Chii chinonzi DHCP kurojesa muWindows uye kuti ungaite sei nemazvo

Kana iwe ukashanda nema network muWindows, iyo DHCP yekurenda nguva Ndiyo imwe yeaya pfungwa dzakanaka kuti unzwisise kudzivirira zvinokatyamadza: duplicate kero, kubuda kweapo, kana madziva aneta. Kunyangwe ichinzwika tekinoroji, ndiyo "chibvumirano" chenguva pfupi iyo sevha inorenda IP kero pakombuta.

Tisati tanyatsoongorora, funga nezvekurenda serendi: Chishandiso chako chinoshandisa IP kero kwenguva yakati.Kana nguva iyoyo yava kusvika kumagumo, mutengi anoedza kuivandudza. Kana ivo vasina kubudirira kana zvisingachagoneki, IP kero inodzokera kudziva uye inogona kugoverwa kune imwe mudziyo. Uye hongu, paWindows unogona kuona, kuvandudza, uye kumisa chibvumirano ichocho nekudzvanya kwakati. rairo.

Chii chinonzi DHCP lease (nguva yekurenda) muWindows?

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Inoita otomatiki kuendeswa kwetiweki paramita (IP kero, subnet mask, gedhi, DNS, nezvimwewo). Nguva yekurenda ndiyo nguva iyo sevha inobvumidza mutengi kushandisa IP kero. Mushure menguva iyoyo, mutengi anofanira kuvandudza iyo lease kana kusunungura kero.

Kuisa chiso pairi: Laptop inogona kugamuchira 192.168.1.100 kwemaawa makumi maviri nemanaPakati pezuva iro, ichashandisa iyo IP kero pasina matambudziko. Kana yasvika panzvimbo yekuvandudza, Windows mutengi pachayo inoedza kuwedzera nguva iyoyo; kana ikatadza uye ikapera, iyo IP kero inogona kupihwa kune imwe komputa.

Iyi nzira yakazvarwa seshanduko yeBOOTP muma90s. Nhasi zvakakosha mune wired, Wi-Fi, kana hybrid network.nekuti inorerutsa hupenyu hwemutungamiriri uye inoderedza kukanganisa kwevanhu kana uchigovera kero nemaoko.

DHCP inoita zvinopfuura kungopa maIPsInotumirawo sarudzo senge DNS, router, yekutsvaga domain, uye kunyange WINS/NetBIOS munzvimbo dzekare dzeWindows. Zvese izvi zvakamisikidzwa muRFC 2131 uye 2132 (inobudirira 1541).

Mashandiro ayo: DORA, T1 uye T2

Mutambo wemharidzo wekare ndeweDORA (Ziva, Kupa, Chikumbiro, Kutenda). Mutengi anoona maseva, anogashira chinopihwa neIP uye paramita, anoita chikumbiro chiri pamutemo, uye sevha inosimbisa nekupihwa kwekuwana uye nguva yayo.

Pamusoro peDORA, Zvikamu zviviri zvinouyaT1 uye T2. Kazhinji, T1 inomiririra 50% yekurenda uye T2 inomiririra inenge 87,5%. MuT1, mutengi anoedza kuvandudza zvakananga neseva yakapa IP kero. Kana zvisina kubudirira, muT2 vanowedzera chiyero uye vanoedza kununura chibvumirano chisati chapera.

Muenzaniso unoshanda: Nharembozha inogamuchira 192.168.1.200 kwemaawa gumi nemaviriPamaawa matanhatu (T1), inokumbira kuvandudzwa. Kana sevha ikapindura, kukodha kunowedzerwa; kana zvisina kudaro, icharamba ichiedza kusvika T2. Kana ikapera pasina kuvandudzwa, ichafanirwa kudzokororwa kubva pakatanga uye iyo IP kero inogona kuchinja.

Kana iri kekutanga kana mushure mekutangazve, zvakajairika izvozvo mutengi anokumbira zvakananga yavo yekutanga IP keroSevha, kana ichiiona seyemahara uye yakakodzera, inoichengeta yakanyarara kana ine ACK; kana zvisina kudaro, inotumira NACK uye mutengi anotanga zvakare.

Pfupiso yehurukuro yeDORA (mafomati akarerutswa):

Origen        Destino         IP origen        IP destino           Mensaje
Cliente       Difusión        0.0.0.0          255.255.255.255     DHCPDISCOVER
Servidor      Difusión        IP_del_servidor  255.255.255.255     DHCPOFFER (IP, opciones, lease)
Cliente       Difusión        0.0.0.0          255.255.255.255     DHCPREQUEST (acepta oferta)
Servidor      Difusión        IP_del_servidor  255.255.255.255     DHCPACK (confirma concesión)

Mune network inobata iwe uchaona minda senge CHADDR (Mac (kubva kumutengi), YIADDR (yakapihwa IP), Server Identifier uye Nguva Yekurojesapamwe nesarudzo dzemask, gedhi, DNS, kana WINS. Mameseji anotakurwa pamusoro peUDP uye, panguva ye bhutsuMutengi anoshandisa 0.0.0.0 kusvika sevha yasimbisa.

Maitiro ekugovera: manyorero, otomatiki, uye ane simba

DHCP inotsigira nzira nhatu dzinopindirana kuendesa kero mukati mechikamu:

• Manual kana static (kuchengetedza)Sevha inobatanidza kero yeMAC ine kero chaiyo yeIP. Inogara ichiendesa kero imwechete kune iyo kifaa.
• AutomáticoSevha inopa kero yemahara yeIP kubva muyero uye mutengi anoichengeta yakadzikama sekureba kuripo.
• Anesimba: zvakafanana ne otomatiki, asi nekushanda zvakare kweIPs kana marenda apera, kukurudzira kudzokorodza.

Chero nzira yaunosarudza, Iyo lease inogadza "kupera" kwekodzero yekushandisa kuitira kuti dziva reIP risaparadzwe pamidziyo isisipo panetiweki.

Pfupi vs. kureba kukwereta: zvakanakira nekuipira

Sarudzo yenguva inokanganisa kugadzikana, kuchengeteka, uye kushandiswa kwedzivaIkoko hakuna humwe-hukuru-hunokodzera-zvose, asi kune maitiro akajeka zvichienderana nenharaunda.

Ko iyo lease inokanganisa mashandiro here?

Nguva yebvumirano haiiti, yega, kukurumidza kana kudzikamisa networkAsi zvisarudzo zvakaipa zvinogona kutungamirira kune microcuts (nekuda kwekuvandudzwa nguva dzose) kana kushayikwa kwemahara IPs kana dziva iri pfupi uye zvikwereti zvisingagumi.

Kana iwe uchiwanzo gadzirisa iyo topology (kuwedzera / kubvisa zvishandiso kana maVLAN), Nguva pfupi inokurumidza kukurumidza kugadzirisa kubva kunetiweki kuenda kune shanduko. Mukudzoka, ivo vanowedzera kutonga traffic uye vanoda inoteerera DHCP server.

Mune network ine vatengi vakawanda panguva imwe chete, Usaderedze mutengo wekurenda zvisina hanya.Sevha inogona kuwanda nekugadzirisa zvigadziriso. Nekune rimwe divi, marendi akareba kwazvo anosunga maIPs, zvichitungamira mukurambwa kwemidziyo mitsva kunyangwe kusisina zvishandiso zvinoshanda uchishandisa iwo kero.

Inguva ipi yekusarudza zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu

Kumba kune shanduko shomaIyo 24-awa shanduro inowanzoshanda zvinoshamisa. Yakatsiga, yakanyarara, uye inochinjika zvakakwana kune zvishandiso zvinobatana zuva nezuva.

MaSME anogara achishanya kana Wi-Fi kubva kuvashandi nevatengesi: funga mamwe maawaIwe uchawana pool kutenderera uye kugadzirisa zvirinani kune kuuya uye kuenda.

Veruzhinji/netiweki dzedzidzo: tsika isingasviki awa imwe chete Vanogona kuita zvine musoro. Nekudaro, ramba uine ziso pane server performance uye pool size.

Kana uine akawanda VLAN / scopes, inogovera nguva dzakasiyana pachiyero: pfupi yevaenzi, yepakati kana yakareba kune yakagadziriswa michina kana maseva emukati.

Tarisa, vandudza, uye usunungure chibvumirano muWindows

Kuti uone kupihwa kwazvino mukati Windows 10/11, kuvhura Kurumidza o PowerShell uye kuita: ipconfig /allTarisa pakanzi "Lease yawanikwa" uye "Lease inopera" kuti uzive nguva chaiyo, pamwe neMAC (kero yenzvimbo), gedhi, uye DNS.

Kana iwe uchida kumanikidza shanduko: sunungura ne ipconfig /release y Vandudza ne ipconfig /renewMushure mesevha kana shanduko yepolicy, ichakubatsira iwe kuwana maparamita matsva ipapo ipapo.

Kurumidza tidbit: pane macOS unogona kuona iyo lease_time game ipconfig getpacket en0 (Ziva iyo interface kutanga). Asi pano isu tinotarisa paWindows.

Chinja nguva yekurenda pane router kana DHCP server

Kurenda kunotsanangurwa pane sevha, kwete pamutengi.Munzvimbo dzekumba, iyo sevha inowanzova iyo router: tsvaga gedhi ne ipconfig (semuenzaniso, 192.168.1.1), pinda muwebhu panhizha, enda kuLAN/DHCP uye gadzirisa nguva (maminitsi/maawa). Sevha, uye kubva ipapo zvichienda mberi, marenda matsva nekuvandudza zvichashandisa kukosha kutsva.

Mumakambani, Windows Server ine DHCP basa Iyo inokutendera iwe kutsanangura scopes, zvisingabatanidzwe, zvakachengetwa, uye sarudzo nechepakati. Kana ukashanda neActive Directory, rangarira iyo DHCP server mvumo kudzivirira kukanganisa "pirate servers".

Zano rakakosha: Shandura zvitupa zve router Uye chengetedza iyo firmware yakagadziridzwa. Zvirongwa zvefekitari kukoka kune vanopinda uye zvinogona kukanganisa kuita.

DHCP Reservations: Static IP paMAC pasina kubata mutengi

Kuchengetedzwa kunobatanidza kero yeMAC ine kero yeIP chaiyo. mukati mechikamu ichocho. Nguva yese iyo mudziyo unokumbira kero, inogara ichigamuchira yakafanana, yakanakira Psalmsnetwork printers, makamera, consoles, kana mabasa emukati.

• Ziva iyo MAC yemudziyo (pamudziyo pachayo kana nemirairo / scanner).
• Svika kune router kana sevha uye enda kuDHCP> Reservations/Kero Reservation.
• Ipa iyo static IP kero kubva pachiyero kuenda kune inoenderana MAC pair uye chengetedza shanduko.

Kana iwe uchida kugadzirisa iyo IP pamurume pane mutengi, yakakwana; Kuchengetedzwa kwacho kunokupa zvakanakisa pasi rose: centralized control uye zero shanduko kuchikwata.

Windows Server uye mvumo yeDHCP muActive Directory

Kunze? Masevha anomira ega ari kunze kwedomeiniMuma subnets umo maseva ane mvumo asiri "kuteerera," anogona kutanga sevhisi uye kushandira subnet yemuno. Kunyangwe zvakadaro, tsika inokurudzirwa munzvimbo dzakatarisirwa ndeyekugara uchibvumidza.

Advanced Management uye IPAM: Kutarisisa uye Zviziviso

Kupfuura izvo zvekutanga, IPAM zvishandiso ManageEngine OpUtils inopa yepakati maonero ekero nzvimbo, chiyero chimiro, yambiro yekuneta, uye mashandisiro uye nhoroondo nhoroondo.

Nema suites aya unogona kushandura real time monitoring, tarisa kupokana, gadzira zviziviso zvekutanga uye nyora shanduko yekuronga mawedzero kana shanduko yemitemo nenzira ine ruzivo.

DHCPv4 vs. DHCPv6: Chii chinoshanduka pakusarudza nguva?

MuIPv4, nzvimbo ishoma.Naizvozvo, nguva dzekurenda dzinobatsira kudzokorodza IPs nehungwaru. Mumanetiweki akagadzikana, nguva refu yekurenda inoderedza ruzha; nekuchinja kukuru, nguva pfupi yekurenda inodzivirira kupera kwemakero.

MuIPv6, nekuda kwenzvimbo yakakura yaunokwanisa kukubvumira kuti uwedzere kukweretesa Pasina kutya kuneta. Kunyangwe zvakadaro, gadzirisa zvinoenderana nekuchengetedza, kufamba, uye yako manejimendi marongero.

Muenzaniso wekutsanangura chiyero uye nguva dzayo

Muenzaniso mumaitiro eISC DHCP Zvinobatsira kuona kuti kurojesa kunoitwa sei parameter pane yekirasi server:

subnet 192.168.50.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
  default-lease-time 3600;      # 1 hora
  max-lease-time 7200;          # 2 horas
  range 192.168.50.100 192.168.50.150;
  option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0;
  option broadcast-address 192.168.50.255;
  option routers 192.168.50.1;
  option domain-name-servers 192.168.50.2, 1.1.1.1;
}

Pane akawanda ma routers epamba iwe uchaona aya maparameter akafanana seminda uye deployables; iyo pfungwa haichinje: iyo yekurenda isarudzo yeseva yakasungirirwa kune chibvumirano.

Kugadzirisa matambudziko akajairika

IP kusawirirana: Inotsvaga zvakadzokororwa (kupindirana kwekuchengetedza, static IPs mukati mechikamu). Inogadzirisa kupindirana uye, kana zvichidikanwa, inoderedza nguva yekurenda yekudzokorodza nekukurumidza.

Traffic kana firmwareNetwork spikes inogona kudzivirira mameseji eDHCP kuti asagamuchirwe. Gadziridza iyo router/server firmware uye tarisa chiteshi.

Service yakamiraKutangazve sevhisi yeDHCP kazhinji kunovhura mudziyo. matanda kubva kuseva Ivo vanoratidza maNACK, kupera simba, kana zvikumbiro zvisina kupindurwa.

Nhoroondo kuenderana uye vatengi / maseva

Veteran Windows vatengi Windows 95, Microsoft Network Client yeMS-DOS, Windows for Workgroups, uye NT Workstation yakatosanganisira mutengi weDHCP. Nhasi, ese emazuvano Windows mutengi anoshanda masisitimu ane iyo inogoneswa nekusarudzika.

Kudivi reseva, Windows NT Server mhuri (3.5, 3.51, 4.0) Vaive mapiyona nebasa reDHCP. Kutanga neWindows 2000/2003, mvumo yakabatanidzwa muActive Directory, ichisimudza bara rekutonga nekuchengetedza.

Kana uchifanira kushandisa maturusi echinyakare, rangarira: IPCONFIG muWindowsUye WINIPCFG muWindows 95 yakatobvumira kutarisa ma paramita uye kukanganisa. Nhasi, pamwe ipconfig /all Une zvese zvauri pedyo.

El verenga DHCP Ndiyo metronome inoratidza hupenyu hweIPs panetiweki yako: inotaurirana neDORA, inovandudzwa mukati. T1 / T2Unogona kuzvitarisa wozvimanikidza nazvo ipconfig PaWindows, gadzirisa parouter yako, kana paWindows Server, vimba ne... kuchengetedza neMAC woisimbisa nayo IPAMKana ukasarudza nguva zvakanaka zvichienderana nemamiriro ako (ipfupi yekuchinja, kureba kugadzikana) uye kutarisa kunetsana uye kupisa, iwe unozochengetedza nzvimbo yakagadzikana, yakachengeteka uye iri nyore kubata.

Nyaya inoenderana:

Maitiro ekugadzirisa DHCP uye DNS paWindows Server: Yakazara, Yakadzama Gwaro

Isaac

Anofarira munyori nezve nyika yemabytes uye tekinoroji zvakazara. Ini ndinoda kugovera ruzivo rwangu kuburikidza nekunyora, uye ndizvo zvandichaita mune ino blog, kukuratidza zvinhu zvese zvinonyanya kufadza nezve gadget, software, hardware, tekinoroji maitiro, nezvimwe. Chinangwa changu ndechekukubatsira kufamba munyika yedhijitari nenzira iri nyore uye inonakidza.