VirtualBox: Tilmaamaha Dhameystiran ee Noocyada Shabakadda, Isticmaalka, iyo Khiyaamooyinka

Fahmidda sida mashiinnada dalwaddu u xidhmaan Waxay ka dhigaysaa farqiga u dhexeeya shaybaadhka si sax ah u shaqeeya marka ugu horeysa iyo saacadaha tijaabada iyo khaladka. VirtualBox waxay bixisaa dhowr habab shabakadeed, adapters, iyo doorashooyin horumarsan kuwaas oo kuu oggolaanaya inaad ka mid noqoto wax walba laga bilaabo shabakad guri fudud ilaa bay'ad adag oo leh router, adeegayaal, iyo kala qaybin.

Tilmaamahan waxaad ka heli doontaa sharraxaad cad oo qoto dheer nooc kasta oo ka mid ah shabakadaha VirtualBox, sida iyo goorta loo isticmaalo, tusaaleyaal leh gudbinta dekedaha, tabaha waxqabadka, cilad-saarka, iyo astaamo dheeri ah si aad VM-yadaadu u dhaqmaan sida kombuyuutarrada dhabta ah, laakiin leh ilaalin buuxda iyo xakameyn.

Waa maxay VirtualBox iyo sababta shabakadaadu muhiim u tahay

VirtualBox waa nooca 2 hypervisor taasi waxay ka tarjumaysaa nidaamyada hawlgalka dhamaystiran oo ku saabsan kombayutarka aad martida u tahay (Windows, Linux, macOS, Solaris), oo leh dheelitirnaan aad u wanaagsan oo u dhexeeya fududaynta isticmaalka iyo awoodda. Waad ku mahadsan tahay hababka isku xirka, waxaad ku xiri kartaa VM-yada midba midka kale, martigeliyaha, iyo internetka siyaabo kala duwan, taas oo fure u ah tijaabinta, tababarka, horumarinta, iyo jilitaanka kaabayaasha.

Marka lagu daro "shirka" nidaamka hawlgalka martidaVirtualBox waxay kuu oggolaaneysaa inaad xirto VM-yada, qaado sawir-qaadista, wadaagto faylalka, oo aad u isticmaasho kordhinta USB 2.0/3.0 ama RDP, taasoo wax walba ka dhigaysa shaqada shaybaadhka ilaa xaalado ganacsi oo aad u adag.

Faa'iidooyinka iyo khasaarooyinka VirtualBox

Faa'iidooyinka muuqda taas oo ka dhigaysa VirtualBox doorasho aad loo jecel yahay: waa bilaash, iskutallaabta, fududahay in la habeeyo, la jaan qaada VT-x iyo AMD‑V, waxay taageertaa Ku-darka Martida, waxay taageertaa CPU/RAM/ disks/habaynta shabakada iyo xitaa USB 3.0 oo leh Xidhmada Dheeraynta.

• Qiimaha: bilaash ah oo lagala soo bixi karo website-ka rasmiga ah.
• U hoggaansanaanta: Waxay ka shaqeysaa Windows, Linux, macOS (oo leh nuances), oo waxay waddaa marti kala duwan.
• Ku beddelashada VMwareAwood u leh inuu furo mashiinnada VMDK iyo OVF/OVA oo leh qaabayn habboon.
• Waxqabad macquul ah iyada oo la kaashanayo muuqalada hardware (VT-x/AMD-V).
• Ku darista martidaisku dhafka mouse/keyboard, xaraash, galalka la wadaago, muuqaal wanaagsan.
• Shakhsi ahaaneed of hardware Virtual: networks, disks, RAM, CPU, 3D iyo in ka badan.

Khasaaraha in la tixgeliyoWaxqabadka xoogaa ka hooseeya xalalka dhamaadka-sare, xawli gaabis ah oo cusub oo la sii daayo, xoogaa khilaaf ah oo leh garaafyada 3D ee dalbanaya, interface waa loo horumarin karaa bilawga, iyo taageero ganacsi oo qoto dheer oo ka yar beddelka ganacsiga.

Shuruudaha qalabka iyo diyaarinta

• CPU oo leh VT-x/AMD-V Dhab ahaantii waxay lagama maarmaan u tahay waxqabadka wanaagsan. sharad on processor-yada casriga ah ee Intel ama AMD oo hubi firfircoonida wax-qabadka ee BIOS/UEFI.
• Xusuusta RAM oo ku filan Waa muhiim: u bannee meel nidaamka martida loo yahay. Hage ahaan, ha u qoondayn in ka badan 50-60% wadarta RAM VM-yadaada, oo u hagaaji sida ku habboon.
• Kaydinta soomi waxay si weyn u wanaajisaa waayo-aragnimada: isticmaalka SSD mar kasta oo ay suurtogal tahay. Waxaad u hibayn kartaa saxan kaliya VM-yada iyo cabbirka saxannada farsamada ee ku salaysan isticmaalka dhabta ah.
• Shabakadda la hagaajiyay iyo software-ka martida loo yahay: Hayso darawalada/firmware-ka casriyeysan, xadid geedi socodka aan loo baahnayn, oo ka fiirso u haysashada xajmiyeedka VM-yada muhiimka ah haddii muuqaalkaagu u baahan yahay.

Astaamaha muhiimka ah ee noloshaada kuu sahlaya

• snapshots (Snapshots): Badbaadiso xaaladda VM oo kuu oggolow inaad dib u rogo ka dib tijaabada dhibta leh, cusboonaysiinta, ama rakibidda.
• Faylasha wadaaga: Kala beddela faylasha u dhexeeya martigeliyaha iyo martida iyada oo aan la dejin adeegyada shabakadda, oo leh ku habboonaansho iyo ammaan weyn.
• Xirmo Dheeraad ah: Wuxuu sahlayaa USB 2.0/3.0, RDP, iyo qalab dheeraad ah; lama huraan ah haddii aad la shaqaynayso meelo gaar ah.
• Isdhexgalka arjiga: lance apps ka martida ka menu martida loo yahay oo isticmaal Habka dareeraha si aad ugu qasto daaqadaha martida ee miiskaaga.
• Taageerada 3D (karti)

Noocyada adabtarka iyo waafaqid

VM kasta waxa uu lahaan karaa ilaa 8 NICs ah (4 lagu hagaajin karo interface-ka garaafyada). Iyadoo CLI VBoxManage modifyvm Waxaad awood u siinaysaa adapters badan oo si fiican u habayn faahfaahin kasta oo network.

Qaababka NIC ee Virtual La heli karo oo inta badan la isticmaalo: AMD PCnet (Am79C970A/FAST III), Intel PRO/1000 (82540EM/82543GC/82545EM) iyo virtio-net paravirtualized waxqabadka ugu sarreeya (waxay u baahan tahay darawallada martida).

• AMD PCnet-PCI II (Am79C970A): Faa'iido u leh martida ka weyn; waxaa ka maqan darawalo u dhashay Windows-ka casriga ah.
• AMD PCnet-Fast III (Am79C973): aad ula jaanqaadi kara, xitaa maamulayaasha kabaha shabakad ahaan.
• Intel PRO/1000 MT/T/MT Server: Aad ugu fiican Windows Vista iyo ka dib iyo inta badan Linux.
• virtio-netWaxqabadka la hagaajiyay iyadoo laga fogaanayo ku dayashada adag; ku rakib darawalada virtIO (Linux 2.6.25+ iyo Windows, xitaa noocyadii hore) si ay u shaqeyso.

meeraha jumboTaageero xaddidan. Ku isticmaal kuwan ku-adkayaasha Intel ee qaabka Bridge; Adabiyeyaasha AMD-ku-salaysan ma taageeraan iyaga oo si aamusnaan ah u daadiya baakadaha waaweyn.

Habka dhileysiga Wixii hanti-dhawrka iyo tijaabinta: Diid (default), Oggolow VM-yada, ama Oggolow Dhammaan. Laga heli karo Buundada, Shabakadda NAT, Shabakadda Gudaha, iyo Marti-geliyaha Keliya; Ogsoonow in inta badan Wi-Fi-ga jireed uusan taageerin sinada dhabta ah.

Qaababka shabakada ee VirtualBox

Adapter kasta oo ku jira VM wuxuu isticmaali karaa hal qaab. kala duwan. Tani waxay kuu ogolaanaysaa, tusaale ahaan, inaad haysato hal adabtarada NAT ee gelitaanka interneedka iyo adabtarada kale ee Host-Only ee maamulka.

Kuma xirna

Ku rakib NIC-ga "aan la xirin"., sidii adigoo ka saaraya fiilada. Faa'iido u leh imtixaannada goynta la kantaroolo iyada oo aan la lumin kaarka martida ee goobaha IP-ga.

NAT

Waa qaabka caadiga ahVM-ka waxaa loo sii marinayaa LAN/Internetka kadib turjumaad uu sameeyay matoorka NAT gudaha ah; Xidhiidhada dibadda ee VM-kaas lama bilaabi karo ilaa aad habayso gudbinta dekedda.

Cinwaanada ugu talagalka ah NAT: VM-gu waxa uu caadi ahaan helaa 10.0.2.15/24 iyada oo loo sii marayo DHCP gudaha; albaabku waa 10.0.2.2. Tani lagama beddeli karo GUI oo waa ka go'doonsan tahay VM kasta (marti kasta "waxay arkaysaa" NAT gaar ah).

Dhaqdhaqaaqa CLI: VBoxManage modifyvm NOMBRE_VM --nic1 nat Adapter-ka ugu horreeya, ku hagaaji tusaha si waafaqsan adabtarada aad isticmaasho.

Soo gudbinta Dekedda halkii VM laga bilaabo Settings> Network> Sare> Deked gudbinta: lama huraan u ah soo bandhigista adeegyada (SSHHTTP, RDP, iwm.).

Shabakada NAT

Sida router dalwaddii la wadaago koox VM ah. Way is arkaan, galaan shabakadaha jireed/internetka, laakiin ma aqbalaan isku xirka dibadda ee imanaya ilaa ay jiraan xeerar gudbin ah oo lagu qeexay shabakada caalamiga ah ee NAT.

Cinwaanada ugu talagalka ahShabakadda 10.0.2.0/24 oo leh albaabka 10.0.2.1 iyo DHCP ee 10.0.2.3. Waxaad samayn kartaa shabakad kuu gaar ah (tusaale, 192.168.22.0/24) gudaha File> Dookhyada> Shabakadda.

CLI si loo abuuro: VBoxManage natnetwork add --netname natnet1 --network "192.168.22.0/24" --enable. Markaa ku xidh VM: VBoxManage modifyvm NOMBRE_VM --nic1 natnetwork.

Xawilaadda Dekedda Caalamiga ah gudaha Faylka> Dookhyada> Shabakadda> (Shabakaddaada NAT)> Gudbinta Dekedda, oo ka dhaxaysa dhammaan VM-yada ku xidhan shabakaddaas.

Adapter-ka Buundada

VM-gu wuxuu u muuqdaa sidii kombiyuutar kale oo ku yaal LAN-kaaga, iyadoo la isticmaalayo adabtarada jidheed ee martida loo yahay. Waxay ka helaysaa ciwaanka IP-ga ee DHCP ee dhabta ah ama ciwaanka IP-ga ee taagan isla kala duwanaanta cidda martida loo yahay, waana laga heli karaa kombuyuutar kasta oo shabakadda ah.

Ka taxaddar Wi-Fi: Buundada fiilo-la'aanta ah waxay leedahay xaddidaadyo (habka kormeerka ma jiro, ma jiro doorasho shabakad ka timid martida, iwm.). Haddii aad rabto koontarool buuxa, isticmaal USB Wi‑Fi iyo marinka USB ee martida.

Dhiirrigelin Buundada, waxay kuu ogolaaneysaa inaad aragto taraafikada badan ee falanqaynta; u hawlgeli si caddaalad ah iyo halka ay ku habboon tahay sababo ammaan dartood.

Shabakadda gudaha

Shabakadda casriga ah ee go'doonsan inta u dhaxaysa VM-yada leh isla magaca shabakadda gudaha. Ma jiro marin loo galo martigeliyaha, LAN, ama Internetka ilaa aad dejisid router martidaada.

Tusaale router leh laba NIC: VM1 oo leh NIC1= Shabakadda Gudaha (192.168.23.1) iyo NIC2=NAT (10.0.2.15/10.0.2.2). Haddii VM2=192.168.23.2 iyo VM3=192.168.23.3 ay u isticmaalaan 192.168.23.1 albaabkooda, waxay awood u yeelan doonaan in ay galaan bannaanka iyada oo ay uga mahadcelinayaan VM1's NAT (iyaga oo habaynaya, tusaale ahaan, iptables ama xal marin fudud).

Adapter-Kaliya Martigeliyaha

Waxay ku xidhaa VM-yada martida loo yahay shabakad gaar ah. Ma jiro galitaanka internetka keligiis. VirtualBox waxay ku abuurtaa adabtarada dalwadda ah ee martida loo yahay (192.168.56.1 by default) kaas oo u shaqeeya sida beddelka gaarka ah.

Maareynta Maamulaha Shabakadda martida loo yahay (Fayl> Maamulaha Shabakadda Martigelinta): Qeex shabakad, DHCP, iyo shabakado badan oo Host-Kaliya haddii aad u baahan tahay qaybo kala duwan.

Xakamaynta guud

Xaaladaha horumarsan meesha aad ka dooranayso darawaliinta dibadda: UDP Tunnel (isku xidhka VM-yada martigeliyaha kala duwan iyada oo loo marayo shabakad jira) ama VDE (Virtual Distributed Ethernet) ee Linux/FreeBSD, oo badanaa laga soo ururiyo isha.

Shabakadda Cloud

Shaqeynta tijaabada ah looga golleeyahay in lagu xidho VM-yada Oracle Cloud iyo abuurista topologiyada isku-dhafan. Haddii aadan la shaqayn Oracle Cloud, waad ka boodi kartaa hadda.

U soo gudbinta dekeda NAT iyo NAT Network

Soo gudbinta dekeddu waxay joojisaa taraafikada soo socota Iibka/dekedda martida loo yahay ama shabakadda NAT oo u jihaysa VM IP/dekedda, isaga oo u furaya adeegyada gudaha ee dibadda si habaysan.

SSH (tusaale NAT halkii VM)Ka soo qaad martigeliyaha 10.10.10.72, Ubuntu VM ee 10.0.2.15 (NAT). Ku rakib SSH (apt-get install openssh-server), awood PasswordAuthentication yes en /etc/ssh/sshd_config oo dib u bilow /etc/init.d/ssh restart. Gudaha Dejinta> Shabakadda> Sare> Gudbinta Dekeddu ku darso xeerka TCP Host IP 127.0.0.1, Host Port 8022 → Guest IP 10.0.2.15, Martida Port 22; ku xidhidhiyaha si aad 127.0.0.1:8022. Si aad uga hesho LAN, isticmaal Host IP 10.10.10.72 qaanuunka oo ku xidh 10.10.10.72:8022.

HTTP (tusaale ahaan shabakada NAT)Ku rakib Apache (apt-get install apache2) oo iska hubi http://127.0.0.1 gudaha VM. Abuur xeerka TCP Host IP 10.10.10.72, Host Port 8080 → Guest IP 10.0.2.15, Martida Port 80; ka soo gelida kombiyuutar kasta oo ku yaal LAN-ga http://10.10.10.72:8080.

Gudaha NAT Network Deji xeerar heer shabakadeed Faylka> Dookhyada> Shabakadda> Shabakadda NAT kaaga> Gudbinta Dekedda. Fikrad la mid ah, laakiin la wadaago VM-yo badan oo ku xidhan shabakaddaas.

Dhis shaybaaro adag iyo shabakado

VirtualBox waxay ogolaataa ilaa 4 NICs GUI iyo 8 halkii CLI, ku habboon in lagu matalo firewalls, router-ka, adeegayaasha iyo macaamiisha shabakado hoose oo kala duwan, oo leh NAT, Bridge ama Host-Kaliya.

Cloning iyo sawir qaade Dar-dar gelinta meelaha sare ee soo noqnoqda; samee "sawir dahab ah," u kala saar, oo ku dabaq hagaajinta doorka ku salaysan si aad u dejiso shabakadaha daqiiqado gudahood.

Khayraadka iyo miisaankaHaddii martigeliyahaagu uu awood badan yahay ama aad isticmaasho server-ka go'an, waxaad samayn kartaa bey'ado badan oo VM ah si loo tijaabiyo culeyska, ururinta, ama ansaxinta waxqabadka.

Is dhexgalka ka dhexeeya VM-yada iyo martigeliyayaasha Isticmaalka faylalka la wadaago, sabuuradaha, iyo furaha USB-ga, waxay fududaynaysaa maaraynta iyo wadaagga xogta shaybaadhka.

Isku xirka goobahaHaddii aad u baahan tahay inaad ku biirto VM-yada martigaliyayaasha kala duwan, tixgeli UDP Tunnels (darawal guud) ama VPN SDN sida ZeroTier si ay si fudud isugu xidhaan shabakadaha NAT iyo Bridge.

Hagaajinta waxqabadka shabakada

Adabiyeyaasha shabakado badan Waxay kaa caawin karaan isu dheelitirka gaadiidka adeeg ahaan (tusaale, hal NIC oo maamulka ah iyo mid kale oo xog ah), oo ku dhex jira xadka-VM-kiiba.

Xaddid baaxadda Marka la eego VM-yada aan muhiimka ahayn, waxay ka hortagtaa inay buuxiyaan isku xirka, sidaas darteed mudnaanta siinaya daahitaanka-ama adeegyada xasaasiga ah ee bandwidth.

Doorashada habka saxda ah Muhiim: Isku xidhiddu waxay caadi ahaan yaraynaysaa daahitaanka waxayna fududaysaa xidhiidhka tooska ah ee LAN-ka; NAT/Network NAT waxay bixisaa go'doomin iyo fudayd.

Isticmaal virtio-net marka martidu taageerto darawallada: waxay yaraynaysaa ku dayashada dusha sare waxayna wanaajisaa wax soo saarka.

meeraha jumbo Kaliya leh buundada Intel iyo marka dariiqa oo dhan ay taageerayaan iyaga; Haddii kale, gab iyaga si aad uga fogaato khasaaraha aamusan.

Xallinta dhibaatooyinka caadiga ah

VM ma laha shabakad: Hubi qaabka la doortay (NAT vs Bridge), sanduuqa "Cable Connected", in martigeliyaha uu ku leeyahay Internet NAT, iyo in Bridge aad doorato adabtarada saxda ah ee saxda ah.

Banaanka lagama galo NAT/Network NAT: Waxay abuurtaa xeerar gudbin habboon; Waxay ansixiyaa dekedaha martida loo yahay, ciwaannada IP-ga ee saxda ah, iyo dab-damiska (martigeliyaha iyo VM) u oggolaanaya taraafikada.

Dareewalada martidaKu rakib Ku-darka Martida iyo wadayaasha shabakadda ku habboon (tusaale, virtio). Nidaamyada duugga ah, dooro moodooyinka Intel/AMD ee ku habboon.

Waxqabad xumo: Ha dhaafin RAM/CPU (ugu badnaan 50-60% ee martida loo yahay), awood VT-x/AMD-V BIOS, waxay VM-yada u wareejisaa SSD waxayna ka hortagtaa ceejinta martida loo yahay hababka aan loo baahnayn.

Dhibaatooyinka Ku-darka Martida Arrimo naadir ah oo Linux ah: Hubi iswaafajinta u dhexeeya VirtualBox iyo noocyada martida; dib u rakib madaxyada kernel/modules haddii loo baahdo.

Beddelka VirtualBox

VMware Ku tartama madax-ilaa-madax, oo leh Ciyaartoyga Workstation (bilaash) iyo Pro (lacag-bixin) oo bixiya sifooyin horumarsan iyo waxqabad heersare ah.

Isbarbar-socda Teknoloojiyada (macOS) Waxay u taagan tahay is dhexgalkeeda iyo waxqabadkeeda Mac; iyadoo lagu salaynayo diiradda halkan, waxay ugu horrayn ku jihaysan tahay in Windows si habsami leh oo raaxo leh loogu socodsiiyo.

QEMU Waa furan tahay oo aad u wanagsan, ku habboon ku dayashada iyo xaaladaha fudfudud, oo leh taageero dhisme oo ballaadhan iyo fursado isku xidhid xoog leh.

Hyper-V Waxay la socotaa Windows Pro/Enterprise; waa lacag la'aan, waxay leedahay waxqabad wanaagsan iyo sireed, in kasta oo qalooca isticmaalkiisu uu yahay mid farsamo badan.

XEN Waa il furan iyo qaab-dhismeed, ku habboon hab-samaynta iyo bay'adaha la beddeli karo iyadoo diiradda la saarayo waxqabadka.

Qaababka diskka iyo VM-yada horay loo habeeyey

VirtualBox waxay taageertaa VDI, VMDK, VHD iyo HDD, marka lagu daro soo dejinta/dhoofinta OVA/OVF. Waxa kale oo jira QCOW/QED ku habboonaanta QEMU xaaladaha qaarkood.

• VDI Waa qaabka asalka ah ee VirtualBox; fudud oo wax ku ool u ah inta badan isticmaalka.
• VMDK waxay fududaysaa wada shaqaynta VMware bilaa madax-xanuun.
• vhd si fiican ugu habboon qalabka Microsoft; faa'iido u leh dib-u-isticmaalka saxanadaha iyo soo kabashada faylasha.
• HDD (Isbarbaryaal) ee xaaladaha u gudba nidaamka deegaanka isku midka ah ee Mac.

Soodejisyada VM ee waxtarka leh Diyaar u ah in la isticmaalo: Sawirada Windows-ka ee rasmiga ah (ay ku jiraan Insider-dhismaha) ee ka imanaya server-yada Microsoft ama buug-gacmeedyada sida Adguard; Ururinta Linux ee OSBox iyo VirtualBox; Buugaagta nidaamyada dhaxalka ah (Windows 95/98/ME/NT, MS-DOS, iwm.) ee kaydka sida Sawirada Disk-ga Virtual; iyo OVA VMs ayaa lagu daabacay GitHub ee VirtualBox.

Hagaajinta hababka shabakada VirtualBox waxay ku siinaysaa xakamaynta qaliinka Sida VM-yadaadu u xiriiraan: NAT iyo Network NAT ee go'doominta dabacsan, Buundada isku dhafka LAN, Gudaha iyo Marti-geliyaha-Kaliya ee shaybaarada sugan, iyo xulashooyinka horumarsan (xumo, virtio-net, fareemooyinka jumbo, UDP Tunnels, ama VDE) ee dalabka xaaladaha. Iyada oo aasaas adag u ah shuruudaha, waxqabadka, gudbinta dekeda, iyo cilad-baadhista, shaybaadhkaaga casriga ahi waxa uu noqon doonaa qalab la isku halayn karo oo wax lagu barto, tijaabiyo, iyo hawlgelin la'aan dhibaato la'aan.