Ufikelela njani kwaye uhlaziye izicwangciso ze-firmware (i-BIOS/UEFI) ukusuka kwi-Linux usebenzisa i-systemctl kunye ne-systemd

Ehlabathini leenkqubo zokusebenza, ukufikelela kwiisetingi ze-firmware (BIOS/UEFI) ukusuka kwiLinux, ngakumbi nge imiyalelo njengaye systemctl reboot --firmware-setup, bubutyebi obufunwa ngamandla. Ngokufika kwamaxesha okuqalisa okukhawulezayo, iindlela zemveli ezinjengokucofa ngokuphindaphindiweyo isitshixo ekuvuleni amandla zinokungasebenzi okanye zingenzeki. Ke ngoko, abasebenzisi bafuna iindlela ezithe ngqo, ezikhuselekileyo, kunye neendlela zangoku zokunxibelelana ne-firmware evela kunikezelo lwangoku usebenzisa i-systemd.

Kweli nqaku, ndiza kukunika ujongo olucacileyo nolubanzi kuyo yonke into enxulumene nokufikelela, ukulawula, kunye nokuhlaziya i-firmware (i-BIOS/UEFI) kunye ne-microcode kwiinkqubo zeLinux zangoku. Ukongeza, uya kufunda ukuqonda inkqubo ye iboot, umsebenzi we-UEFI, indima ye-systemd, kunye nemingcipheko ehambelana nayo kunye nezilumkiso, ukuze ukwazi ukulawula inkqubo yakho ngokukhuselekileyo nangokuchanekileyo. Kuwo wonke umbhalo, uya kufumana iingcebiso eziphambili, amaqhinga iinkcazo eziluncedo nezicacileyo ezilungiselelwe abasebenzisi be-novice kunye nabalawuli benkqubo ephezulu.

Yintoni i-firmware kwaye kutheni ibalulekile?

I-Firmware yinkqubo esisiseko eyakhelwe kwikhompyuter yakho. hardware elawula ukusebenza kwayo kumanqanaba aphantsi. Phakathi kwezona ntlobo zaziwa kakhulu ze-firmware sifumana BIOS (INkqubo yokuPhuma okuSisiseko) okanye umlandeli wayo, i-UEFI (I-Unified Extensible Firmware Interface). Ukongeza, icandelo ngalinye lekhompyuter yakho-i-hard drive, ikhadi lenethiwekhi, i-CPU, njl-njl-inokuba ne-firmware yayo.

Ukuhlaziya i-firmware, kunye nokufikelela kwizicwangciso zayo, kubalulekile. ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-hardware isebenza ngokugqibeleleyo, ngokukhuselekileyo, kwaye iyahambelana neenguqulelo ezintsha zeenkqubo zokusebenza kunye nezicelo.

Yintoni i-UEFI kwaye itshintshe njani?

Ukufika kwe-UEFI kuguqule i-BIOS endala. I-UEFI ayibandakanyi kuphela iimpawu ezintsha, kodwa yazisa inkqubo yokuqalisa ekhuselekileyo, ekhawulezayo, neguquguqukayo. Iinzuzo zayo eziphambili ziquka inkxaso yeediski ezinkulu, i-ESP (i-EFI System Partition) inkqubo yokwahlula, kunye nokukwazi ukuqhuba. EFI izicelo yangaphandle, imisebenzi eyandisiweyo kunye nesetingi eziphambili ngakumbi kune-BIOS yemveli inokuze ibonelele.

Kwakhona, I-UEFI ivumela inkqubo yokusebenza ukuba ibe nolawulo oluthile lokuqalela. kunye nolawulo lwe-firmware nakwinkqubo ngokwayo, eququzelelayo, umzekelo, ukuqalisa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-firmware setup ngaphandle kokucofa ngokukhawuleza isitshixo esithile ngexesha lokuqalisa.

Inkqubo yokuQalisa kwiinkqubo zangoku zeLinux

Ukuqalisa inkqubo yeLinux yinkqubo eyakhiwe ngokwezigaba ezininzi:

• I-Firmware (i-BIOS/UEFI): iqala kwaye ijonga i-hardware.
• Umlayishi we-boot (njenge-GRUB2): ilayisha inkqubo ye-kernel kunye ne-initramfs/initrd.
• Ukuqaliswa kwenkqubo: Ngokusebenzisa i-systemd kuninzi lwangoku losasazo, ilawula inkqubo kunye neenkonzo zabasebenzisi kunye neeyunithi.

Kumatshini we-UEFI, yonke into iqala nge-firmware efunda isahlulelo se-ESP. ukufumana umlayishi wesiqalo. Nje ukuba i-kernel ilayishiwe, i-systemd ivuliwe njenge-PID 1, inkqubo yomzali yazo zonke iinkonzo.

systemd, systemctl kunye nofikelelo lwe-firmware

I-systemd ngoku isiqalisi esingagqibekanga kunye nenkqubo yolawulo lwenkonzo kunikezelo oluninzi lweLinux (Debian, Ubuntu, Arch, Fedora, njl.).

Umyalelo systemctl reboot --firmware-setup ivumela, kwiikhompyuter ezixhaswayo, ukuqalisa ngokuthe ngqo inkqubo yokufaka uqwalaselo lwe-UEFI firmware, ngaphandle kokucofa naziphi na izitshixo ezingaqhelekanga okanye ukuphazamisa ukuqalisa.

Ayizizo zonke izixhobo ezixhasa eli nqaku. Kuxhomekeke kuphunyezo lwe-firmware kunye nokuba unikezelo lwakho kunye ne-kernel ziye zahlanganiswa kunye nokhetho olwenziweyo. Nangona kunjalo, luphuculo olukhulu malunga nokusebenziseka kunye nokufikeleleka.

Amanyathelo okufikelela kwiisetingi ze-UEFI firmware ukusuka kwiLinux usebenzisa i-systemctl

Landela la manyathelo ukuqinisekisa ukuba unokufikelela kwisethingi ye-firmware kwiLinux:

1. Qinisekisa ukuba iibhutsi zekhompyuter yakho kwimowudi ye-UEFI. Ungajonga oku ngokubaleka ls /sys/firmware/efi; ukuba umxholo uvela, usebenzisa i-UEFI.
2. vula enye kwisigxina ngamalungelo omphathi. Kuninzi losasazo, ungakwenza oku usebenzisa sudo phambi kwemithetho.
3. Qhuba:

   sudo systemctl reboot --firmware-setup

   Inkqubo kufuneka iqalise kwaye ifake ngokuzenzekelayo isikrini sokuseta i-UEFI firmware.

4. Ukuba umyalelo awusebenzi, i-firmware yakho isenokungayixhasi okanye i-kernel/unikezelo lwakho lusenokungabi lixesha. Nceda ujonge amaxwebhu athile ebhodi yakho kwaye ucinge ngokunyusa inkqubo yakho.

Ezinye iindlela zokungena kwi-BIOS/UEFI ukusuka kwiLinux, Windows kunye neMac

Kukho iindlela ezizezinye zokufikelela kwi-firmware, zombini ukusuka kwezinye iisistim ezisebenzayo kunye neendlela zezandla:

• Ukusuka kwiWindows 10/11: Yiya kwiiSetingi → Hlaziya kunye nokhuseleko → UBuyiselo → Ukuqalisa okuNtu. Emva kokuqalisa kwakhona, khetha Troubleshoot → Iinketho eziphambili → Useto lwe-UEFI firmware.
• Ukusuka kwi IMac: Cima ikhompyuter yakho, cofa iqhosha lamandla, kwaye ubambe i-CMD+OPT+O+F ekuqaleni ukuze ufikelele kwi-prompt.
• Indlela yesiko: Cinezela iqhosha elithile ngexesha lokuqalisa (Cima, F2, Esc, F10, njl.), kuxhomekeke kumenzi. Le ndlela isasebenza, kodwa inokusilela ukuba i-boot ikhawuleza kakhulu okanye ukuba une-Fast Boot eyenziwe yasebenza.

Izitshixo eziqhelekileyo zokufikelela kwi-firmware ngokomenzi

• IiClones kunye ne-ASRock, ASUS, Acer, Gigabyte, MSI, Zotac: F2 okanye Cima (Del)
• UDell: F2 okanye F12
• I-HP: F10
• lenovo: Iilaptop: F2/Fn+F2; Iitafile zetafile: F1; IThinkPads: Ngena+F1
• Microsoft Surface: Bamba iVolume +
• Samsung, Toshiba, Sony VAIO: F2 okanye F1 (kuxhomekeke kwimodeli)

Ukuqwalaselwa kunye nemingcipheko ngaphambi kokuhlaziya i-firmware

Ukuhlaziya i-firmware okanye ukukhanya kwe-BIOS / UEFI akukho mngcipheko. Nangona amathuba okonakaliswa kwesixhobo sakho ehla, ukusilela ngexesha lohlaziyo (umzekelo, ukuphuma kombane okungalindelekanga) kunokubangela "izitena", ishiya izixhobo zingasetyenziswa.

Iingcebiso eziphambili ngaphambi kokuphucula:

• Soloko ukhuphela i-firmware kwimithombo esemthethweni okanye kwiwebhusayithi yomenzi wesixhobo sakho. Ungaze uzithembe iifayile zemvelaphi ethandabuzekayo.
• Khangela ukuba i-firmware ikhethekileyo kwimodeli yakho. Ukusebenzisa i-binary engachanekanga kunokubangela ukuba inkqubo ingaqalisi.
• Ukuba kuyenzeka, sebenzisa i-UPS (Ubonelelo lwaMandla olungenamiqathango) xa uhlaziywa ukuphepha iingxaki kwimeko yokucima kombane.
• Gcina useto lwakho.

Indlela yokwazi inguqulelo yangoku ye-firmware yakho

KwiLinux, unokujonga ngokulula inguqulelo yeBIOS/UEFI kunye nolunye ulwazi lwefirmware:

• Izixhobo zomzobo: I-AIDA64, i-CPU-Z, i-CPU-X, i-Hardinfo.
• Ukusuka kwitheminali:
  • I-USA dmidecode -t bios ngolwazi oluneenkcukacha lwe-BIOS/UEFI.
  • I-USA sudo dmesg | grep -i firmware ukukhangela imiyalezo enxulumeneyo.

Hlaziya i-firmware esuka kwiLinux kunye neWindows

Ukusuka kwiWindows

1. Fikelela kwi-firmware (i-BIOS/UEFI) ukuqaphela inguqulelo yangoku.
2. Jonga iwebhusayithi yomenzi ngenguqulelo entsha.
3. Khuphela ifayile yohlaziyo, ngesiqhelo kwifomethi yeZIP.
4. • Ukuba iphunyeziwe: Qhuba inkqubo kwaye ulandele imiyalelo, uvale zonke izicelo kunye ne-antivirus kwangaphambili.
   • Ukuba yifayile ehlaziywayo kwi-UEFI ngokwayo: yikhuphele kwi-USB (ifomathwe kwi I-FAT32), qalisa iPC kwaye usebenzise i-BIOS/UEFI yohlaziyo oluluncedo kwimenyu ehambelanayo.
5. Qalisa kwakhona kwaye uqinisekise ukuba utshintsho lusebenze.

Ukusuka kwi-GNU/Linux

1. Khuphela ifayile ye-firmware kwiwebhusayithi esemthethweni yomenzi (ZIP, umfanekiso okanye ibhinary).
2. Faka i-flashrom ukuba awunayo:

   sudo apt install flashrom

3. Gcina i-firmware yakho yangoku:

   sudo flashrom -p internal -r backup_bios.bin

4. Danyaza i-firmware entsha:

   sudo flashrom -p internal -w firmware_nuevo.bin

5. Qalisa kwakhona inkqubo kwaye ujonge inguqulelo.

Izixhobo ezongezelelweyo ezicetyiswayo: fwupd, BIOSDisk, UEFITool, FWTS.

Uhlaziyo lwe-microcode ye-CPU

I-Microcode yi-firmware yangaphakathi ye-CPU. Inokuhlaziywa ngokuzenzekelayo kunye ne-BIOS/UEFI, ngohlaziyo lwenkqubo yokusebenza, okanye ngeepakethe ezithile.

• Kusasazo I-Debian kunye ne-derivatives:
  • Ye-AMD: faka i-amd64-microcode efanelekileyo
  • ukuba Intel:
• ukuba I-Arch kunye ne-derivatives: O
• ukuba Umnqwazi oBomvu/Fedora/SUSE:

Uhlaziyo lweMicrocode ludla ngokufakelwa ngokuzenzekelayo ngohlaziyo lwenkqubo yokusebenza. Nge-ARM okanye iinkqubo zeRISC-V, nceda uqhagamshelane nenkxaso yomenzi wakho othile.

Ulawulo lweFirmware kunye nezixhobo zokuxilonga

• I-FWTS (I-Firmware Test Suite): ikuvumela ukuba ujonge imeko yezempilo ye-firmware kwaye ubone iimpazamo okanye ukungahambelani.
• UEFITool: iququzelela ukuguqulwa kunye nolawulo lwemifanekiso ye-firmware.
• Journalctl: iluncedo ukudibana ne logs yenkqubo (journalctl -b ukubona isiqalo sokugqibela, okanye journalctl --file=/ruta/var/log/journal/ ukuhlalutya iilog kwiidiski ezinganyuswanga).
• dmesg: ukujonga imiyalezo yesiqalo kunye nemiba enxulumene nehardware kunye ne-firmware. Inketho dmesg --pager inokwenza ngokuzenzekelayo imveliso ibe ngamaphepha.

Qwalasela kwaye uqonde inkqubo yokuqalisa

I-systemd ngumphathi wenkonzo oququzelela inkqubo yokuqalisa ibe ziiyunithi ezibhengezayo kunye nokuxhomekeka, hayi ngokusebenzisa izikripthi zenkqubo ezifana neSysVinit endala.

• Iiyunithi eziphambili bangena /lib/systemd/system y /etc/systemd/system.
• Umyalelo systemctl Isetyenziselwa ukubuza, ukwenza kusebenze, ukumisa kunye nokuqalisa kwakhona iinkonzo, izixhobo, iisokethi kunye neethagethi. Eli nqaku malunga nokuqalisa kabini Kunokuba luncedo ukuqonda indlela yokulawula iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo kwiqela lakho.
• Ukujonga ubume benkonzo (umzekelo, NetworkManager): systemctl status NetworkManager

i-systemd ibonelela ngokuhambelana nemibhalo emidala /etc/init.d/ kwaye ivumela uguqulelo olulula kwiiyunithi zangoku. Ukongeza, ibandakanya iinkqubo eziphambili zokugawulwa kwemithi ngokusebenzisa systemd-intatheli, ukugcina zombini i-kernel kunye neelog zenkonzo.

Eminye imiba ephambili yokuqalisa kunye nolawulo lweemodyuli

Ukuqaliswa kwenkqubo kwakhona kubandakanya ukulayisha iimodyuli ze-kernel. (abaqhubi nabaqhubi) kwinkxaso yehardware:

• imodobe: ikuvumela ukuba ulayishe kwaye ukhuphe iimodyuli ngesandla.
• lsmod: ibonisa iimodyuli ezilayishwe kwindlela.
• imodinfo: inikeza ulwazi oluneenkcukacha malunga nemodyuli ethile.
• Uqwalaselo lolayisho lwemodyuli oluzenzekelayo lulawulwa ngaphakathi /etc/modprobes.d/ y /etc/modules.

Inkqubo ye-udev ibona ngokuzenzekelayo i-hardware kwaye inokulayisha iimodyuli eziyimfuneko.

Ukufikelela kwaye uhlaziye i-firmware yezinye izixhobo (iirutha, abashicileli, njl.)

I-Firmware yeerotha, abashicileli, kunye nezinye izixhobo zihlala zifuna inkqubo yayo yohlaziyo:

1. Chonga i-IP yesixhobo (ngokuqhelekileyo 192.168.1.1 okanye 192.168.0.1 kuba routers), usebenzisa ipconfig kwiWindows umboniso wendlela ye-ip kwiLinux okanye kwiisetingi zenethiwekhi kwiisistim eziphathwayo.
2. Ngena ngegama lomsebenzisi elihambelanayo kunye negama lokugqitha (elihlala lifumaneka kwileyibhile phantsi kwesixhobo okanye njengamaxabiso angagqibekanga avela kumenzi).
3. Kwiphepha leseto, khangela icandelo elithi "Uhlaziyo lweFirmware" okanye okufanayo.
4. Khuphela i-firmware ethile kwimodeli yakho kwiwebhusayithi esemthethweni, uyivule ukuba yiZIP, kwaye usebenzise inketho ethi "Khangela/Hlaziya" ukuyilayisha.
5. Lindela inkqubo ukugqiba kwaye uqale isixhobo sakho ukuba kuyimfuneko.
6. Khangela inguqulelo firmware emva kwenkqubo.

Abavelisi abaninzi banikezela ngezixhobo ezithile okanye amaziko esoftware ukuququzelela uhlaziyo. kunye nolawulo lwabaqhubi kunye ne-firmware kwizixhobo zakho.

Ukhuseleko lwenkqubo kunye nokugcinwa emva kohlaziyo

Emva kwe-firmware, i-BIOS / UEFI, okanye uhlaziyo lwe-microcode, yinto efanelekileyo ukujonga ukuba inkqubo ibhoti ngokuchanekileyo kwaye akukho zilumkiso okanye iimpazamo kwiilogi. I-USA dmesg y journalctl ukujonga izilumkiso ezinokubakho. Ukuba ubona iingxaki, zama ukubuyisela i-firmware yangaphambili kwi-backup yakho.

Ulawulo lweFirmware kunye ne-microcode kunye nohlaziyo kwiLinux luhambele phambili kakhulu, luvumela abasebenzisi ukuba bagcine iinkqubo zabo zikhuselekile kwaye zisexesheni besebenzisa izixhobo kunye nemiyalelo eyongezelelekileyo nefikelelekayo. Inkxaso ye-systemd kunye ne-systemctl yenze kube lula ukongeza iimpawu ezazifuna ngaphambili iindlela zezandla okanye ukuqalisa kwakhona, ukugcina ixesha kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko kwinkqubo.

Inqaku elidibeneyo:

Ukuvula kabini iiWindows kunye neLinux: Ungayikhetha njani iNkqubo yokuSebenza eMiselweyo

UIsake

Umbhali onomdla malunga nehlabathi le-bytes kunye netekhnoloji ngokubanzi. Ndiyakuthanda ukwabelana ngolwazi lwam ngokubhala, kwaye yile nto ndiza kuyenza kule bhlog, ndikubonise zonke izinto ezinomdla malunga nezixhobo, isoftware, ihardware, iindlela zetekhnoloji, kunye nokunye. Injongo yam kukukunceda uhambe kwihlabathi ledijithali ngendlela elula neyonwabisayo.