- Kutsoropodza kwaTanenbaum kunongedza kune chivakwa: yakaoma-ku-kunzwisisa monoliths inokurudzira kusingaperi bugs uye zvigamba.
- Microkernels inotungamira modularity uye kukanganisa midziyo, ichidzikisa kukanganisa kwezvikanganiso zvichienzaniswa nemonolithic kernels.
- Windows Inotambura nematambudziko ezuva nezuva uye njodzi dzekuchengetedza izvo zvinotsanangurwa nekuoma kwayo uye kubatanidzwa kwemukati.
- Vhura sosi uye modular dhizaini inopa nzira kune yakagadzikana, inonzwisisika, uye inotsiga masisitimu.
Kune ani nani akatambura zviratidziro zvitema, zvigadziriso zvakundikana, kana nyaya dzekuchengetedza paPC yavo, mazwi aAndrew S. Tanenbaum anonzwika senge simbiso yezvawagara uchifungidzira: Windows inotambura nekukanganisa kwemaitiro ayo akaoma kugadzirisa.. The veteran reference in operating systems Haadimidze mazwi ake paanonongedza kuti kwabva nyonganyonga haisi chikanganiso chimwe chete, asi kuti hofori idzi dzesoftware dzinovakwa nekuchengetwa sei.
Hurukuro iyi haisi itsva, asi yadzoka mukutariswa nekuda kwebvunzurudzo yakakura muLatin America media media uye kuvapo kwayo pane ino tekinoroji agenda. Tanenbaum, ine basa rinorema redzidzo, inorangarira kuti zvivakwa ndizvo zvese: Zvaunosarudza paunenge uchigadzira sisitimu yekushandisa inosarudza kugadzikana kwayo, chengetedzo, uye kugona kwako kuinzwisisa sezvainokura.
Ndiani Andrew S. Tanenbaum uye kwakabva gakava racho?
Purofesa, popularizer uye munyori werimwe remabhuku ane simba mukuranga, Operating Systems: Dhizaini uye Implementation, Tanenbaum yakasiya chiratidzo chake nemaitiro ekuita uye anoshanda.Chinangwa chake chaive chekuti vadzidzi vasangoverenga dzidziso, asi kuti vakwanise kubata hurongwa chaihwo, vaiunganidze, vaityora, uye vagadzirise.
Nechinangwa ichi, akagadzira MINIX, yakavhurika sosi system yakagadzirirwa kudzidzisa. MINIX isa patafura iyo pfungwa yekudzidza kernel chaiyo pasina zvakavanzika, kuvhura nzira yaibvumira zviuru zvevadzidzi kuti vanzwisise zviri kuseri kwekutonga kwemaitiro, ndangariro kana vatyairi.
Munzvimbo iyoyo yekuberekesa yakaonekwa mudiki Finn, Linus Torvalds, akadzidza neMINIX uye akasarudza kuvaka yake musimboti. Linux Yakazvarwa sepurojekiti yakafuridzirwa nechiitiko ichocho chedzidzo, kunyange zvazvo akatevera nzira yakasiyana yezvivakwa pane yaitsigirwa neTanenbaum.
Iyi nzira yakasiyana yakamutsa gakava rine mukurumbira mukutanga kwema1990: microkernel versus monolithic kernel. Tanenbaum yakakurudzira kupatsanura mabasa uye kupatsanura zvinhu; Torvalds, yekureruka uye kuita kwepakati apo zvese zvinogara padyo nemoyo weiyo system.
Kwemakore, nyika yakanyanya kusarudza mhinduro dzemonolithic. KuTanenbaum, kukunda kunoshanda uku hakuna kuuya pasina mutengo.: Kukurumidza kukuru uye kureruka kwekusimudzira mukutsinhana kwenzvimbo yakakura yekurwisa uye kuomarara uko, kunopetwa nemakumi emakore, kunova kusingatarisike.
Microkernel vs. Monolithic: Kunobva Bugs
Kana Tanenbaum ichitaura nezve modularity, haasi kutaura nezvechido chedzidzo: Zvinoreva kuti chidimbu chimwe nechimwe chinoita chinhu chayo nemvumo shoma uye miganhu yakajeka.Mune microkernel, vatyairi uye masevhisi anomhanya kunze kwe kernel; kana mumwe akakanganisa, kukuvara kunowanikwa.
Muenzaniso wake waanofarira wakajeka: kana mutyairi wekuteerera akaparara, chakaipisisa chingaitika ndechekuti komputa inomira kutamba ruzha; Kutadza uku hakufanire kudzikisa sisitimu kana kupa mukana kune dhisiki kana network.Kuzviparadzanisa nevamwe kunoderedza kukanganisa kwezvikanganiso uye kunoita kuti zvive nyore kuongorora.
Mune monolithic kernel, kune rumwe rutivi, zvizhinji zvezvikamu zvinogara mukati me kernel nzvimbo kana zvakanyanya kutsamira pairi. Mhedzisiro iyi hurongwa apo zvese zvinobata zvese., mufananidzo uya wakakurumbira wendiro yespaghetti iyo iri kuramba ichioma kunzwisisa uye kuchengetedza.
Kana iyo codebase inopfuura nyore makumi emamiriyoni emitsara uye yakanyorwa mumitauro yakawanda senge C, C++ kana C#, ruzivo runopatsanuka. Hapana ane hunyanzvi kupfuura zvidimbu zvidiki zvese., uye chero shanduko yemunharaunda inogona kukonzera zvisingatarisirwi mune dzimwe nzvimbo.
Simba iroro rinosunda richienda kune risingaperi vhiri rezvigamba. Bug inogadziriswa uye imwe inooneka, gomba rinovharwa uye mutswe unozaruka padivi payo; iyo inoenderera mberi cadence yekuvandudza haigadzike, dzimwe nguva ichiwedzera kusavimbika kutsva.
Muchokwadi, Tanenbaum inotaura kuti mazhinji masisitimu makuru akavakwa semahombe monolithic block. Kushaikwa kwemiganhu yakasimba kunokanganisa zvese chengetedzo nechengetedzo. kuvimbika, nekuti kutsamira kwega kwega kwakavanzika kunowedzera njodzi yekukundikana kweketani.
Kune avhareji mushandisi izvi zvinoshandura mumatambudziko chaiwo. Pakati pezvikanganiso zvakanyanya kutaurwa mukati Windows 10 uye 11 pane zvigadziriso zvisingapedzi, kukakavara kwemutyairi, zvidzitiro zvitema, matambudziko ekurira kana shanduko dzisingadiwe kumashandisirwo akasarudzika.Aya haasi maanecdotes: zviratidzo zvekuoma kwakaoma kudzikamisa.
- Zvigadziriso zvinoramba zvakamira kana kudzoserwa mushure mekutangazve, dzimwe nguva nekuda kwekutsamira kwemukati izvo zvisingagone kufanoona.
- Vatyairi vanotyora nechigamba chitsva uye chikonzero kurasikirwa kwemidziyo kana kukundikana kwepakati.
- Chidzitiro dema uye kubondera mushure mekuchinja kwekernel kana GPU, zvinoratidzira zvekubatana zvisina kusimba muzvikamu zvakakosha.
- Reassignment of Apps default uye reset marongero, chiratidzo chezvisina-idempotent zvigadziriso.
Windows, chengetedzo uye fragility yemaitiro
Chengetedzo ndiyo rumwe rutivi rwemari. Kana kernel uye masevhisi akakosha achigovera nzvimbo yakafara neropafadzo, kutadza kunowanzo kuve systemic muchikamu.Hazvishamisi kuti vashandisi vane hutsinye vanotsvaga neshungu idzi mapundu kuti vafambe padivi uye varambe vasingaonekwe.
Kupindira kwakakura muzvivakwa zvine hunyanzvi munyika dzakawanda kwakanyorwa mumakore achangopfuura. Kutsoropodza kwaTanenbaum hakuna kujeka: kana kiyi software ichidonhedza data sesefa, dambudziko rakakosha., kwete kubva pane imwe nzira isiriyo.
Iyo proprietary ecosystem pachayo inowedzera layer ye opacity. Yakawanda yekutengesa software inonyanya bhokisi dema: Havasi vaongorori kana vashandisi vanogona kuongorora zviri nyore izvo chaizvo chikamu chimwe nechimwe chinoita, zvichiita kuti kuongorora uye kugadzirisa pamwe chete kuve kwakaoma.
Kujeka kunopihwa neakavhurika sosi zvishoma kunobvumira nharaunda kuongorora nekusimbisa zvidimbu, asi hazvina kukwana pachayo kana iyo yepasi chivakwa ichiisa simba rakawanda mukati mepakati. Chakakosha kudzikamisa kukuvadzwa kungakonzeresa kutadza kwega kwega., uye izvi zvinowanikwa neropafadzo shoma uye miganhu yakanyatsotsanangurwa.
Microsoft yakaramba ichinatsa ruzivo rwemushandisi uye kuunza zvinoyevedza maficha senge vabatsiri, chaiwo desktops, uye yakabatanidzwa virtualization; izvi zvinobatsira uye zvinogamuchirwa kufambira mberi. Dambudziko nderokuti varnish haigadziri chimiro.: Kana chigadziko chikasachinja, iyo yakaunganidzwa yakaoma inoramba ichirema.
Izvo zvakakoshawo kuyeuka kuti masisitimu anoshanda haasisipo chete pamakomputa edesktop. Zviri munharembozha, mota, maATM, ndege, materevhizheni nemidziyo yemumba.Kana kusagadzikana kunopinda mukati, kukanganisa kunowedzera kupfuura PC uye kunokanganisa masevhisi akakosha uye hupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
"Hapana munhu paMicrosoft anonzwisisa kunyange gumi muzana yeWindows." "Windows izere netsikidzi nekuti kunyangwe Microsoft hainyatso kuinzwisisa."
Basa rekuvhura sosi nhasi
Tanenbaum yagara ichiona software yemahara semubatsiri wenzira. Kuenzanisa nesainzi kwakananga: zvakawanikwa zvinogovaniswa kuti vamwe vaone nekuvandudza.. Linux, BSD, uye mamwe mapurojekiti mazhinji anoratidza kuti nharaunda yepasi rose inogona kuchengetedza zvakakosha zvivakwa.
Chiri kushamisa ndechekuti boka iri revashandi, dzimwe nguva rinonyorwa sevasina kudzidza, rakagadzira hunyanzvi hutsva. Zvakajairika kuti pfungwa yenharaunda igadzirise kosi uye yozogamuchirwa nemakambani makuru., iyo inogadzirisa hukama pakati pezvidzidzo, kuzvipira uye sangano rega.
Zvino, kuvhurika hakusi mushonga. Kana iyo yepasi dhizaini inoisa yakawandisa mabasa mukati, nzvimbo yekurwisa inoramba yakakura.Ndosaka Tanenbaum ichisimbirira zvakanyanya pane modularity: kuvhura iyo kodhi uye zvikamu zvezvikamu zvinofambidzana.
Mune mazwi anoshanda, modularity inoreva nzvimbo dzakajeka, marongero ane rombo rakanaka, kupatsanurwa kwakasimba pakati pemushandisi nenzvimbo yekernel, uye kudzorwa kwekutadza kudzoreredza. Izvo zviri nyore kutangazve chikamu pasina kuunza pasi zvakasara, iyo inowedzera kusimba iyo system..
Hurukuro haigumiri mukirasi. Zviitiko zveTech mudunhu, senge Nerdearla 2025 muBuenos Aires, zviriwo pachirongwa. Mazano aya ari kudzoka muchiedza nekuti mutengo wekutadza hausisiri wehunyanzvi.: inokanganisa kuvimba kwevanhu, kuenderera mberi kwebhizimisi uye kuchengetedzwa kwenyika.
Echo yezvinzvimbo izvi inogonawo kuonekwa mukugamuchirwa neruzhinji. Vaverengi vanokoshesa tsananguro dzakajeka, dzisingasvuti., uye kugamuchira chokwadi chokuti kuwirirana kwechokwadi pakati pekushanda, kuchengeteka, uye kuchengetedza kwenguva refu kuri kuiswa patafura.
Tichitarisa pamufananidzo muhombe, meseji yeTanenbaum haisi kungotuka Windows., asi kudanwa kuti tifungezve kuti tinovaka sei software inotsigira nyika. Kana isu tichida mamwe akagadzikana uye akachengeteka masisitimu, kushandura dhizaini haisisiri sarudzo: ndiyo yekutanga nzvimbo.
Anofarira munyori nezve nyika yemabytes uye tekinoroji zvakazara. Ini ndinoda kugovera ruzivo rwangu kuburikidza nekunyora, uye ndizvo zvandichaita mune ino blog, kukuratidza zvinhu zvese zvinonyanya kufadza nezve gadget, software, hardware, tekinoroji maitiro, nezvimwe. Chinangwa changu ndechekukubatsira kufamba munyika yedhijitari nenzira iri nyore uye inonakidza.