- rikodin na Windows Ƙaƙƙarfan bayanai ne, tsarin bayanai wanda ke adana tsarin, aikace-aikace, da saitunan masu amfani, yana maye gurbin tsoffin fayilolin INI.
- Tsarinsa ya ƙunshi amya, maɓallai, maɓallan ƙasa, da ƙima, kowannensu yana da takamaiman nau'ikan bayanai waɗanda ke ba da izini amintacce da ingantaccen sarrafa bayanai masu mahimmanci ga aikin tsarin.
- Yin amfani da rajista yana buƙatar taka tsantsan da ingantaccen ilimi, gami da wariyar ajiya da hanyoyin dawo da su, kamar yadda ya shafi mahimman abubuwan tsaro, keɓancewa, da ci-gaba na magance matsala.
Windows Registry Yana da cibiyar bayanai na matsayi na tsakiya Yana adana mahimman bayanai don tsari da aiki na tsarin aiki da kansa da aikace-aikacen da aka shigar da masu amfani waɗanda ke hulɗa da shi. Ba kamar tsohon tsarin fayil na INI ba, wurin yin rajista yana tsara duk waɗannan saitunan zuwa tsari na yau da kullun, na zamani, kuma mafi inganci.
Kusan kowane bangare na Windows-hardware, direbobi, ayyuka, ƙungiyoyin fayil, zaɓin tsarin, saitunan cibiyar sadarwa, da bayanan mai amfani—an tsara su ta wurin yin rajista. Saboda wannan dalili, duk wani gyare-gyare ga rajista na iya samun sakamako kai tsaye akan hali da kwanciyar hankali na tsarin.
Menene rajistar Windows?
El Rijistar Windows Yana da cibiyar bayanai na matsayi na tsakiya Yana adana mahimman bayanai don tsari da aiki na tsarin aiki da kansa da aikace-aikacen da aka shigar da masu amfani waɗanda ke hulɗa da shi. Ba kamar tsohon tsarin fayil na INI ba, wurin yin rajista yana tsara duk waɗannan saitunan zuwa tsari na yau da kullun, na zamani, kuma mafi inganci.
Wannan tsarin yana ba ku damar sarrafawa da kiyaye saiti, sauƙaƙe gudanarwa da ayyukan magance matsala a cikin mahallin Windows.
Halin tarihi da juyin halitta na rikodin
Kafin bayyanar rajistar, da INI fayiloli sune ma'auni don adana saiti akan tsarin Windows da MS-DOS. Waɗannan fayilolin da aka rarraba, bayyanannun rubutu sun kawo cikas ga tsarin gudanarwa, tsaro, da keɓance mai amfani. Zuwan wurin yin rajista a cikin Windows 95 yana wakiltar tsalle mai inganci, yana ba da damar ma'ajin ma'ana guda ɗaya tare da fa'idodi da yawa:
- Saurin shiga da inganci godiya ga tsarinsa na binary idan aka kwatanta da jerin jerin fayilolin rubutu.
- Ƙarfin rubuta bayanai, guje wa shubuha da kurakurai.
- Taimakon mai amfani da yawa, tunda kowane profile yana adana abubuwan da yake so da saitunan sa.
- Ƙarfin don sabuntawar atomic (ma'amala), inganta amincin bayanai ta fuskar gyare-gyare na lokaci guda.
- Sauƙi wariyar ajiya da mayarwa, ko da nesa.
Tare da juzu'in nau'ikan Windows (daga 95/98/Me/NT/2000 zuwa na yanzu Windows 10 da 11), rajistar ta samo asali, tana daidaita tsarinta, tana ƙarfafa tsaronta, da faɗaɗa samun damar APIs.
Gine-gine na asali: Hives, maɓalli da ƙima
Tsarin rajistar Windows ya dogara ne akan a matsayi mai kama da na tsarin fayil, amma maimakon manyan fayiloli da fayiloli, yana amfani da ra'ayoyin amya (sukayi), keys (makullin), subkeys (subkeys), da dabi'u (darajar).
Hives: jigon ƙungiyar
Rijistar rajista ƙungiyoyin maɓalli ne na ma'ana da ƙima. wanda aka loda cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a lokacin taya na tsarin ko lokacin da mai amfani ya shiga. Kowane hive yawanci ana samun goyan bayan ɗaya ko fiye da takamaiman fayiloli akan faifai, yana ba da izini ga ɗaiɗaikun lodawa, zazzagewa, da adanawa.
Babban amya na rajista sune:
- HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE (HKLM): Ƙirar duniya da ƙayyadaddun na'ura. Ya ƙunshi, da sauransu, SOFTWARE, SYSTEM, SAM, da amya SECURITY.
- HKEY_CURRENT_USER (HKCU): Zaɓuɓɓuka da takamaiman bayanan mai amfani na lokaci. A fasaha, hanyar haɗi ce mai ƙarfi zuwa takamaiman reshe na HKEY_USERS.
- HKEY_USERS (HKU): Ya ƙunshi bayanan martaba na duk masu amfani masu aiki a cikin tsarin.
- HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT (HKCR): Bayani kan fayil da ƙungiyoyin aji don abubuwan OLE/COM. Tun da Windows 2000, yana haɗa ra'ayoyin HKCU da HKLM don ɗaukar mahallin masu amfani da yawa.
- HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG (HKCC): Yana ba da bayanan martaba hardware ana amfani dashi a cikin boot na yanzu.
- Wasu ƙwararrun amya, kamar HKEY_PERFORMANCE_DATA da HKEY_DYN_DATA a cikin tsofaffin nau'ikan.
Kowane ɗayan waɗannan amya ya ƙunshi, bi da bi, maɓallai marasa adadi, maɓallai na ƙasa, da ƙima waɗanda ke ƙayyadaddun halayen kowane fanni na Windows.
Maɓallai da maɓallan ƙasa: tsarin matsayi
Maɓallai suna kama da manyan fayiloli a tsarin fayil.. Kowane maɓalli na iya ƙunsar wasu maɓallan maɓalli, suna samar da matsayi mai rassa waɗanda ke bin tsari mai zuwa:
Tushen maɓalli (misali, HKLM)> Subkey (SOFTWARE) > Subkey (Microsoft)> Subkey (Windows) >…
Duk maɓallan rajista suna da suna na musamman kuma basu da hankali. Sunaye ba za su iya ƙunsar da baya ba (\), tunda ana amfani da shi don raba matakan matsayi daban-daban.
Ƙimar: bayanan da aka adana
A cikin kowane maɓalli akwai iya zama da yawa dabi'u. Kowace ƙima tana da suna na musamman a cikin maɓallin mahaifa kuma yana adana bayanai waɗanda za su iya zama iri-iri, dangane da takamaiman buƙatun kowane aikace-aikacen ko ɓangaren Windows.
Ta hanyar al'ada, duk maɓallai na iya samun ƙimar “tsoho”, wanda sunan sa kirtani mara komai. Don haka, rajista yana ba da damar maɓalli ya ƙunshi wani abu daga ƙima ɗaya zuwa jerin dogayen ƙima, kowanne yana wakiltar saituna daban-daban ko bayanai.
Alal misali: Maɓallin HKLMSOFTWAREMicrosoftWindowsCurrentVersion zai iya samun dabi'u kamar ShirinFilesDir (kirtani tare da hanyar Fayilolin Shirin) ko CommonFilesDir (Wurin Fayiloli na gama gari), kowanne tare da nau'in bayanan sa.
Nau'in bayanan da aka adana a cikin wurin yin rajista
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan fa'idodin yin rajista akan fayilolin INI ko mafi yawan tsarin saitin rubutu shine ikon sarrafa bayanai masu ƙarfi. Kowace ƙimar rajista na iya samun takamaiman nau'in bayanai, yana ba da damar duka tsarin da aikace-aikace don sarrafa bayanai babu shakka.
Manyan nau'ikan bayanan rajista
| sunan | Alama | Descripción |
|---|---|---|
| Babu nau'i | REG_BABU | Bayanan da ba a buga ba |
| Kiɗa | REG_SZ | Kitin rubutu, yawanci a Unicode (UTF-16LE), gabaɗaya tare da ƙarewa mara amfani |
| Sarkar fadadawa | REG_EXPAND_SZ | Zaure wanda zai iya ƙunsar masu canjin yanayi, an warware shi ta hanyar karanta ƙimar |
| Binario | REG_BINARY | Duk wani bayanan binary na sabani |
| DWORD | REG_DWORD / REG_DWORD_LITTLE_ENDIAN | lamba 32-bit (yawanci kadan-endian) |
| Babban-endian DWORD | REG_DWORD_BIG_ENDIAN | lamba 32-bit a cikin tsari mai girma (wanda ba kasafai ba) |
| Alamar mahada | REG_LINK | Kitin Unicode wanda ke ƙayyadaddun nuni na alama zuwa wani maɓallin rajista |
| Sarkar da yawa | REG_MULTI_SZ | Jerin igiyoyin Unicode, manufa don saita lissafin azaman hanyoyin bincike |
| jerin albarkatun | REG_RESOURCE_LIST | Ana amfani da kayan aikin Plug & Play don adana lissafin albarkatun |
| Mai kwatanta albarkatu | REG_FULL_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR | Bayanai kan ayyukan hardware, Toshe & Kunna |
| Jerin buƙatun albarkatun | REG_RESOURCE_REQUIREMENTS_LIST | Mahimman albarkatun da kayan aikin na iya buƙata |
| QWORD | REG_QWORD / REG_QWORD_LITTLE_ENDIAN | Integer 64-bit (wanda aka fara da Windows XP) |
Kowane nau'in bayanan yana ba da damar adana bayanai a cikin mafi kyawun tsari don manufarsa, yana sauƙaƙa aiki ga duka tsarin aiki da masu haɓakawa da masu gudanarwa.
Hive madadin da dagewar fayiloli
Bayanan da aka adana a cikin wurin yin rajista ba ya wanzu a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kawai: kowane hive yana samun goyon baya kuma yana kiyaye shi a cikin takamaiman fayiloli akan tsarin fayil, yana ba shi damar dagewa a cikin sake yi, madogarawa, da maidowa a cikin taron manyan kurakurai.
Yawancin amya na tsakiya suna zaune a ciki %SystemRoot%System32Config kuma, don saitunan mai amfani, a cikin babban fayil ɗin bayanin martaba. Fayilolin da suka fi dacewa musamman sune:
- Sam: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SAM
- Tsaro: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SECURITY
- software: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE
- System: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM
- Default: HKEY_USERS\.DEFAULT
- Ntuser.dat: HKEY_USERS \ da kuma, ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa, HKEY_CURRENT_USER
- UsrClass.dat: Ƙungiyoyin COM na musamman da masu amfani
Dangane da nau'in Windows, waɗannan fayilolin na iya samun ƙarin madogarawa (.log, .sav, .alt) waɗanda ke taimakawa maido da hive a yanayin gazawa ko ɓarna.
Alal misali:
- Tsarin.altMahimman madadin madadin SYSTEM
- *.log: tarihin ma'amala na canje-canjen kwanan nan
- *.sav: hoton sanyi a wani takamaiman lokaci na shigarwa
Saitunan mai amfani da wayar hannu da tsarin maidowa suna amfani da waɗannan fayilolin don loda ko matsar da abubuwan da aka zaɓa da saituna.
Matsayin rajista da maɓallan tushen
Samun damar yin rajista koyaushe yana farawa daga maɓallin tushen (tushen maɓalli), wanda yayi daidai da ɗaya daga cikin ƙayyadaddun amya. Kowane tushen maɓalli na dindindin ne a cikin Windows API kuma ana samun dama daga duka Editan rajista da kuma daga rubutun ko aikace-aikace, kamar yadda a cikin wannan ci-gaba misali na gyarawa a editan rajista a cikin Windows. Babban makullin tushen su ne:
- HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT (HKCR): Ƙungiyoyin fayil, nau'ikan abubuwa, mu'amalar OLE/COM
- HKEY_CURRENT_USER (HKCU): Zaɓuɓɓukan mai amfani a cikin zama
- HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE (HKLM): Tsarin matakin na'ura
- HKEY_USERS (HKU): Load da bayanan mai amfani
- HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG (HKCC): Bayanan martaba na hardware na yanzu
- Maɓallai na musamman kamar HKEY_PERFORMANCE_DATA da HKEY_DYN_DATA (tsofaffin iri)
Akan nau'ikan Windows na zamani, HKEY_CURRENT_USER Ana aiwatar da shi azaman hanyar haɗi mai ƙarfi zuwa maɓallin ƙaramar HKEY_USERS daidai da mai amfani, kuma haka yake ga HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT ga mai amfani da rassan ƙungiyar ajin inji.
Bincike da gyara wurin yin rajista
Samun dama da gyaggyarawa wurin yin rajista yana buƙatar kayan aiki na musamman, saboda duk wani canje-canje na kuskure zai iya haifar da matsalolin tsarin. Manyan hanyoyin sune:
Editan rajista (regedit.exe)
Mafi amfani da kayan aikin hoto shine regedit.exe (da kuma sigar tarihi ta regedt32.exe). Yana ba ka damar kewaya tsarin, bincika maɓalli, ƙara, gyara, ko share dabi'u, da fitarwa/shigo da dukkan rassa.
- Ra'ayin matsayi: Ana nuna maɓallai da maɓallai a matsayin manyan fayiloli a cikin bishiya, suna sauƙaƙa kewayawa.
- Ayyukan asali: ƙirƙira, sake suna, share maɓalli da ƙima, canza bayanan ƙima, fitarwa da shigo da rassa zuwa fayilolin .REG.
- Babban bincike: yana ba ku damar gano maɓallai, ƙima ko bayanai a cikin duka rajista (ko an iyakance ga reshe).
umarnin layin utilities
Don maimaitawa, rashin kulawa ko ayyuka na atomatik, zaku iya amfani da kayan aiki kamar reg.exe (wanda aka haɗa a matsayin misali a cikin Windows), RegIni.exe ko ma rubutun a cikin VBScript, PowerShell ya da JScript.
Misalai:
- reg query HKLMSoftwareMicrosoft/v Version – Duba darajar 'version'
- reg add HKCUSoftwareMiApp /v Config /t REG_SZ /d “Value” – Ƙara ko gyara ƙima
- reg share HKLMSoftwareMiApp/f - Share maɓallin 'MyApp' da ƙimar sa
- reg shigo da fayil.reg – Yana haɗa abubuwan da ke cikin fayil ɗin .REG
.REG fayiloli
Fayilolin REG fayilolin rubutu ne waɗanda za'a iya karantawa kuma ana iya fitarwa, suna ba ku damar shigo da ko fitarwa sassan rajista cikin sauƙi. Sun dace don canja wurin daidaitawa, rarraba canje-canje, ko tallafawa takamaiman rassa.
Misalin fayil ɗin .REG na zamani yana farawa da:
Sigar Editan Rijistar Windows 5.00 "Saituna" = "Ƙimar"
Ana iya haɗa su cikin wurin yin rajista ta danna sau biyu akan fayil ko tare da umarni regedit /s archivo.reg daga layin umarni.
Windows API da Programming
Ga masu shirye-shirye, ana sarrafa damar yin rajista ta ayyukan Win32 API (advapi32.dll) da manyan ɗakunan karatu a cikin harsuna kamar VB.NET, C #, Delphi, PowerShell, da sauransu. Wannan yana ba da damar aikace-aikace da sabis don karantawa, rubuta, ko share saitunan rajista yayin mutunta izini da ƙuntatawa na tsaro.
Wasu daga cikin ayyukan da aka fi amfani dasu sune:
- RegOpenKeyEx, RegCreateKey, RegSetValueEx, RegDeleteValue, RegQueryValueEx, da dai sauransu.
Ana iya amfani da aikace-aikacen COM RegSvr32.exe don yin rijista ko cire haɗin abubuwa cikin aminci.
Izini da tsaro a cikin rajista
Yin rajista yana aiwatar da tsarin tsaro mai ƙarfi, dangane da jerin abubuwan sarrafawa (ACLs), waɗanda ke ƙayyade waɗanne masu amfani da ƙungiyoyi za su iya dubawa ko gyara kowane maɓalli ko ƙima. Wannan yana da mahimmanci don kare tsarin tsarin tsarin mahimmanci.
Yawancin lokaci:
- rassa masu hankali (kamar HKLMSYSTEM, HKLMSECURITY, HKLMSAM) masu gudanarwa ko tsarin kanta kawai za a iya karantawa ko gyara su.
- Sauran saitunan galibi suna samuwa ga mai amfani da tsarin.
- Manufofin rukuni da yanki na iya tilasta waɗannan hane-hane, tare da toshe hanyar shiga ko da zuwa editan rajista don masu amfani marasa gata.
Ta hanyar RegIni.exe, SubInACL.exe ko regedit kanta, zaku iya dubawa da canza izinin maɓallan don dacewa da takamaiman buƙatu.
Bugu da ƙari, tun daga Windows Vista, an aiwatar da tsarin ƙima da kariya waɗanda ke tura yunƙurin rubuta rassan da aka kare don amintar wuraren masu amfani idan aikace-aikacen ba ta da isassun gata, don haka guje wa kurakuran daidaitawa da matsalolin tsaro.
Marubuci mai sha'awa game da duniyar bytes da fasaha gabaɗaya. Ina son raba ilimina ta hanyar rubutu, kuma abin da zan yi ke nan a cikin wannan shafi, in nuna muku duk abubuwan da suka fi ban sha'awa game da na'urori, software, hardware, yanayin fasaha, da ƙari. Burina shine in taimaka muku kewaya duniyar dijital ta hanya mai sauƙi da nishaɗi.