- Yarjejeniyar DHCP shine tsawon lokacin "hayar" na adireshin IP; an yi shawarwari tare da DORA kuma an sabunta shi tare da T1/T2.
- Zabi da kyau el tiempo (gajere vs. dogon) yana daidaita daidaito, tsaro, da amfani da tafkin.
- En Windowsipconfig yana ba ku damar dubawa, saki, da sabuntawa; ana yin gyare-gyare akan uwar garken / na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa.
- Ajiye, izini a cikin AD da IPAM (OpUtils) suna haɓaka sarrafawa da guje wa rikice-rikice.
Idan kuna aiki tare da cibiyoyin sadarwa a cikin Windows, lokacin haya na DHCP Yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan ra'ayoyin da ke da kyau a fahimta don guje wa abubuwan ban mamaki: adiresoshin kwafi, fita waje, ko wuraren tafki. Ko da yake yana da sauti na fasaha, ainihin "kwangilar" na wucin gadi ne wanda uwar garken ke ba da hayar adireshin IP ga kwamfuta.
Kafin mu zurfafa, yi la'akari da haya a matsayin haya: Na'urarka tana amfani da adireshin IP na ɗan lokaci.Lokacin da wannan lokacin ya kusa ƙarewa, abokin ciniki yana ƙoƙarin sabunta shi. Idan ba su yi nasara ba ko kuma ba zai yiwu ba, adireshin IP ya koma tafkin kuma ana iya sanya shi zuwa wata na'ura. Ee, akan Windows zaku iya dubawa, sabuntawa, da kuma ƙare waccan kwangilar tare da dannawa biyu. umarni.
Menene yarjejeniyar haya ta DHCP (lokacin haya) a cikin Windows?
Ƙa'idar Kanfigareshan Mai Sauƙi (DHCP) Yana sarrafa isar da sigogin cibiyar sadarwa (adireshin IP, mashin subnet, ƙofa, DNS, da sauransu). Lokacin haya shine tsawon lokacin da uwar garken ke ba abokin ciniki izinin amfani da adireshin IP. Bayan wannan lokacin, abokin ciniki dole ne ya sabunta yarjejeniyar ko ya saki adireshin.
Don sanya fuska gare shi: Kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka na iya karɓar 192.168.1.100 na awanni 24A wannan ranar, zai yi amfani da adireshin IP ɗin ba tare da matsala ba. Lokacin da ya isa wurin sabuntawa, abokin ciniki na Windows da kansa yana ƙoƙarin tsawaita wannan lokacin; idan ya gaza kuma ya ƙare, za a iya canza adireshin IP zuwa wata kwamfuta.
An haifi wannan tsarin azaman juyin halitta na BOOTP a cikin 90s. A yau yana da mahimmanci a cikin wayoyi, Wi-Fi, ko cibiyoyin sadarwa masu haɗaka.saboda yana sauƙaƙa rayuwar mai gudanarwa kuma yana rage kuskuren ɗan adam lokacin sanya adireshi da hannu.
DHCP yana yin fiye da samar da IPs kawaiHakanan yana aika zaɓuɓɓuka kamar DNS, na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa, yankin bincike, har ma da WINS/NetBIOS a cikin tsofaffin mahallin Windows. Duk waɗannan an daidaita su a cikin RFC 2131 da 2132 (wanda ya ci nasara 1541).
Yadda yake aiki: DORA, T1 da T2
Rawar saƙon gargajiya ita ce DORA (Gano, Bayar, Buƙatar, Yabo). Abokin ciniki yana gano sabobin, yana karɓar tayin tare da IP da sigogi, yana yin buƙatu na yau da kullun, kuma uwar garken ya tabbatar da ba da damar shiga da tsawon sa.
Baya ga DORA, Abubuwa biyu sun shigo cikin wasaT1 da T2. Yawanci, T1 yana wakiltar 50% na haya kuma T2 yana wakiltar kusan 87,5%. A cikin T1, abokin ciniki yana ƙoƙarin sabunta kai tsaye tare da uwar garken da ya ba da adireshin IP. Idan ba su yi nasara ba, a cikin T2 suna faɗaɗa ikon yin aiki kuma suna ƙoƙarin ceton kwangilar kafin ta ƙare.
Misali mai amfani: Wayar hannu tana karɓar 192.168.1.200 na awanni 12A 6 hours (T1), yana buƙatar sabuntawa. Idan uwar garken ya amsa, an tsawaita hayar; idan ba haka ba, zai ci gaba da gwadawa har zuwa T2. Idan ya ƙare ba tare da sabuntawa ba, dole ne a sake tattaunawa daga karce kuma adireshin IP na iya canzawa.
Idan lokaci na farko ne ko bayan sake farawa, yana da yawa cewa abokin ciniki a fili yana buƙatar adireshin IP ɗin su na farkoSabar, idan ta gan ta a matsayin kyauta kuma ta dace, ta yi shiru ko da ACK; idan ba haka ba, yana aika NACK kuma abokin ciniki ya sake farawa.
Takaitacciyar hirar DORA (tsari mai sauƙi):
Origen Destino IP origen IP destino Mensaje
Cliente Difusión 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 DHCPDISCOVER
Servidor Difusión IP_del_servidor 255.255.255.255 DHCPOFFER (IP, opciones, lease)
Cliente Difusión 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 DHCPREQUEST (acepta oferta)
Servidor Difusión IP_del_servidor 255.255.255.255 DHCPACK (confirma concesión)
A cikin faifan sadarwar za ku ga filayen kamar CHADDR (MAC (daga abokin ciniki), YIADDR (IP da aka ba da shi), Mai gano uwar garke da Lokacin hayatare da zaɓuɓɓuka don abin rufe fuska, ƙofa, DNS, ko WINS. Ana jigilar saƙon akan UDP kuma, yayin lokacin tayaAbokin ciniki yana amfani da 0.0.0.0 har sai uwar garken ya tabbatar.
Yanayin aiki: manual, atomatik, da tsauri
DHCP yana goyan bayan hanyoyin haɗin kai guda uku don isar da adireshi cikin iyaka:
- Manual ko a tsaye (ajiyewa)Sabar ta haɗa adireshin MAC tare da takamaiman adireshin IP. Kullum yana ba da adireshin iri ɗaya zuwa waccan na'urar.
- AutomáticoSabar tana ba da adireshin IP kyauta daga kewayon kuma abokin ciniki yana kiyaye shi a tsaye muddin yarjejeniyar ta kasance.
- Mai Dadi: kama da atomatik, amma tare da sake amfani da IPs masu aiki da zarar kwangilar haya ta ƙare, haɓaka sake amfani da su.
Ko wane yanayi kuka zaba, Yarjejeniyar ta kafa "karewa" na haƙƙin amfani don kada tafkin IP ɗin ya ɓace akan na'urorin da ba sa kan hanyar sadarwa.
Short vs. dogon haya: fa'idodi da rashin amfani
Zaɓin tsawon lokaci yana tasiri ga kwanciyar hankali, aminci, da amfani da tafkinBabu girman-daidai-duk, amma akwai bayyanannun alamu dangane da yanayin.
| Al'amari | Gajeren rangwame | Dogon rangwame |
|---|---|---|
| Amfani da tafkin | Mai saurin sake amfani da kayan aiki na IPs a cikin cibiyoyin sadarwa tare da babban canji. | Hadarin Rike IPs ba tare da amfani da gaske ba. |
| DHCP zirga-zirga | more sabuntawa da alama. | Kadan sama da sarrafa surutu. |
| Motsi | Yana daidaitawa da sauri a babban juyi. | Ƙungiyoyi suna kula da IP na tsawon lokaci. |
| Ayyuka | Ana buƙatar ƙara sa ido. | Kadan shisshigi. |
| Farfadowa | Liberation azumi na adireshi. | Juyawa lenta, yiwuwar taimakon hannu. |
| Tsaro | Rage nuni taga. | Dogayen zaman idan akwai shiga mara izini. |
Shin haya yana shafar aiki?
Lokacin rangwamen, shi kaɗai, baya haɓaka ko rage jinkirin hanyar sadarwarAmma munanan zaɓe na iya haifar da microcuts (saboda sabuntawa akai-akai) ko rashin IPs kyauta idan tafkin gajere ne kuma hayar hayar har abada ce.
Idan kuna yawan canza yanayin topology (ƙara/cire kayan aiki ko VLANs), Gajeren lokaci yana haɓaka karbuwa daga hanyar sadarwa zuwa canje-canje. A sakamakon haka, suna haɓaka zirga-zirgar sarrafawa kuma suna buƙatar sabar DHCP mai amsawa.
A cikin cibiyoyin sadarwa tare da abokan ciniki da yawa na lokaci guda, Kada ku rage yawan kuɗin hayar da hankali.Sabar na iya zama ɗorewa mai ɗaukar nauyi sabuntawa. A gefe guda, dogon hayar hayar za ta ɗaure IPs, wanda zai haifar da ƙin sabbin na'urori koda kuwa babu sauran na'urori masu aiki da ke amfani da waɗancan adireshi.
Wani lokaci don zaɓar dangane da yanayin
Gida tare da ƴan canje-canjeSigar 24-hour yawanci tana aiki da ban mamaki. Yana da tsayayye, shiru, da sassauƙa isa ga na'urorin da ke haɗa kullun.
SMEs tare da yawan ziyara ko Wi-Fi daga ma'aikata da masu kaya: la'akari wasu awowiZa ku sami jujjuyawar tafkin kuma ku daidaita mafi kyau ga masu zuwa da tafi.
Jama'a/ilimi cibiyoyin sadarwa: dabi'u kasa da awa daya Suna iya yin ma'ana. Koyaya, kula da aikin uwar garken da girman tafkin.
Idan kuna da VLANs/scopes da yawa, yana ba da lokuta daban-daban a kowane yanki: gajere don baƙi, matsakaici ko tsayi don ƙayyadaddun kayan aiki ko sabar ciki.
Duba, sabunta, da saki haya a cikin Windows
Don duba tallafin yanzu a cikin Windows 10/11, yana buɗewa Umurnin umarni o PowerShell kuma aiwatar: ipconfig /allDubi "Lease samu" da "Lease ya ƙare" don gano ainihin tazara, da MAC (adireshin jiki), ƙofa, da DNS.
Idan kana buƙatar tilasta canje-canje: saki da ipconfig /release y Sabunta da ipconfig /renewBayan uwar garken ko canjin manufofin, zai taimaka muku samun sabbin sigogi nan take.
Quick tidbit: akan macOS zaka iya ganin lease_lokaci con ipconfig getpacket en0 (Gano mai dubawa da farko). Amma a nan mun mayar da hankali kan Windows.
Canja lokacin haya akan na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ko uwar garken DHCP
An bayyana yarjejeniyar haya akan uwar garken, ba akan abokin ciniki ba.A cikin mahalli na gida, uwar garken galibi ita ce hanyar sadarwa: gano wurin ƙofa tare da ipconfig (misali, 192.168.1.1), shiga cikin rukunin yanar gizon, je zuwa LAN/DHCP kuma daidaita tsawon lokaci (minti/hours). Ajiye, kuma daga nan gaba, sabbin haya da sabuntawa za su yi amfani da sabuwar ƙima.
A cikin kamfanoni, Windows Server tare da rawar DHCP Yana ba ku damar ayyana iyakoki, keɓancewa, ajiyar wuri, da zaɓuɓɓuka a tsakiya. Idan kuna aiki tare da Active Directory, tuna da Izinin uwar garken DHCP don kauce wa tsoma baki "sabar sabar 'yan fashi".
Bayani mai mahimmanci: Canja tsohowar bayanan sirri na na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa Kuma ci gaba da sabunta firmware. Saitunan masana'anta gayyata ce ga masu kutse kuma suna iya hana aiki.
Matsalolin DHCP: Tsayayyen IP ga MAC ba tare da taɓa abokin ciniki ba
Ajiyayyen yana haɗa adireshin MAC tare da takamaiman adireshin IP. cikin wannan iyakar. Duk lokacin da na'urar ta nemi adireshi, koyaushe za ta sami ɗaya, wanda ya dace da ita NASfirintocin cibiyar sadarwa, kyamarori, consoles, ko sabis na ciki.
- Gano MAC na na'urar (akan na'urar kanta ko tare da umarni/scanner).
- Samun dama ga hanyar sadarwa ko uwar garken kuma je zuwa DHCP> Reservations/Ajiyayyen adireshi.
- Sanya adireshin IP na tsaye daga kewayon zuwa madaidaicin MAC biyu kuma ajiye canje-canje.
Idan kun fi son saita IP da hannu akan abokin ciniki, cikakke; Ajiye yana ba ku mafi kyawun duniyoyin biyu: tsakiya iko da sifili canje-canje ga tawagar.
Windows Server da izini na DHCP a cikin Active Directory
Banda? Sabar-tsaye kadai a wajen yankinA cikin rukunin gidajen yanar gizo inda sabar masu izini ba sa “saurare,” za su iya fara sabis ɗin su yi hidimar gidan yanar gizo na gida. Duk da haka, shawarar da aka ba da shawarar a cikin wuraren da ake sarrafawa shine a ba da izini koyaushe.
Babban Gudanarwa da IPAM: Kulawa da Faɗakarwa
Bayan abubuwan yau da kullun, kayan aikin IPAM ManageEngine OpUtils yana ba da ƙayyadaddun ra'ayi na sararin adireshi, girman girman matsayi, faɗakarwar gajiya, da amfani da rahotannin tarihi.
Tare da waɗannan suites zaku iya kunnawa ainihin lokacin saka idanu, gano rikice-rikice, haifar da sanarwa mai fa'ida da kuma rubuta juyin halitta don tsara faɗaɗa ko canje-canjen manufofi ta hanyar da aka sani.
DHCPv4 vs. DHCPv6: Menene canje-canje lokacin zabar lokuta?
A cikin IPv4, sarari yana da iyaka.Don haka, lokutan haya suna taimakawa don sake sarrafa IPs cikin hikima. A cikin tsayayyen cibiyoyin sadarwa, tsawon lokacin haya yana rage hayaniya; tare da babban canji, guntun lokacin haya yana hana ƙarewar adireshi.
A cikin IPv6, godiya ga babban sarari da zaku iya ba ku damar ƙarin haya na karimci Ba tare da tsoron gajiya ba. Duk da haka, daidaita bisa ga tsaro, motsi, da manufofin gudanarwarku.
Misalin ayyana iyakoki da lokutan sa
Misali a cikin salon ISC DHCP Yana taimakawa don ganin yadda ake daidaita hayar a kan sabar ta gargajiya:
subnet 192.168.50.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
default-lease-time 3600; # 1 hora
max-lease-time 7200; # 2 horas
range 192.168.50.100 192.168.50.150;
option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0;
option broadcast-address 192.168.50.255;
option routers 192.168.50.1;
option domain-name-servers 192.168.50.2, 1.1.1.1;
}
A mafi yawan masu amfani da hanyar gida za ku gani waɗannan sigogi iri ɗaya kamar filayen da kuma turawa; manufar ba ta canzawa: haya wani zaɓi ne na uwar garken da aka haɗe zuwa yarjejeniya.
Magance matsalolin gama gari
IP rikice-rikice: yana neman kwafi (ajiye-sauye, IPs masu tsayi a cikin iyaka). Yana gyara haɗin gwiwa kuma, idan ya cancanta, yana rage haya don sake yin fa'ida da wuri.
Traffic ko firmwareƘimar hanyar sadarwa na iya hana karɓar saƙonnin DHCP. Sabunta firmware na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa/uwar garke kuma saka idanu tashar.
Sabis ya cikaSake kunna sabis na DHCP sau da yawa yana buɗe na'urar. rajistan ayyukan sabar Suna bayyana NACKs, ƙarewa, ko buƙatun da ba a amsa ba.
Daidaituwar tarihi da abokan ciniki/sabis
Tsohon abokan cinikin Windows Windows 95, Microsoft Network Client don MS-DOS, Windows don Ƙungiyoyin Aiki, da NT Workstation sun riga sun haɗa da abokin ciniki na DHCP. A yau, duk tsarin aiki na abokin ciniki na Windows na zamani sun kunna shi ta tsohuwa.
A bangaren uwar garken, Iyalan Windows NT Server (3.5, 3.51, 4.0) Sun kasance majagaba tare da aikin DHCP. An fara da Windows 2000/2003, an haɗa izini a cikin Active Directory, yana ɗaga shinge don sarrafawa da tsaro.
Idan kuna amfani da kayan aikin gargajiya, ku tuna: IPCONFIG a cikin WindowsKuma WINIPCFG a cikin Windows 95 an riga an ba da izinin duba sigogi da daidaitawa. A yau, tare da ipconfig /all Kuna da komai a hannu.
El karanta DHCP Metronome ne ke alamar rayuwar IPs akan hanyar sadarwar ku: an yi shawarwari tare da DORA, an sabunta shi a cikin T1 / T2Kuna iya duba shi kuma ku tilasta shi da shi ipconfig A kan Windows, daidaita shi akan na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa, ko akan Windows Server, dogara ga... ajiya ta MAC da kuma karfafa shi da IPAMIdan kun zaɓi lokutan da kyau bisa ga yanayin ku (gajeren canji, tsayin daka don kwanciyar hankali) da lura da rikice-rikice da ƙonawa, za ku kula da mafi kwanciyar hankali, aminci da sauƙin sarrafawa.
Marubuci mai sha'awa game da duniyar bytes da fasaha gabaɗaya. Ina son raba ilimina ta hanyar rubutu, kuma abin da zan yi ke nan a cikin wannan shafi, in nuna muku duk abubuwan da suka fi ban sha'awa game da na'urori, software, hardware, yanayin fasaha, da ƙari. Burina shine in taimaka muku kewaya duniyar dijital ta hanya mai sauƙi da nishaɗi.