Misalai masu dacewa na umarnin FFmpeg don canza tsari akan Linux

FFmpeg ana ɗaukar ɗayan mafi ƙarfi da ginshiƙan ginshiƙan sarrafa multimedia akan Linux, yana mai da mahimmanci ga waɗanda ke neman sassauci da cikakken iko daga tashar. Duk da samuwar shirye-shiryen zane-zane, na'urar wasan bidiyo tana ba da daidaito, saurin gudu, da ikon sarrafa kowane nau'in ayyuka na gani na sauti. Tare da FFmpeg na iya canza tsari, daidaita fayiloli don na'urori, cire waƙoƙi, datsa gutsuttsura, gyara inganci, sarrafa juzu'i da ƙari mai yawa, sarrafa sauti da bidiyo. har ma da hotuna, duk tare da ƴan ingantattun umarni.

A cikin wannan babban labarin, mun tattara kuma mun sake rubutawa dalla-dalla mafi cikakkun bayanai da ci-gaba daga mafi kyawun labaran martaba a ciki Google don canza tsari da sarrafa fayiloli tare da FFmpeg akan Linux. Anan ba za ku sami ainihin umarni kawai ba, har ma da dabaru, sigogi da misalai masu amfani waɗanda ke rufe komai daga shigarwa, sauya fayil ɗin taro, gyare-gyaren metadata, da haɓaka ingancin inganci, don magance matsalolin gama gari da lamuran ci gaba irin su aiki da kai, aiki tare da subtitles, daidaitawar TV, da daidaita sauti da bidiyo.

Menene FFmpeg kuma me yasa amfani dashi akan Linux?

FFmpeg saitin shirye-shirye ne da ɗakunan karatu waɗanda aka haɓaka don gudanarwa, juyawa, watsawa da kuma nazarin fayilolin multimedia. An haife shi a ƙarƙashin laima na software na kyauta, ya yi fice don dacewarsa tare da adadi mai yawa na codecs da kwantena. Ko da yake akwai don Windows y Mac, haɗin kai cikin duniyar Linux almara ne: yawancin aikace-aikacen hoto suna amfani da FFmpeg a matsayin injin ciki, kuma a cikin sabobin ko rubutun, ba shi da ƙima.

Babban fa'idar FFmpeg shine ikon tashar tashar: Kuna iya sarrafa babban kundin bayanai, sarrafa sarrafa ayyukan aiki, da keɓance kowane fanni na fasaha na fayil ɗin mai jarida. Sassaucin sa yana sa ya zama mai amfani ga masu amfani da novice, waɗanda kawai ke neman canza tsari, kuma ga ƙwararrun da ke buƙatar daidaita takamaiman sigogi don kowane fayil ko aiwatar da ci gaba bayan aiwatarwa.

Shigar da FFmpeg akan Linux

Shigar da FFmpeg kai tsaye akan yawancin rarrabawar Linux. Yawancin lokaci ana samunsa a ma'ajiyar hukuma:

• Debian, Ubuntu da abubuwan da suka samo asali: sudo apt install ffmpeg
• Arch, Manjaro: sudo pacman -S ffmpeg
• Fedora, CentOS, budeSUSE: sudo dnf install ffmpeg

Bincika cewa an shigar da FFmpeg daidai ta hanyar gudu ffmpeg -version o which ffmpeg. Idan hanyar ta bayyana, zaku iya fara aiki.

Mabuɗin mahimmanci: codecs, tsare-tsare da kwantena

Kafin nutsewa cikin umarni, yana da kyau a fahimci wasu ra'ayoyi:

• Codec: Algorithm mai matsawa da rage sauti ko bidiyo. Misali: h264, xvid, mp3, ac.
• Tsarin ko akwati: Fayil ɗin da ke haɗa bidiyo, mai jiwuwa, ƙaranci da waƙoƙin metadata. Misalai: mp4, mkv, avi, mov, webm.
• Sigogi: Zaɓuɓɓuka na musamman don daidaita bitrate, ƙuduri, fps, tashoshin sauti, da sauransu.

FFmpeg yana goyan bayan haɗuwa da yawa, amma sakamakon ya dogara da dacewa tsakanin codecs da kwantena. Ba duk tsari bane ke goyan bayan kowane nau'in waƙa, kuma ba duk saitin ya dace daidai da duk na'urori.

Asalin FFmpeg syntax da tsarin umarni

Babban tsarin kowane umarni na FFmpeg shine:

ffmpeg -i archivo_entrada archivo_salida

Wasu muhimman batutuwa:

• Zaɓuɓɓukan sun shafi shigarwa ko fayil ɗin fitarwa wanda ke biye. Oda yana ƙidaya.
• Kuna iya samun fayilolin shigarwa da fitarwa da yawa, kuna sarrafa kowanne tare da fihirisa.
• Idan ba a ƙayyade fayil ɗin fitarwa ba, FFmpeg zai nuna bayanin a cikin na'ura wasan bidiyo kawai, ba zai haifar da sabon fayil ba.
• Zaɓuɓɓukan duniya (misali matakin magana) suna tafiya a farkon.

Alal misali, don maida wani AVI fayil zuwa MP4:

ffmpeg -i video.avi video.mp4

Kuma idan kuna son saita takamaiman siga, kamar bitrate na bidiyo a 2500 kb/s da bitrate audio a 192 kb/s:

ffmpeg -i video.avi -b:v 2500k -b:a 192k video_final.mp4

Mahimman umarni don canza tsari

Canja tsarin bidiyo ko sauti

• Daga MP4 zuwa AVI:
  ffmpeg -i entrada.mp4 salida.avi
• Daga MKV zuwa MP4:
  ffmpeg -i original.mkv convertida.mp4
• Daga AVI zuwa MPG (MPEG):
  ffmpeg -i video.avi video.mpg
• Daga FLV zuwa MPEG:
  ffmpeg -i video.flv video.mpeg
• Daga MOV zuwa MP4:
  ffmpeg -i archivo.mov resultado.mp4

Ana bayyana tsarin fitarwa ne kawai ta hanyar canza tsawo, amma idan kuna son tilasta codec ko wasu fasalulluka, ƙara ma'auni masu mahimmanci:

ffmpeg -i entrada.mov -c:v libx264 -c:a aac salida.mp4

Maida odiyo tsakanin tsari

• Daga WAV zuwa MP3:
  ffmpeg -i cancion.wav nueva.mp3
• Daga WMA zuwa MP3:
  ffmpeg -i audio.wma -f mp3 -ab 192 audio.mp3
• Daga FLAC zuwa OGG:
  ffmpeg -i original.flac destino.ogg

Hakanan zaka iya canza sigogi kamar codec, ƙimar bit, tashoshi, ko samfur:

ffmpeg -i sonido.flac -acodec libmp3lame -ab 128k -ar 44100 nuevo.mp3

Misali mai aiki: canza fayiloli da yawa

Don jujjuya fayiloli a cikin babban fayil, yi amfani da madauki a bash:


for archivo in *.avi; do
ffmpeg -i "$archivo" "${archivo%.avi}.mp4"
done


Wannan zai maida duk AVI fayiloli a cikin babban fayil zuwa MP4 fayiloli.

Kula da inganci da daidaita mahimmin sigogi

Bidiyo da bitrate na sauti

• Bidiyo: -b:v 3000k (3000 kbps)
• audio: -b:a 192k (192 kbps)

Kuna iya daidaita ingancin dangane da amfani. Misali, don na'urorin hannu Kuna iya rage ƙuduri da bitrate:

ffmpeg -i entrada.mkv -vf scale=1280:720 -b:v 1500k salida.mp4

Kuma don sauti masu sauƙi:

ffmpeg -i cancion.wav -b:a 96k cancion_compacta.mp3

Canza ƙuduri da rabon al'amari

• Don tilasta takamaiman ƙudurin fitarwa:
  ffmpeg -i entrada.mp4 -s 1280x720 salida_720p.mp4
• Don canza yanayin rabo:
  ffmpeg -i entrada.mp4 -aspect 16:9 salida_16_9.mp4

Wasu lokuta wasu na'urori suna buƙatar takamaiman tsarin pixel, kamar LG TVs waɗanda suke buƙata -pix_fmt yuv420p: ƙarin game da dacewa da pixel.

Canza ƙimar firam a sakan daya (FPS)

Don canza ko tilasta lambar FPS:

ffmpeg -i original.mp4 -r 30 salida_30fps.mp4

Ka tuna cewa canza ƙuduri ko ƙimar firam baya inganta ingancin asali, kodayake yana iya zama dole don dacewa.

Cire bayanai da nazarin fayil

Kafin juyawa, yana da mahimmanci don sanin halayen fayil:

ffmpeg -i archivo.ext

Wannan zai nuna codec, tsawon lokaci, inganci, tashoshi da metadata a cikin na'ura wasan bidiyo.

Idan kana son fitarwar ta kasance mai tsabta, ƙara -hide_banner: Ƙari game da nazari da metadata.

ffmpeg -hide_banner -i archivo.ext

Don cikakken bincike da daidaitawa, yi amfani ffprobe: Ƙari game da ffprobe da bincike mai zurfi.

ffprobe -i archivo.ext -print_format json -show_format -show_streams

Ta wannan hanyar zaku sami duk bayanan da aka tsara a cikin JSON.

Babban gyara da sarrafa fayilolin multimedia

Gyara metadata

• Fitar da metadata daga fayil ɗin MP3:
  ffmpeg -i cancion.mp3 -f ffmetadata metadata.txt
• Gyara da shigo da metadata:
  ffmpeg -i original.mp3 -metadata artist='Nuevo Artista' -acodec copy salida.mp3

Za ka iya shirya bayanai kamar su artist, album, nau'i, shekara, waƙa, da dai sauransu. Madaidaici don tsara kiɗan ku ko daidaita shi zuwa ga 'yan wasa masu buƙata (misali, Apple).

Cire waƙoƙin odiyo ko cire sauti/bidiyo

• Cire odiyo kawai ba tare da sake sanyawa ba:
  ffmpeg -i original.avi -vn -acodec copy solo_audio.mp3
• Cire sauti mai jiwuwa zuwa wani tsari (misali daga bidiyo):
  ffmpeg -i video.mp4 -q:a 0 -map a solo_audio.mp3
• Cire duk waƙoƙin mai jiwuwa daga bidiyo:
  ffmpeg -i original.avi -map 0 -map -0:a -c copy sin_audio.avi
• Share duk rafukan sauti banda na musamman:
  ffmpeg -i original.avi -map 0 -map -0:a:3 -map -0:a:6 -c copy con_dos_streams.avi
• Ciro takamaiman waƙar sauti kawai:
  ffmpeg -i original.avi -map 0:a:2 -c copy solo_pista2.avi

Cire hotuna ko ƙirƙirar bidiyo daga hotuna

• Cire duk firam a matsayin hotuna:
  ffmpeg -i video.mp4 imagen%d.jpg
• Cire firam ɗaya kowane daƙiƙa:
  ffmpeg -i video.mp4 -vf fps=1 imagen%d.jpg
• Cire firam ɗin maɓalli kawai:
  ffmpeg -i video.avi -vf "select=eq(pict_type\,I)" -vsync vfr imagen%d.jpg
• Ƙirƙiri bidiyo daga jerin hotuna:
  ffmpeg -i imagen%d.jpg video.avi
• Ƙirƙiri bidiyo tare da ƙirar al'ada:
  ffmpeg -framerate 1 -i img%03d.png -r 25 -pix_fmt yuv420p salida.mp4

Maida bidiyo zuwa GIF mai rai

FFmpeg yana ba ku damar canza shirin bidiyo zuwa GIF mai rai, mai amfani ga memes da kafofin watsa labarun:

ffmpeg -i original.mp4 -vf "scale=320:-1" animado.gif

Don inganci mafi girma, fara cire firam ɗin kuma yi amfani da kayan aiki kamar gifski:

ffmpeg -i original.mp4 frame%04d.png
gifski -o salida.gif frame*.png

Canza tsakanin 4K, FullHD, ƙudurin HD…

• Daga 4K zuwa FullHD (canza akwati):
  ffmpeg -i 4k.mkv -vf scale=1920:1080 -q:a 0 -q:v 0 1080p.avi
• Daga FullHD zuwa HD:
  ffmpeg -i fullhd.mkv -vf scale=1280:720 -b:v 2000k hd.mp4
• Daga FullHD zuwa 4K:
  ffmpeg -i 1080p.mkv -vf scale=3840:-1 4k.mkv

Gyara gutsuttsura: yankan, haɗawa, datsa, da haɗa fayiloli

Yanke guntun bidiyo ko audio

Don cire takamaiman gunkin fayil:

ffmpeg -ss 00:00:30 -t 00:00:15 -i original.mp4 -c copy fragmento.mp4

Wannan yana yanke daga 30 na biyu, tare da tsawon daƙiƙa 15. Idan kana son ayyana ƙarshen maimakon tsawon lokaci, yi amfani -to:

ffmpeg -ss 00:00:35 -to 00:01:05 -i original.mp4 -c copy fragmento.mp4

Hakanan zaka iya yanke daga farkon zuwa aya:

ffmpeg -t 00:01:36 -i original.mp4 -c copy recortado.mp4

Haɗa bidiyoyi da yawa zuwa ɗaya

Hanyar da ta fi dacewa ita ce ta lissafin fayiloli da tacewa concat: Ƙarin game da haɗa fayiloli tare da FFmpeg

1. Ƙirƙiri fayil ɗin rubutu (misali, lista.txt) tare da sunayen bidiyon:

fayil 'part1.mp4' fayil 'part2.mp4'

2. Gudu:

ffmpeg -f concat -safe 0 -i lista.txt -c copy resultado.mp4

Wannan hanyar tana da sauri kuma baya sake matsawa, amma dole ne bidiyon su kasance da codecs iri ɗaya.

Haɗa sauti da bidiyo daga fayiloli daban-daban

Kuna iya haɗa fayil ɗin mai jiwuwa tare da fayil ɗin bidiyo:

ffmpeg -i video.mp4 -i audio.mp3 -c:v copy -c:a aac -strict experimental final.mp4

Don maye gurbin waƙar sautin bidiyo:

ffmpeg -i video.mp4 -i nuevo_audio.mp3 -map 0:v -map 1:a -c copy video_con_nuevo_audio.mp4

Automation: Canjin Batch da Rubutu

Ɗaya daga cikin ƙarfin FFmpeg shine sarrafa ayyuka ta amfani da rubutun bash. Kuna iya canza tsarin ɗaruruwan fayiloli tare da ƴan layika:


IFS=$'\n'
for i in *.webm; do ffmpeg -i "$i" "${i/%.webm/.mp3}"; done; unset IFS


Tare da madaukai iri ɗaya zaku iya canza .flv zuwa .ogg, ko kowane haɗin gwiwa. Ka tuna cewa a cikin sunaye tare da sarari, amfani da IFS Yana da asali.

Gyaran kwaro da dacewa

Gyara fayiloli masu matsala

Wasu bidiyoyi ba sa aiki da kyau akan na'urori kamar Smart TVs. Magance wannan ta hanyar samar da kwafi a cikin FFmpeg ba tare da sake shigar da su ba:

ffmpeg -i video_orig.avi -c:v copy -c:a copy reparado.avi

Idan akwai matsaloli tare da ƙuduri, kuna iya tilastawa -vf "setdar=16:9,setsar=1:1" don saita yanayin da ya dace. Ana samun ƙarin bayani game da dacewa da tsari da na'urori daban-daban a kayan aikin don canza rumbun kwamfyuta.

Inganta don iyakar dacewa

Idan kuna buƙatar fayil ɗin MKV don aiki akan kusan duk TVs, yi amfani da:

ffmpeg -i original.mkv -c:a libmp3lame -pix_fmt yuv420p compatible.mkv

Wani lokaci codecs na sauti na iya haifar da matsala, don haka zaɓi MP3 ko AAC don iyakar dacewa.

Sauran ci-gaba ayyuka da ayyuka

Cire kuma ƙara fassarar magana

• Maida subtitles daga .vtt zuwa .ass:
  ffmpeg -i subtitulos.vtt salida.ass
• Ƙara subtitles zuwa bidiyo:
  ffmpeg -i video.mp4 -i subtitulos.srt -map 0 -map 1 -c copy -c:v libx264 -crf 23 -preset veryfast salida.mkv

Cire subtitles da sauran rafi

ffmpeg -i entrada.mkv -map 0:v -map 0:a -c copy solo_video_audio.mkv

Ƙara alamar ruwa ko tambura

Kuna iya ƙara hoto (PNG tare da bayyanawa, misali) a kowane kusurwa:

ffmpeg -i video.mp4 -i logo.png -filter_complex "overlay=10:10" salida.mp4

Don sanya tambarin a cikin ƙananan kusurwar dama:

ffmpeg -i video.mp4 -i logo.png -filter_complex "overlay=W-w-10:H-h-10" salida.mp4

Daidaita ƙara ko share sauti

• Ƙara girma ta ninka x3.5:
  ffmpeg -i entrada.mkv -filter:a "volume=3.5" -c:v copy -acodec mp3 salida.mkv
• Cire hayaniyar bango (yana buƙatar sox):
  Cire guntun amo tukuna
  ffmpeg -i entrada.mp3 -ss 00:00:00 -t 1 ruido.mp3
  Bayan:
  sox entrada.mp3 limpio.mp3 noisered noise.prof 0.21

Daidaita sauti da bidiyo

Idan ka gano cire aiki, jinkirta sauti ko bidiyo tare da -itsoffset o -af adelay:

ffmpeg -itsoffset 1.7 -i video.mkv -i video.mkv -map 0:0 -map 1:1 -acodec copy -vcodec copy sincronizado.mkv

A cikin mafi sauƙi don jinkirta jinkirin sautin da daƙiƙa 1.7:

ffmpeg -i video1.webm -af "adelay=1700|1700" -vcodec copy video_sincronizado.webm

Haɗa bidiyo tare da codecs ko tsari daban-daban

Lokacin da fayilolin ba su da codec iri ɗaya da sigogi, zai fi kyau a sake rubuta su da farko ko amfani da su concat tare da transcoding. Hakanan zaka iya dubawa.

ffmpeg -f concat -i lista.txt -c:v libx264 -c:a aac -strict experimental salida.mp4

Juya Bidiyo

Don juya bidiyo 90 digiri zuwa dama:

ffmpeg -i original.mov -vf "transpose=1" -c:a copy rotado.mov

Ga 180 digiri:

ffmpeg -i original.mov -vf "transpose=2,transpose=2" -c:a copy rotado.mov

Sanya bidiyo

ffmpeg -stream_loop 2 -i original.mp4 -c copy loop.mp4

Lambar tana nuna maimaitawa; amfani -1 don rashin iyaka.

Daidaita bidiyo masu girgiza

Don bidiyoyi marasa ƙarfi:

1. Yana Gano motsi:
   ffmpeg -i tembloroso.avi -vf vidstabdetect=stepsize=6:shakiness=3:accuracy=9:result=vectors.trf -f null -
2. Gyara bidiyo:
   ffmpeg -i tembloroso.avi -vf vidstabtransform=input=vectors.trf:zoom=1:smoothing=30,unsharp=5:5:0.8:3:3:0.4 -vcodec libx264 -preset slow -tune film -crf 18 -acodec copy corregido.avi

Saurin sake kunnawa

Don hanzarta ko rage bidiyo:

• Hanzarta x2:
  ffmpeg -i video.mpg -vf "setpts=0.5*PTS" rapido.mpg
• A hankali x4:
  ffmpeg -i video.mpg -vf "setpts=4.0*PTS" lento.mpg

Yi rikodin bidiyo daga tebur ɗinku ko yawo

• Yi rikodin tebur (FullHD) da sauti:
  ffmpeg -f alsa -i default -f x11grab -s 1920x1080 -r 30 -i :0.0 -preset ultrafast -vcodec libx264 -tune zerolatency -f mpegts tcp://IP_DESTINO:4444
• Yi rikodin daga kyamarar gidan yanar gizo:
  ffmpeg -f v4l2 -i /dev/video0 -preset ultrafast salida.webm

Gyara taro da maimaita ayyuka ta atomatik

Haɗa FFmpeg cikin rubutun bash, python ko kowane harshe da ke sarrafa matakai don canzawa, sake suna, da sarrafa ɗaruruwan fayiloli lokaci guda. Misalin yanke ta atomatik ta amfani da fayil tare da jerin ayyuka da a script wanda zai keta dukkan kundin adireshi kuma ya aiwatar da umarni masu dacewa ga kowane fayil kamar yadda ake buƙata.

Canza tsarin fayil da yawa ta atomatik

Yi amfani da madaukai na al'ada ko rubutun. Misali, don canza duk fayilolin .wav akan CD zuwa MP3 kuma adana su a cikin babban fayil:


cd /ruta/al/cd
mkdir ~/MP3s
IFS=$'\n'
for i in *.wav; do ffmpeg -i "$i" ~/MP3s/"${i/%.wav/.mp3}"; done; unset IFS


Babban harka: canza DVD, Blu-ray ko abun ciki ISO

1. Hana hoton ISO akan tsarin ku.
2. Yana gano gutsuttsuran bidiyo (yawanci .VOB don DVD, .m2ts don BluRay).
3. Haɗa manyan fayiloli don samun cikakken fim ɗin:
   cat VTS_01_1.VOB VTS_01_2.VOB VTS_01_3.VOB VTS_01_4.VOB > pelicula.vob
4. Duba rafukan:
   ffmpeg -probesize 4G -analyzeduration 4G -i pelicula.vob
5. Zaɓi rafukan da ake buƙata kawai (bidiyo da sauti cikin Mutanen Espanya, misali):
   ffmpeg -i pelicula.vob -q:a 0 -q:v 0 -map 0:1 -map 0:2 pelicula_es.mkv

Gabaɗayan tsarin yana daidaitawa ga buƙatu, kuma zaku iya haɗawa da juzu'i ko madadin waƙoƙi ta amfani da sigogi masu dacewa. -map.