izikripthi ezisebenzisa isikhangeli APIs ukuqokelela iimpawu kwaye, kunye nazo, zenze i ihashi okanye isichongiUkuthetha ngokubanzi, kukho iindlela ezimbini: i-passive (idatha exhasayo esele ikhona kwizicelo) kwaye iyasebenza (usebenzisa ikhowudi kwibrawuza yakho ukubuza imiqondiso emininzi).
Kulo ushicilelo lweminwe lokwenziwa Izihloko ze-HTTP ezihamba nesicelo ngasinye ziyahlolwa: idilesi ye-IP, i-arhente yomsebenzisi, iilwimi ezikhethwayo, kunye neefomathi ezamkelweyo, phakathi kwezinye. Olu lwazi luhamba kunye nomthwalo wephepha ngalinye ngaphandle kwesidingo sezikripthi ezongezelelweyo.
Ezona zihloko ziluncedo kwiprofayile ziquka: Umbhekisi (iphepha lomthombo), Ummeli woMsebenzisi (isikhangeli kunye nenkqubo yokusebenza rhoqo), Yamkela (iintlobo zomxholo), Yamkela-iCharset (iiseti zabalinganiswa), Yamkela-Ufakelo lweekhowudi (uxinzelelo njenge gzip okanye br), kunye Yamkela-uLwimi (iilwimi ezikhethwayo). Ezi ziqwenga, zidibene, sele zibonelela ngemiqondiso yokwahlula.
Kulo ushicilelo lweminwe olusebenzayo Isayithi liqhuba iJavaScript ukubuza ngokucacileyo iinkcukacha ezingaphezulu: inguqulo yesiphequluli kunye neqonga, nokuba unayo ikhukhi enikwe amandla, ulwimi oluchanekileyo, indawo yexesha, iimpawu zesikrini (ububanzi / ubude, indawo ekhoyo, ubunzulu bombala), uluhlu lweeplagi, iifonti ezifakiweyo, njl.
Iinkqubo ezifana ne-AJAX zivumela le mibuzo ukuba yenziwe ngasemva ngaphandle kokulayisha kwakhona iphepha, kunye nezinto ezifana esasihamba y wekhusi Babhenca inxalenye enkulu yolwazi. Umzekelo: navigator.userAgent, navigator.language, navigator.platform, screen.width o screen.colorDepth tyhila ulwazi oluneenkcukacha malunga nokusingqongileyo.
Nkqu ixesha lexesha inokuthathwa nge new Date().getTimezoneOffset(), kwaye amaxabiso ombala wenkqubo ethile anokuthi athatyathwe kusetyenziswa izitayile ze-CSS zekhompyutha, ukongeza omnye umaleko we-quirks othi, xa kudityaniswe kunye, bethelela ukohluka yonyawo lwakho.
Ubuchule beminwe obuqhelekileyo
Iindlela ezininzi zobuchule eziqhubela phambili zizalisekisa iiheader ezisisiseko kunye neepropathi ukwahlula izixhobo ngokuchanekileyo. Abaninzi basebenza "ngaphandle kwesikrini," ngoko awuboni nto ngelixa bebaleka.
- Umnwe weCanvas: Inyanzela isikhangeli ukuba sizobe umfanekiso okanye umbhalo kwi-HTML5 canvas. Umahluko omncinci kwiifonti, ii-GPUs, kunye nabaqhubi babangela ukuba imveliso yokubini yahluke ngesixhobo, ibonelela ngomqondiso owomeleleyo.
- WebGL kunye nonikezelo: yenza imizobo engabonakaliyo (ehlala iyi-3D) kunye nemilinganiselo yendlela eyenziwa ngayo. Ukwahluka phakathi kweGPUs, abaqhubi y iinkqubo zokusebenza bayamngcatsha hardware ngokuchaneka okukhulu.
- Ukuprintwa kweminwe okuvakalayo: Ihlalutya indlela inkqubo eqhuba ngayo umsindo. Umbhobho wesandi (abaqhubi, ihardware, kunye nesoftware) uvelisa iiyantlukwano ezifihlakeleyo ezisebenza njengezazisi; kukwakho usetyenziso olusemthethweni olunxulumene ne I-DRM kunye nolawulo lokukopa.
- Imidiya/Isixhobo somnwe: Ubalo lwezixhobo zemidiya (iikhamera, iimakrofoni, ii-headsets) kunye nezazisi zazo. Idla ngokufuna imvume yomsebenzisi, ngoko ke ayiqhelekanga kodwa inolwazi kakhulu xa ifunyenwe.
- Ukulandelwa kokuziphatha: iipatheni zosetyenziso ezinje ngeentshukumo zemouse, ukuchwetheza icadence, okanye indlela oskrola ngayo iphepha. Ezi zibonakaliso zokuziphatha, zihlala ziphuculwe nge ingqiqo, uncedo ekuchazeni izinto ezikhethwayo kunye nokufumanisa i-automations.
- Ukuprintwa kweminwe yomnqamlezo: izama ukuqhobosha isichongi kwi hardware sele sele iimpawu zenkqubo ukuqaphela umsebenzisi kwiibhrawuza ezahlukeneyo okanye izixhobo ezinxulumeneyo.
- TLS ushicilelo lweminwe: Ihlola i-TLS protocol ukuxhawula ngesandla (i-cipher suites, izandiso, iodolo, kunye nezinto ezikhethwayo) ukujonga isoftware yomxhasi kunye neenkcukacha zesitaki senethiwekhi.
- WebRTC: Yenzelwe unxibelelwano lwexesha langempela, inokuveza iidilesi ze-IP (kubandakanywa zasekuhlaleni), ezibonelela ngemiqondiso yenethiwekhi ehambelana kakhulu ukuba ayilungiswanga kakuhle.
Ngaba i-IP kunye namachweba abalulekile?
Nangona idilesi ye-IP ibonakala kwisicelo ngasinye, ixabiso layo loshicilelo lweminwe olusulungekileyo lilinganiselwe ngenxa yezizathu ezisebenzayo kunye nezomthetho. Kwelinye icala, i ulwabiwo olunamandla yenza idilesi yakho itshintshe nge ixesha; kwelinye icala, ubuchule obunje nge-NAT buthetha ukuba abasebenzisi abaninzi babelana nge-IP yoluntu efanayo.
Izibuko ze-TCP nazo aziboneleli ngesazisi esithembekileyo: i izibuko lemvelaphi Ikhethwa ngokungakhethiyo kuqhagamshelwano ngalunye, kunye namazibuko ekuyiwa kuwo kwiinkonzo zewebhu (ezinje ngama-80 okanye 443) imigangatho kwaye kwabelwane ngabo bonke.
Isetyenziselwa ntoni: phakathi kwezinto eziluncedo kunye nomngcipheko
Eyona njongo iphambili yi ukulandelwa kwesiza esinqamlezileyo Ngeentengiso kunye nobuntu. Ngembali eyaneleyo yokukhangela, iiprofayili ezichanekileyo zinokwakhiwa malunga nezinto ezinomdla, imikhwa yabathengi, kunye nemiba ebuthathaka (umzekelo, izihloko zempilo ezithathwe kuphando).
Ikwasebenza kukhuseleko: ukubonwa kwe buqhetseba (izisombululo ezingaqhelekanga, iibhrawuza ezindala ezisesichengeni, iipateni ezizenzekelayo), uqinisekiso lwesicelo sewebhu, kunye nesilumkiso sangethuba sokuziphatha okungaqhelekanga. Ikwanceda ukuqonda iimpawu zebhotnets kwaye unciphise iDDoS.
Amaxabiso aguqukayo abonisa elinye icala lebali: ngemiqondiso yentlalo noqoqosho (indawo, izixhobo eziqhelekileyo), abanye abathengisi bayahlengahlengisa. amaxabiso real-time, ephakamisa inkxalabo malunga nobulungisa bezi zenzo.
Ukongeza, abalamli bedatha banokudibanisa ulwazi oluvela kwihlabathi elibonakalayo (iirekhodi zoluntu, iinkqubo zokunyaniseka) kunye nedijithali yakho, ukuphucula ukuchongwa kwakhona nokuba awuzange ungene kwinkonzo.
Inkqubo yomthetho yangoku
Namhlanje, ukuprintwa kweminwe zomthetho kwiindawo ezininzi zolawulo, kodwa isakhelo solawulo sintsokothile. Kwi-EU, i-GDPR ilawula ukusetyenzwa kwedatha yomntu, kwaye i-ePrivacy Directive (phantsi kwengxoxo) ifuna ukugubungela izenzo ezifana nokuprintwa kweminwe ngaphaya kweekuki zendabuko.
Akukho mthetho ubanzi wabucala eUnited States. Imigaqo efana ne I-CCPA (eCalifornia) okanye idilesi yomthetho weVermont yedilesi yedatha yokuqokelela idatha kunye nokurhweba, kodwa ungajongi ngokuthe ngqo ukusetyenziswa kobu buchule.
Amanyathelo okunciphisa unyawo lwakho
Ukubuphelisa ngokupheleleyo akukho ngqiqweni, kodwa kunokwenziwa. ukunciphisa ixabiso lesazisi. Kukho izicwangciso ezibini eziphambili zobugcisa kwinqanaba lesiphequluli: i-generalization kunye ne-randomization.
La ngokubanzi I-homogenizes iimpendulo ze-API ukwenzela ukuba abasebenzisi abaninzi "babukeke ngokufanayo" omnye komnye, behlambulula ukungafani. randomisation yazisa umahluko omncinci, olawulwayo kwiimpawu ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukwenza ukulandelela okuzingileyo kube nzima.
Ezinye iibhrawuza sele zinezikhuselo: I-Tor ikhuthaza bonke abasebenzisi ukuba bangenise a umkhondo ofanayoIsibindi sisebenzisa i-randomization kwaye sivala ii-vectors ezininzi; IFirefox ivalela iitraki ezaziwayo ngokungagqibekanga njengenxalenye yoKhuseleko lokuKhangela oluPhuculo.
Las VPN Iiproksi zinceda ukufihla i-IP kunye nolwazi lwendawo, kodwa azithinteli iindlela ezisebenzayo (i-Canvas, i-WebGL, i-audio, i-APIs yesiphequluli). Ziluncedo, hayi isisombululo esichasene noshicilelo lweminwe.
Izandiso ezigxile kubumfihlo zinokuvala izikripthi kunye nabalandeleli (i-uBlock Origin, i-Privacy Badger) okanye ukusetyenziswa kweJavaScript kwiindawo ezingathembekanga (NoScript). Kuhle ukwazi oko ngokukhubaza iJavaScript iinkonzo ezininzi zithotywa okanye ziyeka ukusebenza.
Ngokumalunga nokuhamba, iinjini zokukhangela ezifana DuckDuckGo thintela ukulandelwa kwemibuzo. Kwaye kufanelekile ukukhumbula ukuba uninzi lweeplagi, imixholo, kunye nokwenza ngokwezifiso ozisebenzisayo, kokukhona kuba lula yahlula isixhobo sakho yokuphumla.
Iingcebiso ezivela kwabasemagunyeni kunye nezenzo ezilungileyo
Kubasebenzisi: chaza ukhetho lwakho nge Musa ukulandelela (nangona intlonipho yayo ingeyiyo yonke indawo), faka iibhlokhi ezithembekileyo, cinga ngokutshintsha iibrowser ngokomxholo, kwaye usebenzise ukukhangela kwabucala ukwazi imida yayo ngokuchasene nokuprintwa kweminwe.
Kubaphuhlisi: Ibonelela ngeenketho ezicacileyo ze ukwamkelwa okanye ukwaliwa Iimvume kunye nokulandela umkhondo, zisebenzisa ezona zicwangciso zabucala ngokungagqibekanga kwaye zivumela umsebenzisi ukuba azinciphise xa efunwa.
Kumaqumrhu asebenzisa imizila yeenyawo: xela ngokungafihlisiyo, cela imvume apho kufanelekileyo, iququzelela ukusetyenziswa kwamalungelo, imisebenzi yokucubungula iirekhodi kwaye yenza uhlalutyo ingozi ukukhuselwa kwedatha phambi kokuphumeza obu buchule.
Ukujonga ukungafani kwakho: izixhobo eziluncedo
Ukuba ufuna ukuvavanya ukuvezwa kwakho, iiprojekthi ezifana AmIUnique Bakubonisa ukuba zeziphi iimpawu ezikwenza ube wodwa kwaye kunqabe kangakanani ukudibanisa kwakho xa kuthelekiswa nezigidi zeminwe. Uya kubona amacandelo ngeHTTP, JavaScript, kunye nemizobo (WebGL/Canvas), kunye nokubhaqwa kokuthintela isikhangeli.
Ezi nkonzo zinceda ekuchongeni amanqaku abuthathaka: iifonti ezifakiweyo, izandiso ezibonakalayo, ii-APIs eziveziweyo, ukuvuza kwe-WebRTC IP, kunye nokunye. Ngokulungisa useto lwakho kunye nezandiso, unokunciphisa kakhulu ukungafani kwakho.
Imiqondiso eyongezelelekileyo yokuba ushicilelo lweminwe lunamandla
Kwiifowuni eziphathwayo, ukongeza kwimodeli kunye nenguqulelo ye-Android/iOS, oku kulandelayo kufanelekile: sigqibo, ubume bebhetri, inethiwekhi kunye apps yebhrawuza. Izixhobo ezifana ne smart TV Banokubonelela ngemiqondiso. Kwi-desktop, ukongeza kwiiplagi, uluhlu lwemithombo, iaudio/video codecs, kunye nenani lababeki-liso nazo zibalaselisiwe.
Kukwakho iindlela zokubhaqa ezingathanga ngqo, ezinjengokufaka izixhobo ezisuka kwiindawo zabucala zeenkonzo (umzekelo, ukusuka kwinethiwekhi yoluntu) ukuya kwiDOM kunye nokujonga ukuba ingaba umthwalo okanye ukusilela ngeziganeko ukulayisha/impazamo, ukujonga ukuba ngaba uqinisekisiwe ngasemva.
Kwinqanaba lenethiwekhi, ukuprintwa kweminwe TLS ihlola iiparamitha zokuxhawula isandla (i-ciphers, izandiso, kunye nolandelelwano lwazo) kubaxhasi beprofayile. Kunye neeheader kunye ne-caching/compression behavior, lo ngomnye umaleko wokwahlula.
Izixhobo zokuhlalutya iTrafikhi kunye nokhuseleko (abaphunga njenga IWireshark okanye iisuti ezifana ne-Ettercap/Nessus) zidlala enye indima: aziyoncwadi yeminwe eprintiweyo ngendlela engqongqo, kodwa iyayivumela. jonga itrafikhi, fumana iisistim kwaye ibone ubuthathaka obuthi, budityaniswe nokuchongwa komxumi, kuphucule iprofayile.
Ithuba leendleko kunye nokulingana
Ukunciphisa unyawo lwakho kunokuchaphazela amava akho: ezinye iiwebhusayithi ziya kufuna vula izikripthi, ukunika iimvume zosasazo, okanye ukuyekelela izithintelo ekusebenzeni. Lixesha lokufumana ibhalansi phakathi kobumfihlo, ukhuseleko, kunye noncedo olusekwe kwimeko yakho yosetyenziso.
Indlela enengqiqo kukugcina isikhangeli "esilukhuni" semisebenzi ebuthathaka kunye nenye ngaphezulu ukuvumela kusetyenziso lwemihla ngemihla, kunye nezandiso ezahlukeneyo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo. Nciphisa uhlengahlengiso olungeyomfuneko kwaye uphonononge ngamaxesha athile usetyenziso olufakiweyo.
Isikhangeli sakho kunye nesixhobo sakho sibonisa ngaphezulu kunokuba ucinga. Ukwazi ukuba lo nyawo lwakhiwe njani, yintoni olubasela ngayo, kwaye zeziphi izixhobo ezinciphisa ukungafani kwakho kukubeka kulawulo: ukunciphisa imiqondiso eveziweyo kunye nokwenza iprofayile yakho ibe yi-homogenizing kuya kwenza ukuba umkhondo ube nzima kakhulu.
Umbhali onomdla malunga nehlabathi le-bytes kunye netekhnoloji ngokubanzi. Ndiyakuthanda ukwabelana ngolwazi lwam ngokubhala, kwaye yile nto ndiza kuyenza kule bhlog, ndikubonise zonke izinto ezinomdla malunga nezixhobo, isoftware, ihardware, iindlela zetekhnoloji, kunye nokunye. Injongo yam kukukunceda uhambe kwihlabathi ledijithali ngendlela elula neyonwabisayo.