Udwelisa njani kwaye ulawule abaqhubi abavela kwi-PowerShell kwiWindows

Kwiimekobume zeWindows, lawula ukuba ngabaphi abaqhubi abafakiweyo kwaye loluphi uguqulelo ngamnye analo Ingundoqo ekugcineni uzinzo lwenkqubo, ukulungisa iingxaki kwizikrini eziluhlaza, okanye ukulungiselela ukufuduka. I-PowerShell iye yaba sisixhobo esiluncedo kakhulu sokwenza olu hlobo lwe-inventri ngaphandle kokudlula kuMphathi weSixhobo nganye nganye.

Kwimigca elandelayo uya kubona Udwelisa njani abalawuli abavela kwi-PowerShell ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kunye nendlela yokuthumela ngaphandle kwiifayile zokuzihlalutya ngokuzolileyo, yintoni umahluko okhoyo nabanye imiyalelo njengaye indawo yokuqhuba okanye izixhobo zomzobo, kunye nendlela yokuphatha iimeko eziphucukileyo ezinje ngemifanekiso engaphandle kweintanethi okanye abaqhubi abalayishwe ngamandla.

Yintoni umqhubi kwaye kutheni ufuna ukuyidwelisa kwiPowerShell?

Kwi-Windows, umlawuli okanye umqhubi ibhloko encinci yesoftware esebenza njengomlamli phakathi kwenkqubo yokusebenza kunye necandelo le hardware (ikhadi legraphics, chipset, ukugcinwaperipherals i-USBnjl.). Nangona ikhowudi abakuyo ingenkulu kakhulu, impembelelo yabo kuzinzo lwenkqubo inkulu kakhulu.

Xa umqhubi obalulekileyo (umzekelo, yokugcina, inethiwekhi, imizobo okanye chipset) ukungasebenzi kakuhle, kunokubangela ukuphazamiseka, ukulahleka kokusebenza kunye nokuba izikrini eziluhlaza (BSOD)Yiyo loo nto unoluhlu olucacileyo lwabaqhubi abafakiweyo kunye noguqulelo lwabo luluncedo kakhulu xa ulungisa iimpazamo okanye ulungiselela uhlaziyo olukhulu.

Phambi kokuba uleqe ukutshintsha, ukhuphe, okanye ubuyisele umva abaqhubi, luluvo oluhle ukunciphisa umngcipheko ngendawo yokubuyisela inkquboNgale ndlela ungabuyela ukuba uhlaziyo lomqhubi aluphumeleli kwaye ikhompyuter iqale ukuziphatha ngendlela engaqhelekanga okanye ayiqalisi ngokuchanekileyo.

Ukongeza kwindawo yokutyela, kuyacetyiswa gcina idatha ebalulekileyo (amaxwebhu, iifoto, iiprojekthi zomsebenzi, njl.), ngakumbi ukuba uya kubamba abaqhubi bokugcina, kuba impazamo inokubangela ukuba inkqubo inganyuki iidrives ngokuchanekileyo okanye inkohlakalo yolwazi.

Umyalelo osisiseko kwi-PowerShell ukudwelisa abaqhubi abafakiweyo

Eyona ndlela ithe ngqo yokufumana uluhlu lwempahla yomlawuli kwi-PowerShell thembele kwi-WMIOmnye wemiyalelo esetyenziswa kakhulu ngulo:

Get-WmiObject Win32_PnPSignedDriver | Select DeviceName, DriverVersion

Ngale cmdlet, I-PowerShell ibuza iklasi yeWMI yeWin32_PnPSsignedDriver kwaye ibuyisela uluhlu lwabaqhubi abasayiniweyo bePnP, kunye negama lesixhobo kunye noguqulelo lomqhubi leyo isixokelelwano esinxulumanise nayo ngoku.

Ukuba ufuna umxholo ongaphezulu kancinci malunga nomqhubi ngamnye, unokongeza imihlaba efana ne igama lobuhlobo, umhla wokupapashwa, okanye umenzi. Umzekelo:

Get-WmiObject Win32_PnPSignedDriver | Select DeviceName, FriendlyName, Manufacturer, DriverVersion, DriverDate

Ngolu thethwano, uya kufumana Ulwazi oluninzi olupheleleyo ngongeno ngalunyeOku kukuvumela ukuba ubone iinguqulelo ezindala, abavelisi abathile, okanye abaqhubi abangekahlaziywa kwiminyaka.

Indlela yokuthumela ngaphandle uluhlu lwabaqhubi kwifayile (TXT okanye CSV)

Kuseto lwehlabathi lokwenyani, ukujonga nje uluhlu kwiscreen akufane kwanele. Eyona ndlela iluncedo yile... gcina isiphumo kwifayile Ukuyihlalutya kwi-Excel, ukwabelana ngayo neqela, okanye ukuyigcina njenge-snapshot yemeko yenkqubo ngaphambi kokwenza naluphi na utshintsho, umzekelo, cima abaqhubi abadala.

Ukuba ufuna kuphela uluhlu olukhawulezayo lokubhaliweyo olungenanto, ungathumela kwakhona imveliso kwifayile:

Get-WmiObject Win32_PnPSignedDriver | Select DeviceName, DriverVersion > C:\drivers.txt

Lo myalelo wenza ifayile C:\drivers.txt ngesixhobo esilula kunye noluhlu loguqulelo. Ilungele ireferensi ekhawulezayo okanye uncamathisele kwingxelo ngaphandle kobunzima obukhulu.

Xa ujonge into elawulekayo yokucoca kunye nokuhlelwa, eyona ndlela ingcono kukusebenzisa CSV kunye ne-Export-CSV cmdletUmzekelo oxhaphake kakhulu uya kuba:

Get-WmiObject Win32_PnPSignedDriver | Select DeviceName, FriendlyName, DriverVersion, DriverDate | Export-CSV -Path "./MisDrivers.csv" -NoTypeInformation

Ngalo myalelo, ifayile enegama MyDrivers.csv onokuthi uvule kwi-Excel okanye nayiphi na inkqubo yespredishithi kuyo Hlela ngoguqulelo, icebo lokucoca ngomhla womqhubi, khangela abavelisi abathile, Njl

Nangona ngamanye amaxesha kuthiwa i-PowerShell "ayikuvumeli ukuthumela ngaphandle" uluhlu lwabaqhubi, ngokwenyani Ewe, inokuthunyelwa ngaphandle ngokugqibeleleyo. Usebenzisa ulwalathiso lwemveliso okanye Thumela-i-CSV, njengoko ubonile. Emva koko unokukopa, uncamathisele, okanye usebenze ngolo lwazi naphi na apho ufuna khona.

Hlunga abaqhubi ngokomvelisi, igama, okanye umbhalo othile

Ngokwesiqhelo, awuzukufuna ukubona bonke abaqhubi ngaxeshanye, kodwa kugxilwe kumenzi othile okanye uhlobo lwesixhobo. Ngenxa yoko, unako izihluzi zetyathanga nge-Aphi-Object malunga neempawu zomqhubi ngamnye.

Umzekelo, ukuba unomdla wokugcina abaqhubi kuphela IntelUnokwenza into elula njengoku:

Get-WmiObject Win32_PnPSignedDriver | Select DeviceName, DriverVersion | Where-Object { $_.DeviceName -like "*Intel*" }

Lo myalelo uphindaphinda kuwo onke amangeno abuyiswe yi-WMI kunye Igcina kuphela abo igama lesixhobo sabo siqulethe umtya "Intel"Ukusebenzisa iinkwenkwezi njengekhadi lasendle likuvumela ukuba ukhangele ungqamaniso olungaphelelanga naphi na okubhaliweyo.

Ingcamango efanayo ingasetyenziselwa ukukhangela abaqhubi abanxulumene nesicelo esithile okanye uhlobo lwe-hardware, umzekelo ukuhlaziya abaqhubi be-USBUkuba uyayazi inxalenye yegama, umenzi, okanye ipateni ethile yendlela, unako lungisa isihluzo kweyona propati itofotofo kwimeko nganye.

Jonga abaqhubi ukusuka kuMphathi weSixhobo kunye nezinye izixhobo zeWindows

Nangona i-PowerShell inamandla kakhulu kwi-automation kunye noluhlu lokuthumela ngaphandle, iWindows isabonelela izixhobo zegraphical zakudala zokulawula abalawuli ekufuneka yaziwe kwaye idityaniswe nendlela yomyalelo.

Inqaku lokuqala lereferensi yi Umphathi wesixhoboOku kunokufumaneka ngokucofa-ekunene kwi "Le PC" kwaye ukhethe "Lawula," okanye ngokukhawuleza usebenzisa imenyu yemeko yeqhosha lokuqala (Windows + X). Apho uyakubona umthi onazo zonke iindidi zehardware ezifakwe kwisixokelelwano.

Izixhobo ezinofakelo okanye iingxaki zokusebenza zihlala zivela nazo uphawu olutyheli lwesilumkisoUkuba ucofa kabini kuyo nayiphi na kuzo, iwindow yezakhiwo ivula, apho unokujonga khona imeko yesixhobo kwaye ufikelele kwithebhu ethi "Driver".

Kuloo thebhu uya kufumana iinketho ezinje "Iinkcukacha zomqhubi", "Hlaziya umqhubi", "Roll back driver", "Disable" okanye "Khipha"Ezi zenzo zikuvumela ukuba ujonge iifayile zomqhubi, khangela iinguqulelo ezintsha, ubuyele kwinguqu yangaphambili, khubaza isixhobo ngaphandle kokusisusa, okanye ususe ngokupheleleyo umqhubi kwinkqubo.

Ukongeza kwezi zixhobo, iWindows ibandakanya umyalelo indawo yokuqhuba ukusebenzisa ukusuka kwi isikhawulezisi somyalelo (CMD). Ukubaleka driverquery Uya kufumana uluhlu lwabo bonke abaqhubi abafakiweyo, kunye ne driverquery /v Uya kubona ulwazi oluthe vetshe, olufana nokusetyenziswa kwememori, umhla wokwakha, okanye ubume.

umqhubi kunye nobudlelwane bayo kunye ne-PowerShell

Umyalelo womqhubi ubhetyebhetye kakhulu kwaye uvumela Jonga iimbono ezahlukeneyo zesimo somqhubiUmzekelo, ukuba ufuna ukudwelisa abaqhubi abasayiniweyo kuphela kwiinkcukacha ezithe vetshe, ungabaleka:

driverquery /si

Le mowudi ibonisa abaqhubi abasayiniweyo ngolwazi olongezelelweyo oluluncedo kuphicotho-zincwadi zokhuseleko okanye ukuhlola imfezeko. Kwaye unokuhlala ubonisana driverquery /? ukubona zonke iiparameters ezikhoyo kwaye ulungelelanise imveliso kwiimfuno zakho.

Enye yeenzuzo zokuqhuba umbuzo kukuba Unokuyidibanisa nePowerShell usebenzisa ConvertFrom-CSVUkuba uvelisa imveliso kwifomathi ye-CSV kwaye uyibhobho, uya kufumana izinto ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe kwi-PowerShell. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo uya kuba:

driverquery.exe /v /fo csv | ConvertFrom-CSV | Select-Object "Display Name", "Start Mode", "Paged Pool(bytes)", Path

Oku udibanisa Amandla okuqhuba nge-PowerShell data manipulationUkukhetha kuphela iikholamu onomdla kuzo: igama lokubonisa, imowudi yokuqalisa, imemori ekwiphepha, kunye nendlela yomqhubi kwidiski. Oku kuluncedo xa ufuna ukuhluza ngeentlobo ezithile, ezifana abaqhubi bemizobo.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba zombini imibuzo yokuqhuba kunye nemibuzo ethile esemgangathweni ye-WMI igxile kakhulu abaqhubi ababhaliswe kwinkqubo, ezininzi zazo zilayishwe kwi iboot okanye ilawulwa ngobhaliso kwi HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services. Abanye abaqhubi abafakwe ngamandla ngexesha lokuqhuba banokungaveli kolu luhlu.

Dwelisa abaqhubi abavela kwi-PowerShell nge-Get-WindowsDriver

Ngeemeko eziphambili ngakumbi, ngakumbi xa usebenza Imifanekiso yeWindows ngaphandle kweintanethi (umzekelo, ii-WIMs ezinyusiweyo), i-cmdlet iluncedo kakhulu Fumana-WindowsDriver, eyinxalenye yezixhobo ze-DISM ezifumaneka kwi-PowerShell.

Le cmdlet ikuvumela ukuba ubonise ulwazi malunga neepakethe zomqhubi kuzo zombini ezisebenzayo ufakelo lweWindows kunye nomfanekiso onyuswe kwisilawulo. I-syntax engundoqo yohlulwe kwiindlela ezimbini eziphambili zokusetyenziswa: ngaphandle kwe-intanethi kunye ne-intanethi.

Enye umfanekiso ongaphandle kweintanethi ufakwe kwisiqulathi seefayiliIfomu ngokubanzi iya kuba:

Get-WindowsDriver -Path "C:\offline"

Kwaye ukusebenza ngokuchasene nenkqubo esebenzayo, uya kusebenzisa iparameter -kwi-intanethi:

Get-WindowsDriver -Online

Ngaphandle kweeparamitha ezongezelelweyo, Fumana-WindowsDriver ibuyisela uluhlu lwabaqhubi bomntu wesithathu ekhoyo emfanekisweni. Ukuba wongeza isilungisi -KonkeUya kubona kwakhona abaqhubi abangagqibekanga abaqukwe ngokungagqibekanga kwiWindows.

Iiparamitha eziphambili ze-Get-WindowsDriver

Enye yezona parameters zibalulekileyo -Umqhubiekuvumela ukuba uchaze ethile .inf ifayile okanye incwadi eneenkcukacha .inf iifayile Ukufumana iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe malunga nabo baqhubi. Ukuba walatha kulawulo, iifayile ze-inf ezingezizo iipakethe zomqhubi ezingasebenziyo azihoywa ngokuzenzekelayo.

Xa usebenza ngomfanekiso ongekho kwi-intanethi, ipharamitha -Indlela ixela ingcambu yendlela yomfanekiso onyusiweyo. Ukuba ifolda yeWindows ayilunganga kwinqanaba leengcambu, ungasebenzisa -Windows Directory ukukhankanya isiqulathi seefayili esizalanayo apho sikhoyo.

Ipharamitha -SystemDrive Isetyenziswa kwiimeko ezithile ngakumbi, njengaxa usebenza kwi-Windows PE kunye nomphathi we-boot kwisahlulelo esahlukileyo. Kule meko, inceda ukukhankanya idrayivu equlathe iifayile zeBootMgr ekufuneka zinikezelwe.

Ngokumalunga nelog yomsebenzi, iparameter -LogPath Ikuvumela ukuba uchaze umendo opheleleyo kwifayile yelog. Ukuba awuyihlengahlengisi, indlela engagqibekanga iyasetyenziswa. %WINDIR%\Logs\Dism\dism.logokanye kwi-Windows PE, indawo yokukrala kwi-RAM. Okwangoku, -LogLevel igqiba i-verbosity yelog, ngamaxabiso ukusuka kwiimposiso nje ukuquka ulwazi lolungiso lweempazamo.

Ekugqibeleni, iparameter -Krwela uvimba weefayili Esi sisiqulathi seefayili sexeshana apho iifayile zitsalwa khona ngexesha lokusebenza kwenkonzo. Kufuneka ibe yindlela yendawo kwaye, xa umsebenzi ugqityiwe, i iifayile zethutyana Ziyasuswa ngokuzenzekelayo ukuze zingashiyi ntsalela.

Imizekelo esebenzayo kunye ne-Get-WindowsDriver

Ukubona ngokukhawuleza bonke abaqhubi bofakelo lwakho lwangoku lweWindows, unokubaleka:

Get-WindowsDriver -Online -All

Lo myalelo uya kubonisa bonke abaqhubi (zombini inkqubo kunye nomntu wesithathu) ekhoyo kumfanekiso osebenzayo. Yindlela ethe ngqo yokubona ukuba zeziphi iipakethe ezifakwe ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-WMI okanye uMphathi weSixhobo.

Ukuba usebenza nge umfanekiso ufakwe kwi C:\offline Kwaye ukuba ufuna kuphela ukujonga abaqhubi beqela lesithathu, ungenza oku kulandelayo:

Get-WindowsDriver -Path "C:\offline"

Ukuba ufuna ingxelo eneenkcukacha zomqhubi othile weOEM ngaphakathi kwalo mfanekiso, cacisa ngokulula ifayile ye-.inf:

Get-WindowsDriver -Path "C:\offline" -Driver "OEM1.inf"

Ungafikelela kwifayile ye.inf ebekwe kwindlela ethile yomqhubi, umzekelo:

Get-WindowsDriver -Path "C:\offline" -Driver "C:\drivers\Usb\Usb.inf"

Kuzo zonke ezi meko, Fumana-iWindowsDriver ibuyisela izinto onokuthi umbhobho kuKhetha-Into, Apho-Into okanye Rhweba ngaphandle-CSV ukuhluza, ukuhlela okanye ukuthumela ngaphandle ulwazi kwifomati efanele wena.

I-PowerShell kunye ne-SCCM: Fumana-CMDriver kwiikhathalogu zabaqhubi

Xa ulawula imeko yeshishini kunye Umphathi woqwalaselo (SCCM)Awunamdla kuphela kubaqhubi kwikhompyuter nganye, kodwa nakwikhathalogu esembindini yabaqhubi ethi i-SCCM igcine ukuhambisa imifanekiso kunye neepakethi.

Kulo mongo, i-cmdlet iyangena. Fumana-CMDriver, Iyasebenza Fumana ulwazi kubaqhubi besixhobo esilawulwa nguMlawuli woqwalaseloLe cmdlet inotyikityo oluninzi ngokuxhomekeke kwinto ofuna ukuyibuza: ngegama, ngesazisi samanani, ngempahla yomqhubi, okanye ngohlobo lolawulo.

I-syntax esisiseko ibandakanya ukwahluka okunje:

Get-CMDriver

Get-CMDriver -DriverPackageId <String>

Get-CMDriver -DriverPackageName <String>

Get-CMDriver -Id <Int32>

Get-CMDriver -InputObject <IResultObject>

Ngezi parameters ungaqondisa imibuzo yakho kwikhathalogu ye-SCCM, ukucoca nge igama lomqhubi, isazisi, iipakethe ezinxulumeneyo, okanye iindidi zolawulo ukuba uchazile ukulungelelanisa abalawuli bakho.

Imizekelo nge-Get-CMDriver

Ukuba uyalazi igama lomqhubi othile, umzekelo "Surface Serial Hub Driver", ungafumana iinkcukacha zayo nge:

Get-CMDriver -Name "Surface Serial Hub Driver"

Xa ufuna ukujonga abaqhubi abaliqela ababelana ngesimaphambili esifanayo egameni labo (njengalo lonke usapho lomqhubi weSurface) kwaye ufuna ukubona iipropathi ezifanelekileyo kuphela, ungasebenzisa into efana nale:

Get-CMDriver -Fast -Name "Surface*" | Select-Object LocalizedDisplayName, DriverVersion, DriverDate

Isilungisi -Fast Inciphisa inani lolwazi olufunyenweyo kwaye ikhawulezise umbuzo, obonakalayo kwiikhathalogu ezinkulu. Emva koko, nge Khetha-into, Ugcina kuphela iikholamu eziluncedo kuwe kuhlalutyo lwakho.

Ukuba ulawula iindidi zolawulo (umzekelo, udidi "loMphezulu" apho udibanisa bonke abo balawuli), ungadibanisa udidi kunye nokufunyanwa komqhubi ngolu hlobo:

$category = Get-CMCategory -Name "Surface"
Get-CMDriver -Fast -AdministrativeCategory $category

Kule meko, uqala ukugcina udidi kuguquko kwaye emva koko ucele Fumana-CMDriver ukuba ibuyisele kuwe. bonke abalawuli abanxulumene nolo didi, into eluncedo kakhulu ekugcineni iimbono ezinengqiqo zabalawuli bakho kwi-SCCM.

Unyino xa udwelisa abaqhubi abalayishwe ngamandla

Asingabo bonke abaqhubi abaziphatha ngendlela efanayo. Kukho izixhobo, njengezinye kwi-suite. Sysinternals (umzekelo, Inkqubo Explorer okanye handle.exe)ethi ifake abaqhubi kwikernel xa besenziwa, ngaphandle kokubabhalisa njengeenkonzo zemveli ezilayishwe ekuqaleni.

Umzekelo oqhelekileyo ngumqhubi procexp152.sys (okanye iinguqulelo zangaphambili ezifana ne-procexp113.sys), ezinxulumene neNkqubo yoMhloli. Olu hlobo lomqhubi lusenokungabonakali kwimibuzo eqhelekileyo ye Get-WmiObject Win32_SystemDriverkuba le mibuzo ixhomekeke kulwazi olusuka kwiinkonzo zobhaliso (CurrentControlSet\Services) kwaye idla ngokubonisa ikakhulu abaqhubi abalayishwe ngenkqubo.

Ngokufanayo, Umbuzo womqhubi awunakudwelisa bonke abaqhubi abatofwayoKe ukuba ulungisa ii-BSODs okanye indlela yokuziphatha engaqhelekanga ebangelwa zizixhobo zomntu wesithathu ezilayisha abaqhubi bazo, kusenokufuneka ubhenele kwezinye iindlela.

Phakathi kwezo ndlela zinokusetyenziswa vavanya iindawo zokulahla inkumbulo inkozo ngezixhobo ezifana neWinDbg, okanye sebenzisa izinto eziluncedo ezifana verifier.exeUmqinisekisi womqhubi ikuvumela ukuba ukhethe abaqhubi ofuna ukubajonga kwaye ubone indlela yokuziphatha engazinzanga, kodwa ujongano lomzobo lunikeza iinketho ezininzi zobalo kunoguqulelo lomgca womyalelo, ogxile ekubuzeni nasekuqwalaseleni uqwalaselo.

Ngamafutshane, kwi-inventri ngokubanzi kunye nakwiimfuno ezininzi zolawulo, I-PowerShell, i-WMI, kunye ne-Get-WindowsDriver igubungela iziseko kakuhle kakhulu.Nangona kunjalo, kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo zokulungiswa kweempazamo kubaqhubi abalayishwe ngokushushu, kuya kufuneka uncedise ngezixhobo zokuhlalutya i-kernel.

Hlaziya abaqhubi ngePowerShell usebenzisa iPSWindowsUpdate

Ukongeza kuluhlu lwabaqhubi, abalawuli abaninzi basebenzisa i-PowerShell uku uhlaziyo lomqhubi oluzenzekelayo nge Update Windows kunye nakwi- ukuhlaziya abaqhubi besandiEnye indlela esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo yimodyuli ye-PSWindowsUpdate, eyandisa uhlaziyo oluqhelekileyo cmdlets.

Ukuqukuqela okuqhelekileyo kudlula vumela okwethutyana ukuphunyezwa kwemibhalo eshicilelweyo esayiniweyoFaka imodyuli uze ucele uhlaziyo lomqhubi ngokuthe ngqo kwiiseva zikaMicrosoft.

Iseti eqhelekileyo yemiyalelo ingaba:

Set-ExecutionPolicy -Scope Process -ExecutionPolicy Bypass
Install-Module PSWindowsUpdate
Import-Module PSWindowsUpdate
Get-WindowsUpdate
Get-WindowsUpdate -MicrosoftUpdate -Category Driver -Install -AutoReboot

Olu landelelwano lwenza uphumezo lweskripthi kwiseshoni yangoku, ukufakela kunye nokungenisa imodyuli yePSWindowsUpdate, Ujonga ukuba loluphi uhlaziyo olukhoyo. Kwaye ekugqibeleni, ucela ukuba zifakwe kudidi "loMqhubi" ngoHlaziyo lweMicrosoft, evumela inkqubo ukuba iqale ngokuzenzekelayo ukuba kuyimfuneko.

Unokwandisa umda ngokusebenzisa umyalelo ofakela lonke uhlaziyo olufunyenwe kuHlaziyo lweMicrosoft kwaye luqalise kwakhona ngaphandle kokungenelela, umzekelo:

Get-WindowsUpdate -MicrosoftUpdate -Install -AutoReboot

Le ndlela yokusebenza iyasebenza kakhulu kwi iipaki ezinkulu zeqelaApha kulapho ufuna ukubeka emgangathweni iinguqulelo zomqhubi ngaphandle kokuya enye nenye. Nangona kunjalo, kusoloko kucetyiswa ukudibanisa oku kunye ne-inventri efanelekileyo yangaphambili yabaqhubi kwaye, kwiimeko ezinzima, uvavanyo kwiqela lomqhubi ngaphambi kokuba uthunyelwe kumbutho uphela.