- I-euro yedijithali ithembisa ukusebenza kakuhle kunye neendleko eziphantsi, kodwa ibeka emngciphekweni wobumfihlo, ulawulo, kunye nokuchithwa kwebhanki.
- Uyilo lwayo (imida yebhalansi, akukho mvuzo, ubumfihlo bezobugcisa) ibalulekile kwaye isashiya imibuzo ekhathaza abemi kunye neebhanki.
- Kukho iindlela ezizezinye: iintlawulo zangoko nangoko ze-pan-European, ukhuphiswano kunye nolawulo lwetekhnoloji ngaphandle kokuncama imali okanye ukufakwa kwindawo enye okugqithisileyo.
Ingxoxo-mpikiswano malunga ne-euro yedijithali ingene kwincoko kawonkewonke ngamandla angalindelekanga, ifaka abaxhasi bokuphuculwa kweentlawulo kwabo boyika ukukhukuliseka ekulawuleni nasekuphulukaneni nenkululeko. Embindini wale mpikiswano kukho ukungavisisani phakathi kobuchule kunye nobumfihlo.: isithembiso seentlawulo ezikhawulezileyo nezitshiphu ngokuthelekiswa ne umngcipheko wokucupha kunye nokubekwa ndawonye kwamandla emali.
Uninzi lokungoneliseki koluntu luvela kwimvakalelo ye ukukhawulezisa ukulawula kunye nokungabikho kwempendulo ezilula kwimibuzo esemthethweni. Imiba efana nokuba ngubani ozakubona iintengiselwano zethu, yeyiphi imida yebhalansi eya kubakho, okanye ingaba imali iya kuphulukana nendawo yayo Zihlala zivulekile, kunye nendlela iinkcukacha eziqulunqwe ngayo ziya kwenza umehluko phakathi kokuphuculwa okuluncedo kwinkqubo yokuhlawula kunye nesixhobo sokulawula esinemiphumo engalindelekanga.
Yintoni i-euro yedijithali ngokwenene kwaye yintoni engeyiyo
Imali yedijithali yebhanki ephakathi, okanye i-CBDC, ayifani nemali yabucala ye-elektroniki esele siyisebenzisa yonke imihla ngamakhadi, apps okanye ukudluliselwa. I-euro yedijithali iya kuba lityala elithe ngqo kwi-European Central Bank.Iza kufumaneka kumntu ngamnye kunye namashishini kwaye iya kujikeleza ecaleni kwamaphepha ebhanki kunye neengqekembe zemali: i-euro yedijithali e-1 ilingana ne-euro e-1 yomzimba. Ayiyi kuba yimveliso yokonga okanye utyalo-mali; eneneni, yenzelwe ukuba ingabinanzala ukuthintela ukhuphiswano ngeedipozithi zebhanki.
Uyilo oluphononongwe yi-Eurosystem lucinga ngemodeli enongenelelo: I-ECB ayifuni ukulawula amakhulu ezigidi zabathengiNgoko ke, iibhanki kunye nabanye ababoneleli baya kuqhubeka nokubonelela ngoluhlu lwenkonzo. Ngaphaya koko, umsebenzi uyaqhubeka kwiintlawulo ezisebenza ngaphandle kwe-intanethi kunye neendlela ezizenzekelayo zokuzalisa kunye nezongezelelo ukuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa ngokungenamthungo nokuba kukho umda wokubamba.
Loo mda wokulinganisela ungundoqo ekunciphiseni iingozi kwiibhanki zorhwebo. Umda ngomntu ngamnye kunye nemithetho yokudluliselwa ngokuzenzekelayo iye yaqwalaselwa.Ukuba ufumana intlawulo ekutyhala ngaphezu komda, i-excess iya kuya kwi-akhawunti yentlawulo edibeneyo; ukuba ufuna ukuhlawula ngaphaya kwebhalansi yakho yedijithali, ukongezwa kwangaphambili kuya kusombulula ukungafani. Injongo echaziweyo yeyokuba kungabikho mntu uya kukhatywa intlawulo ngokugqitha kumda.
Omnye umba obuthathaka kukucwangcisa. Amaxwebhu asemthethweni kunye neengcaciso zibhekiselele kwimisebenzi yokuzikhethela kunye nelinganiselweyo. Ingqikelelo yemali ecwangcisekileyo, imihla yokuphelelwa, okanye iintlawulo ezinemiqathango Iza kuvula ibhokisi yezixhobo ezinamandla zokusetyenziswa kweshishini, kodwa ikwaphakamisa iinkxalabo malunga nokubanakho ukunqanda inkululeko ukuba umda wayo wandiswa ngamaxesha "wongxamiseko" okanye engxakini.
Kutheni kuqhambuka ingxoxo yabemi kunye nezopolitiko?
Kwintetho yesidlangalala, iimbono eziphikisanayo ziyabonakala. Abanye, emva kokuva amagosa ebhanki ephakathi ekhusela iprojekthi, bayavumelana neengxoxo zabo, kodwa badibana nenkcaso enkulu kwicandelo lezimvo. Ukusabela koluntu kuxuba iinkxalabo malunga nemfihlo kunye noloyiko lokonyuka kolawuloNgelixa ugxeka ukungxama kweziko ukutyhala isixhobo esingekacaci kubasebenzisi abaninzi.
Kukho abemi "abasebenzayo" abathi, nangona bekhusela izibophelelo zokwamkela imali engamaphepha kunye neengqekembe, bavume ukuba i-euro yedijithali inokusombulula iingxaki zemali ye-elektroniki yangoku: ukuxhomekeka okuncinci kwi-oligopoly yebhanki kunye nothungelwano lwekhadiIintlawulo ezincitshisiweyo kunye nokungqubuzana, kunye nokuphela kwemvakalelo yokuba iidiphozithi zibolekwa emva komqolo wakho ngaphandle kokubeka iliso. Nangona kunjalo, balumkisa ukuba idijithali, ngokuyila, ayinakuze ibe yimfihlo njengemali.
Oku kuphakamisa umbuzo ongathandekiyo: ukuba i-euro yedijithali ithembisa ukunciphisa iindleko kunye nokuvula ukhuphiswano, kutheni kukho ukuchasana kwentlalo? Abaninzi boyika ukubekw’ esweni ngezimali, ukusetyenziswa kwezakhono ze inkqubo ukucutha inkcitho okanye ukumisela imihla yokuphelelwa, kunye ne-backdoor yokwandisa imali ngokudlula iitshekhi kunye neebhalansi zenkqubo yebhanki. Abanye bakrokrela impembelelo yamaqonga etekhnoloji amakhulu kunye ne-centralization ekunzima ukuyibuyisela umva.
Ipolitiki ayithathi cala nalapha. Oorhulumente abathile kunye namaqela ezopolitiko abonise inkxaso eqinile kunye ne-vetoesNgeenkokeli ezigxeka ii-CBDCs njenge "ubuzwilakhe bezemali" kunye nolawulo lokumisa izithintelo zomthetho, abaxhasi beli nyathelo bathi iYurophu ayinakho ukukwazi ukubuya emva kobuso bedijithali yehlabathi, nangona uqoqosho oluphambili olufana neSwitzerland kunye ne-UK likhethe ukulumka.
Izibonelelo ezibalelwa kuyo: ukusebenza kakuhle, iindleko kunye nokubandakanywa
Abakhuthazi balatha kwiingenelo ezibonakalayo. Eyokuqala kukusebenza kakuhle. Iintlawulo ezikufutshane, ezifumaneka kuyo yonke indawo ye-euro, ehlanganiswe kwiifowuni eziphathwayo kunye nee -appsKwaye ngenkxaso yokusebenza ngaphandle kweintanethi, bathembisa ukuphucuka kokwenyani kudluliselo lwemveli olusathatha iiyure okanye iintsuku kwiimeko ezithile.
Ngokweendleko, ukulindela kucacile: ukuba inxalenye yentengiselwano iqhutywe kwi-a amaziko oluntu, Iileyile zongenelelo kunye neentlawulo zenethiwekhi zabucala ziyancitshiswaIindleko zentlalo zemali (ukushicilela, uthutho, ukugcinwa) nazo ziyehla, njengoko amashishini kunye nabemi befumana iindlela zokuhlawula ezingabizi kwaye ziqikelelwe ngakumbi.
Ukubandakanywa kwezemali yenye intsika. Intlawulo yedijithali efikeleleka jikelele, exhaswa yibhanki enguvimba, Kuya kuvumela ukuthatha inxaxheba kuqoqosho lwedijithali ngaphandle kokuxhomekeka kumaziko abucala.ingakumbi emaphandleni okanye kumaqela anofikelelo olunciphayo kwiinkonzo zebhanki. Umceli mngeni kukuqinisekisa ukuba uyilo lwayo alubakhupheli ngaphandle abo bangazisebenzisi rhoqo ii-smartphones okanye i-intanethi.
Kukhuseleko, uyilo luyacelwa nge uguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo olukwinqanaba eliphezulu kunye noqinisekiso. Injongo kukunyusa umgangatho ngokuchasene nobuqhetseba kunye nohlaselo lwe-cyber.Ukubonelela ngempahla yentlawulo yoluntu eyomeleleyo. Ngaphaya koko, njengemali yebhanki enguvimba, iya kusebenza njenge-ankile ngamaxesha obunzima, igcine ukuqhubeka kweentlawulo ukuba ii-nodes kwinkqubo yabucala ziyasilela.
Abaxhasi bongeza ukuba i-euro yedijithali inokunyusa ukutsha. I-Fintechs, iibhanki, kunye nabaphuhlisi banokuthatha ithuba leeleya ezintsha zeziseko ezingundoqo ukudala iinkonzo, ukukhuphisana kunye nokubonelela ngezisombululo ezingcono zokuqokelela, ikhredithi okanye ukugcinwa kwentengiselwano, ukuqhuba idijithali yelaphu elivelisayo.
Okokugqibela, i-angle yomgaqo-nkqubo wemali iyaqwalaselwa. Izixhobo zokusasazwa ngokuthe ngqo kwe-stimulus okanye ugqithiso olusulungekileyo lwamazinga enzala, Nangona bephikisana, baya kunika i-ECB izixhobo ezongezelelweyo.Apha, nangona kunjalo, izilumkiso ziyavumelana: ukuba zisetyenziswe kakubi, ezi zixhobo zinokucinezela inkululeko okanye zijike imarike yetyala.
Imingcipheko kunye neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga: ubumfihlo, ukubek' iliso, kunye neebhanki
Ujongene nomfanekiso wenzuzo, izilumkiso zicacile. Ngokungafaniyo nemali, yonke intengiselwano yedijithali ishiya umkhondo. I-CBDC inika igunya lezemali ukufikelela ngokupheleleyo kunye nokuthe ngqo kwiintlawulo kunye neebhalansiOku kunokuvumela ukuba kubekwe esweni okanye kuthintelwe indlela yokuziphatha kwezemali ebonakala ingafanelekanga. Imbali yolawulo "olukhethekileyo" ngamaxesha obunzima ibangela ukungathembani.
Programmability yongeza omnye umaleko olubuthathaka: iintlawulo ezinemiqathango, imida yosetyenziso ngokodidi, kwanemihla yokuphelelwa. Nangona kuthenjiswa ukusetyenziswa okuthintelweyo kwicandelo leshishiniUbukho nje besakhono sobugcisa buvula umnyango wokwandiswa kwexesha elizayo. Abo boyika ulawulo lukarhulumente bakubona oku njengesandulela sokuhlolwa kwezemali, nokuba zingaphi izikhuselo ezibhengeziweyo.
Kwinqanaba le-macro, inkxalabo kukuba i-euro yedijithali iya kutshabalalisa iitshekhi zendabuko kunye neebhalansi. Ukuba ibhanki ephakathi inokwandisa unikezelo lwemali ngokudlula abalamliImida kwinkxaso-mali yenkcitho kawonke-wonke inokuba buthathaka, kunye nemingcipheko yokunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye nokuziphatha kakuhle kwezemali. Ityala labucala nalo lisenokugxothwa, kwaye ukungenelela kweebhanki kusenokuchaphazeleka.
Kwiibhanki zorhwebo, ukubetha kuya kuba kabini. Ngamaxesha aqhelekileyo, ezinye iintlawulo kunye neediphozithi ziya kufudukela kwi-asethi engenamngcipheko egcinwe luluntu, ukunciphisa ingeniso evela kwiikhomishini kunye nolwazi lwabathengi ifanelekile ekuboneleleni ngetyala. Ngamaxesha oxinzelelo, indawo yokusabela kwii-akhawunti zebhanki ephakathi iya kukhawulezisa ukuphuma kwediphozithi, iqhube ibhanki yedijithali kunye nobungozi bozinzo.
Kukwakho ne-engile yokhuphiswano kunye nokuzimela. Ukwenziwa kwedijithali kuthambekele kwiimodeli "zokuphumelela-zithatha zonke", ngakumbi xa amaqonga ehlabathi elawula ujongano lwentlawulo. Ukuba iYurophu ixhomekeke kwiiteknoloji ezingezizo zaseYurophu ukuqhuba imali yayo yedijithaliUkuzimela okunqwenelwa kakhulu kunokuba sesichengeni. Kwaye, ukuba uyilo lutyhala kwi-centralization engaphezulu, kukho umngcipheko wokuthintela ukhuphiswano endaweni yokulukhuthaza.
Imeko yezopolitiko ayincedi. Imiyalezo emalunga nokukhawuleza kuba "idemokhrasi iyacotha" ivelise umva. Ukungxama kwezomthetho, kwimeko yeentsilelo ezinkulu kunye noxinzelelo lwamatyala Kwamanye amazwe, oku kuphembelela ukurhanelwa ukuba kuzanywa indlela enqumlayo ukuze kuxhaswe imali kawonke-wonke. Abaninzi bakhumbula iziqendu zenzala engalunganga kunye nokuthengwa kwe-asethi enkulu esele icinezele isigunyaziso sozinzo.
Yintoni ethethwa ngabalawuli: umtyholi ukwiinkcukacha
Phakathi kwabayili beprojekthi, kukho ugxininiso olunamandla kuyilo njengento emisela umphumo kwisiphumo. Imithombo engaphakathi kwe-ECB igxininise ukuba eyona njongo iphambili iya kuba ukudibanisa ukhuseleko lwemali yebhanki ephakathi kunye nokulula kwendlela yedijithali, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukhetho lwabasebenzisi, kodwa ukunyamekela ukuba ungaphambanisi inkqubo yezemali.
Ezona "zikhuselo" zikhankanywa rhoqo ziliqela. Ukunciphisa inani lomsebenzisi ngamnye anokuba nalo ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-CBDC ayisosithuthi sotyalo-mali; ukwazisa imivuzo emiselweyo kunye nezohlwayo ezingaphezu kweemali ezithile; ukuqinisekisa ukuba iibhanki kunye neePSPs zilawula ubudlelwane babathengi; kunye nokomeleza ubumfihlo bobugcisa ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba elivunyelwe yimithetho echasene nokuthutyeleziswa kwemali.
Imingcipheko yamazwe ngamazwe nayo iyaphawulwa. Iyuro yedijithali enolwelo oluphezulu nefikelelekayo inokusetyenziswa ngokungalungelelanisiyo ngabatyali-zimali bangaphandle. kwizothuso zehlabathi, ukuhambahamba okwandisiweyo kunye noxinzeleloNgoko ke, kucetywayo ukuthintela ukuba isebenze njenge-asethi ekhuselekileyo yabantu abangengabo abahlali kwaye igxininise kwiintlawulo zokuthengisa.
Ngokubhekiselele kubumfihlo, umyalezo osemthethweni ngomnye wokhuseleko oluphuculweyo, kunye nokungaziwa okunxulumene neentlawulo ezincinci kunye naphantsi kolawulo olungqongqo lokufikelela kwidatha. Nangona kunjalo, ngokwenkcazo, inkqubo yedijithali ishiya imethadathaKwaye intembeko yokuthembela kwizithembiso zexesha elizayo iyangqubana namava okwandiswa kwemithetho emva "kokungakhethwanga" okuba yinto eqhelekileyo.
Ukukhusela imali kunye neenkxalabo zentlalo
Imibutho yabathengi kunye namaqonga axhasa imali-mali anyuse umgangatho wokuhlolwa. Uphando lwakutsha nje lubonisa ukuba uninzi lwamazwe afana neSpain iyala ukuphunyezwa okukhawulezileyo kweyuro yedijithalikanye ngenxa yamathandabuzo malunga nenjongo yayo, iziqinisekiso zenkululeko kunye nemfihlo, nangenxa yoloyiko lokuba imali iya kuphulukana nomhlaba ekusebenzeni.
Amaqela afana noDenaria agxininisa ukuba ikheshi asiyonto nje yokucinga, kodwa yintsika yokubandakanywa. Abantu abadala, abantu abakhubazekileyo, abahlali beendawo ezingenabantu okanye abafazi basemaphandleni Baxhomekeke kuyo ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kubomi bezoqoqosho. Ukulahleka kwamasebe kunye nee-ATM kuyayenza mandundu le ngxaki, kwaye ezinye iindlela ziyakhuthazwa ukugcina imali engamaphepha neengqekembe zemali zifikeleleka kuthungelwano olubanzi lwelizwe.
Imida ethintelweyo kwiintlawulo zemali nayo iyagxekwa, njengeentlawulo ezisezantsi kakhulu kumazwe athile okanye uthintelo kwirenti. amanyathelo athathwa njengocalucalulo nangasebenziyo ngokuchasene nobuqhophololoIdatha ye-Cybercrime ibonisa ukuba ubuqhophololo obukhulu buyenzeka kwiindawo zedijithali, ngoko ke ukudibanisa imali kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho kuya kuba yinto yakudala.
Ngokwale mbono, iyuro yedijithali iya kwamkeleka kuphela ukuba isemthethweni kunye noyilo kuqinisekisa ubumfihlo obuqinileyo, inkululeko yokuzikhethela, kunye nokuphathwa ngokulinganayo ngemaliKungenjalo, ubulumko bubongozwa, imihla ebekiweyo kufuneka ilibaziseke, kwaye iziseko zokuhlawula ezikhoyo kufuneka zomelezwe kuqala ukusombulula iingxaki zokwenyani ngaphandle kokudala ezinkulu.
Izifundo zamazwe ngamazwe: ubulumko kwiidemokhrasi eziphambili
Ukujonga phesheya, iimbekiselo zixela. EUnited States, le ngxoxo-mpikiswano yajika yaba kukukrokra okubanzi malunga nombono we-CBDC. kunye namanyathelo owiso-mthetho okunciphisa okanye ukuthintela ukukhutshwa kwawo neenkokeli zobupolitika eziye zayichaza njengesisongelo kwinkululeko yemali. Enyanisweni, inkqubo iye yakhetha ukomeleza ukhuphiswano lwabucala kunye neentlawulo ezikhawulezileyo.
ISwitzerland, kunye nesiko layo lokufihla ibhanki kunye nokuzimela, ikhethe ukungaqalisi i-franc yedijithali yokuthengisa. I-UK ifunda iponti yedijithali ngaphandle kokungxama.Ukulinganisa imingcipheko kunye neendlela zokukhusela. Ezi meko zibonisa ukuba ukusungula izinto ezintsha akufuni kungxama kwaye ukukhusela imali kunokuhamba kunye neentlawulo ezenziwa mihla le.
I-China isebenza njengesilumkiso kwabo babeka phambili inkululeko yoluntu. Apho, iyuan yedijithali inika urhulumente ukufikelela okungazange kubonwe ngaphambili kwiintengiselwano. ngokukwazi ukuvuza okanye ukohlwaya ukuziphathaNangona iYurophu igxininisa ekukhuseleni okunamandla ngakumbi, umfanekiso wenkqubo yolawulo lwentlalo unzima kakhulu kwimbono yoluntu.
Into ebendinokuyilungisa nendingenako ukuyilungisa: ukucima ukungaqondi
I-euro yedijithali eyilwe kakuhle inokunciphisa iintlawulo, ukwandisa iinketho, kunye nokunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwi-oligopolies yangasese. Kuyenzeka ukuba ibeke uxinzelelo olusezantsi kwiikomishini kwaye iphucule ukuqokelela.Ngelixa unikezela ngeankile yoluntu yokomelela, ayizukuguqula imali yedijithali ibe yinto yabucala njengemali: ukulandeleka, nangona kuncinci, kusekho.
Kananjalo ayisayi kuzisombulula ngokwayo iingxaki zesakhiwo kwicandelo lezemali, ezifana nemfuno yomanyano lwebhanki olupheleleyo okanye inkqubo-sikhokelo efanayo yezemali. Ukuba inkuthazo yecandelo lebhanki ayihoywa kwaye iziphumo kwityala zijongelwa phantsiIsicombululo sinokudala iingxaki ezintsha: inkxaso-mali encinci yeentsapho kunye namashishini, ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwiingxaki, kunye nomgaqo-mali onezilingo zongenelelo.
Kwabo boyika ukuba imali yabo iya "kubolekwa ngasemva," i-CBDC isusa umngcipheko weqela lebhanki kwiqhekeza ledijithali abayibambe njengebhalansi. Kodwa olo xolo luza kwiindleko zenkqubo. Ukuba isasazeka, imida kunye nezithintelo ziyavela, ezithi zinciphise ezinye zezibheno ezibonwa ekuqaleni.
Umbhali onomdla malunga nehlabathi le-bytes kunye netekhnoloji ngokubanzi. Ndiyakuthanda ukwabelana ngolwazi lwam ngokubhala, kwaye yile nto ndiza kuyenza kule bhlog, ndikubonise zonke izinto ezinomdla malunga nezixhobo, isoftware, ihardware, iindlela zetekhnoloji, kunye nokunye. Injongo yam kukukunceda uhambe kwihlabathi ledijithali ngendlela elula neyonwabisayo.